Direct Combustion Of Biomass For Heat Generation

Direct Combustion Of Biomass For Heat Generation
Direct combustion is the most common way of converting biomass to energy – both heat and
electricity– and worldwide it already provides over 90% of the energy generated from biomass.
Direct combustion of solid biomass fuel is well understood, relatively straightforward, commercially
available, and can be regarded as a proven technology. Biomass combustion systems can be easily
integrated with existing infrastructure. Direct combustion of biomass for heat generation is widely
used in cold climate regions where there are significant annual demands for space heating and hot
water. Domestic biomass –fired heating appliance in the developed countries have been improved
with automation and standardized fuel supplies (e.g. wood pellets). Compared with traditionally
open fireplaces, these advanced domestic biomass applications not only achieve efficiencies of over
70% but also with greatly reduced atmospheric emissions (Liu H. 20 II)
Figure 4.2 Three steps of biomass combustion (Liu H. 2011)
4.3.2 Biomass gasification
Thermo–chemical gasification is the conversion by partial oxidation at high temperature of a
carbonaceous feedstock such as biomass into a gaseous energy carrier (Liu H. et al. 2010). The gas
resulted from biomass gasification consists of CO,
CO2, H2, CH4, higher hydrocarbons such as ethane and ethene, water, nitrogen (if air is used as the
oxidizing agent) and other contaminants such as small char particles, ash, tars and oils. Gasification
can be carried out by
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Disadvantage Of Thermal Power Plant
Turbine is used as steam driven to convert heat energy to electric power in thermal power plant.
Coal is burnt in a boiler to convert water into steam. By using Rankine cycle concept, the steam is
expand in turbine to produces mechanical power, where the energy is transferred by a force to drives
the alternator coupled to the turbine. Then after the steam is passed through turbine, the steam is
condensed in a condenser to convert into liquid and recycled to its original temperature in vapor
state. The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station is typically 33% to 48%. The
figure 1 shows the general layout of the thermal power plant and the figure 2 illustrates the
components of the thermal power plant.
Undeniably there are some advantages and drawbacks of thermal power stations. In terms of
advantages, firstly thermal power plants are economical because of the low initial cost other than the
other generating plant and the main fuel is the coal which is quite cheap than petrol or diesel.
Secondly, the land required is smaller than other plants such as hydro power plant. Moreover
maintenance for thermal power plant is easily accessible and can be located anywhere, when large
amount of water and transportation is available. Even though thermal power plant has many
advantages, but there are also many disadvantages. One of the main disadvantage is large amount of
smoke will produce and it can cause air pollution. In one way thermal power station contribute for
the

How Did Fossil Fuels Get Here?
How Did Fossil Fuels Get Here? Most people have a theory that the fossil fuels we have today are
from the remains of dead dinosaurs. Which is in fact not true, but what is true is that these fossil
fuels were at one time alive. They formed when prehistoric animals and plants died and were
covered by rock and other plant growth (energy.gov 2014). Organic matter, along with varying
temperatures and pressure worked together to produce the fossil fuels. Different types of fossil fuels
were developed depending on how much pressure and what the temperature was involved at the
time of the forming of these fossil fuels. (energy.gov 2014). These fossil fuels, what are today
known mainly as coal, oil, and natural gas, were the different types of fossil fuels that were
developed and which are the ones that are still being used today. According to the U.S. department
of energy, oil and natural gas were formed from living things in the ocean, which were then buried
under the ocean sediments. Later, the seas and oceans evaporated and they began to compress with
heat and pressure under the silt, which is how oil was formed. With that, some of the oil continued
to sink underground and kept compressing and causing pressure, which in turn produced natural gas.
Coal formed from the dead remains of trees, ferns and other plants that lived 300 to 400 million
years ago. In some areas, such as portions of what–is–now the eastern United States, coal was
formed from swamps covered by sea water.

A Brief Note On Pulp And Paper Green Transformation Program
projects which support economic development, business growth and competitiveness, and
innovation. The main goal is to encourage Northern Ontario communities to grow their economies
and become self–reliant communities. Established in 2006. Source:
http://fednor.gc.ca/eic/site/fednor–fednor.nsf/eng/h_fn02348.html
Pulp and Paper Green Transformation Program – Natural Resources Canada – Funding to achieve
measurable environmental benefits through energy efficiency improvement, renewable energy
production or emission reductions at Canada's pulp and paper mills. Program in operation from
2009–2012. Source: http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pages/231
Renewable Fuels Regulations – Environment Canada – Federal regulations requiring an average 5%
ethanol in gas since 2010, and an average 2% bio–based content in distillate fuels since 2011.
Proposed Regulations have been developed under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act,
1999. Source: http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp–pr/p1/2010/2010–04–10/html/reg1–eng.html
Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Tax Incentive Program – Canada
Revenue Agency – Aims to encourage all Canadian businesses (regardless of size or sector) to
conduct research and development (R&D) in Canada that will result in products or processes that
are new, improved, or technologically advanced. Ontario has two provincial programs that build on
the SR&ED program, the Ontario Research and Development Tax Credit and the Ontario Innovation
Tax Credit.

Desalination of Seawater May be Our Answer
Situation/context With the increasing demand for water placing pressure on existing supplies,
seawater presents an enormous source to satisfy demand. However, seawater cannot be directly
consumed and therefore, desalination of seawater is necessary to make it safe for consumption [1].
The current methods involving desalination utilize mostly non–renewable energy sources such as
coal and gas to provide the necessary energy for the process to take place. Identification of problems
The current method used to desalinate water is multi–stage desalination (thermal desalination),
which requires a significant amount of energy. As research has shown, for every cubic meter of
desalinated water, 1.3 kWh of electricity and 48.5 kWh of heat are consumed [1] which shows that
more than 90% percent of the energy supplied is wasted as heat. Furthermore, the current methods
utilize non–renewable sources of energy, which eventually produce greenhouse gases such as carbon
dioxide. These non–renewable sources of energy, mainly fossil fuels are short in supply and
eventually will run out. Therefore, it is important to look for an environment–friendly long–term
solution. Research Question How can solar ponds be utilized to carry out desalination of seawater?
What large scale, feasible model can be developed to achieve desalination through solar ponds?
Research Methodology We intend to mainly utilize secondary resources through the Summon search
application provided by the AUS Library.

The Effect Of Pressure On Rankin Cycle
INDEX Title Page no. Abstract..........................................................................5 Introduction and
objective....................................................6 Vapour power cycles
...........................................................7 Idealised steam power cycles................................................ 9
Rankin vapour power cycle...................................................10 Comparison between Carnot cycle
and Rankin................................13 Mean temperature of heat addition in Rankin
cycle.........................15 Effect of superheat on mean temperature of heat addition .................16
Effect of increase in pressure on Rankin cycle.............................17 Effect of boiler pressure on
Rankin cycle...................................18 Effect of superheating on Rankin
cycle.......................................19 Non ideal Rankin cycle..........................................................20
Deviation of actual vapour power cycles from ideal cycle.................. 21 Rankin cycle with
reheat................................................... ....22 Regenerative Rankin
cycle.......................................................23 Organic Rankine
cycle............................................................25 Binary vapour power
cycle......................................................25
Conclusions........................................................................27
References..........................................................................28 ABSTRACT In the living world with
growing population the need for electricity is also growing day by day. More and more gadgets are
being fitted into houses, offices and shops to meet the growing needs of luxurious life. And with this
technology also needs advancements in the field of power generation to meet these growing
requirements. Hydroelectric power projects

Fossil Fuel Power Station
A fossil–fuel power station is a type of power station that burns fossil fuels such as coal,natural gas
or petroleum (oil) to produce electricity. Central station fossil–fuel power plants are designed on a
large scale for continuous operation. In many countries, such plants provide most of the electrical
energy used.
Fossil fuel power stations have rotating machinery to convert the heat energy of combustioninto
mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator. The prime mover may be a steam
turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating internal combustionengine. All plants use
the energy extracted from expanding gas – steam or combustion gases. A very few MHD generators
have been built which directly convert the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unloading one of these trains takes anywhere from an hour to an hour and a half. Older unloaders
may still use manually operated bottom–dump rail cars and a "shaker" attached to dump the coal.
Generating stations adjacent to a mine may receive coal by conveyor belt or massive diesel–
electric–drive trucks.
A collier (cargo ship carrying coal) may hold 40,000 long tons of coal and takes several days to
unload. Some colliers carry their own conveying equipment to unload their own bunkers; others
depend on equipment at the plant. Colliers are large, seaworthy, self–powered ships. For
transporting coal in calmer waters, such as rivers and lakes, flat–bottomed vessels called barges are
often used. Barges are usually unpowered and must be moved by tugboats or towboats.
For start up or auxiliary purposes, the plant may use fuel oil as well. Fuel oil can be delivered to
plants by pipeline, tanker, tank car or truck. Oil is stored in vertical cylindrical steel tanks with
capacities as high as 90,000 barrels (14,000 m3)' worth. The heavier no. 5 "bunker" and no. 6 fuels
are typically steam–heated before pumping in cold climates.
Plants fueled by natural gas are usually built adjacent to gas transport pipelines or have dedicated
gas pipelines extended to them.
[edit]Fuel processing
Coal is prepared for

Fuel Injection Essay
The multiple advantages of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine have positioned this technology
as the current trend for gasoline powertrains [1, 2]. Amongst GDI benefits, the increased power
output, and improved engine efficiency [1, 3, 4] are the most advantageous. Therefore, GDI engines
are framed in the drive for more efficient technologies and in the reduction of anthropogenic
greenhouse gas emissions from transportation. However, the major concern about GDI engines is
the increased particulate matter (PM) emissions compared to their counterparts Port Fuel Injection
(PFI) engines [5, 6]. PM composition can vary depending on the engine operating condition. In the
case of stoichiometric GDI engine operation, with optimized fuel injection timing, the PM formed
contains a low level of soot. However, there are some circumstances, such as in cold start operation,
which could lead to higher rates of soot formation due to the large fuel droplets formation and spray
impingement. In the case of lean GDI engine operation, stratified charge promotes increased levels
of soot as a result of the rich in fuel regions in the combustion chamber [7]. PM negative effects on
human health and the environment have been broadly reported. In the work carried out by Jarvis et
al [8], the carcinogenic and mutagenic behavior of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed in
the carbonaceous core (soot) of PM is reported. Furthermore, researchers have provided evidence to
link PM exposure to asthma

The Vapor Absorption System
1.4 VAPOR ABSORPTION SYSTEM
The attention of the vapor absorption system is growing in the past two decades. The major two
advantages are growing up this technology that is low carbon emission technology and low
electrical energy required. This system is operated with the help of low heating sources like solar
power, geothermal, waste heat, low–pressure steam, and it contributes significant energy
conservation. Ecofriendly working fluid leads to reduce the global warming and ozone layer
depletion. The following reason is also growing the research interest of the system. It is suitable for
small to very large capacity. Operating cost is too less when compared with other commercial
technology, and it is required very less electrical energy to operate the pump. Less maintenance cost
because of heat exchangers and there are no moving parts in the system. The installation can be
done in a remote area, and it is movable. The system can be operated at various cold and
refrigeration ranges from –15 to 25 °C.
1.4.1 Overview of Absorption Technology
William Cullen and Nairne invented the mechanical vapor compression system in 1755 and, it is one
of the oldest refrigeration device operated based on the absorption refrigeration principle. He made
ice by the distilling effect of evaporating the air. He placed water in contact with air under the
receiver of a vacuum pump. The pump accelerated evaporation of the air and the temperature
significantly reduced and; it freezes the water

Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Fusion
Development of alternative energy sources is ever growing. One such source, nuclear fusion, is
gaining increasing prominence in the energy world. The principles of nuclear fusion provide the
opportunity of incredible energy production. This review covers the concepts, current prospects, and
the challenges and future developments necessary for the realization of nuclear fusion as a power
source. Tremendous research and development has already occurred into the realization of fusion.
Two popular mechanisms are studied: Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF) and Inertial
Confinement Fusion. MCF utilizes magnetic entrapment of superheated plasma in a device known
as a tokamak to achieve fusion conditions. ICF utilizes ablation and compression techniques in ...
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These issues combine to place an unfavorable light on the potential of nuclear power. Nuclear
fission, however, is not the only source of nuclear power. Nuclear fusion is another method which
offers the potential to combat some of the ailments of nuclear fission in addition to providing long
lasting power. Nuclear fusion offers several benefits to energy industry. Among the benefits of
fusion power is that fusion fuel is readily available, power produced is reliable, has a low
environmental impact, does not produce fissile materials, and carries the same terror risk as
conventional fossil fuel plants [6]. To understand why some of these benefits are true, an
understanding of the science behind nuclear fusion is necessary.To start, nuclear reactions involve
the protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus of an atom. This is different from how chemical
reactions, like the burning of fossil fuels, involve the electrons of an atom. In nuclear fission
reactions, heavier elements are torn apart. The resulting products are more stable than the reactant,
and energy is

techniques of waste heat recovery Essay
Techniques of Waste Heat Recovery
Waste heat recovery is being more used more and more often today as it is becoming more effective,
due to increasing energy prices, technological developments and a decrease in equipment costs. Heat
recovery can be classified into three main strategies: recycling energy back into the process,
recovering the energy for other onsite use and using it to generate electricity in combined heat and
power systems. Once the system has been made as efficient as possible before using waste heat
recovery, passive strategies are used. These have no significant input for operation except for
auxiliary equipment such as pumps and fans. The last case is active strategies, which require some
input of energy to upgrade ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is capable of operating at 300ºC with around 70% heat recovery capability. They are used where
cross contamination between gas streams must be prevented in applications such as ovens and steam
boilers.
Run around coil exchangers
These are quite similar in principle to the heat pipe exchanger. The heat from the hot fluid is
transferred to the colder fluid via an intermediate fluid. One coil of this closed loop is installed in
the hot stream; the other in the cold stream and the circulation is maintained by means of a pump.
This application is used when the hot and cold fluids are located far away from each other and not
easily accessible.
Economizers
Used in boiler systems an economizer is used to pre–heat the boiler water or combustion air using
the flue gas, in low to medium temperatures. These are used in domestic cases as well as in large
factories. They can increase the net thermal efficiency of a boiler by up to 15%.
Waste heat recovery boilers
They are ordinary water tube boilers in which the hot exhaust gases pass over a number of parallel
tubes containing water. The water is vaporized in the tubes and collected in a steam drum from
which it is drawn out for use as heating or processing steam.
Shell and tube heat exchangers
If the medium containing waste heat is a liquid or a vapor and is needed to heat another liquid both
paths must be sealed to contain the pressures of the respective fluids. The shell contains the tube

Refrigeration Systems That Use Environment Friendly...
Refrigeration systems that use environment–friendly refrigerants provide a sustainability advantage
when compared to other refrigerant selections. However, the energy use associated with
refrigeration system operation and the environmental impacts associated with its generation and
distribution often outweigh the choice of refrigerant. To minimize environmental impacts associated
with refrigeration system operation, it is reasonable to evaluate the prospects of a clean source of
energy. Research has demonstrated that solar energy is an ideal source for low–temperature heating
applications such as space and domestic hot water heating. From a sustainability perspective,
directly using solar as a primary energy source is attractive because of its universal availability, low
environmental impact, and low or no ongoing fuel cost. Research has demonstrated that solar energy
is an ideal source for lowtemperature heating applications such as space and domestic hot water
heating. Solar heating applications are intuitive since, when solar energy is absorbed on a surface,
the surface temperature rises, providing a heating potential. The use of solar energy to provide
refrigeration is less intuitive. In this article, we review three approaches that use solar energy to
provide refrigeration at temperatures below 0°C (32°F). In addition to reviewing the potential
technologies, we compare their operating characteristics. We conclude that only one of the three

Scope of Solar Thermal Power Plants in India
TOPIC
SCOPE OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA
AUTHORS
U. Mohamed Razik Ali
E.Praveen
SCOPE OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA
U. Mohamed Razik Ali (UG student)
E.Praveen (UG student) praveen93psn@gmail.com mohamedrazikali@gmail.com
Abstract Now–a–days the importance of electrical energy is very severe, that no one could live
without it. In such a condition, in India and especially in southern India there is a great demand for
electricity. This article refers to such a problem and also gives a solution .Moreover calculations
based on the solar potential in India and the possibilities of constructing Solar Power Plants in India
is also discussed here. Some methods for storing the huge potential of solar ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This indicates that India's future energy requirements are going to be very high and solar energy can
be one of the efficient and eco–friendly ways to meet the same.
Solar thermal power generation technologies
Solar Thermal Power systems, also known as Concentrating Solar Power systems, use concentrated
solar radiation as a high temperature energy source to produce electricity using thermal route. Since
the average operating temperature of stationary non–concentrating collectors is low (max up to
1200C) as compared to the desirable input temperatures of heat engines (above 3000C), the
concentrating collectors are used for such applications. These technologies are appropriate for
applications where direct solar radiation is high. The mechanism of conversion of solar to electricity
is fundamentally similar to the traditional thermal power plants except use of solar energy as source
of heat.
In the basic process of conversion of solar into heat energy, an incident solar irradiance is collected
and concentrated by concentrating solar collectors or mirrors, and generated heat is used to heat the
thermic fluids such as heat transfer oils, air or water/steam, depending on the plant design, acts as
heat carrier and/or as storage media. The hot thermic fluid is used to generated steam or hot gases,

which are then used to operate a heat engine. In these systems, the efficiency of the collector reduces
marginally as its operating

University of Nairobi Bsc. Civil Engineering Degree...
17/07/2012 University of Nairobi – Degree Programmes University of Nairobi A world–class univ
ersity committed to scholarly excellence Search Website Quick Links Faculties/Schools/Institutes
About UON Academics Admission Student Life Research Contact Us Home > Academics > Degree
Programmes > Degree Information > Degree Regulation A–Z List of UON Departm ets a b c d e f g
h ijklmn o p q r s t u v w x y z B.sc. (civil Engineering) Degree Code: F16 Duration: 5
Faculty/School/Institute offered: SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Regulations Introduction General
Regulations Course Outline Course Description Further Information Entry Requirements Course
Description FIRST YEAR OF STUDY – SEMESTER I FCE 101 – Communication Skills (45 hrs)
For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Number systems, codes, arithmetic and logic operations: Computer number systems and computer
codes, arithmetic operations and computer logic operations, introduction to binary number
representation, positive and negative numbers, arithmetic operators and examples, one's–and two's–
complement, binary subtraction, addition, multiplication, division, real numbers (floating point),
strings, arrays. Applications software: Introduction, software packages, selection of software (factors
to consider), wordprocessors (e.g. Wordstar), spreadsheets (e.g. Lotus), report generators (e.g.
Harvard Graphics), accounting packages (e.g. Dac Easy). Computer graphics (e.g. CAD packages
e.g. Autocad), (to be covered through laboratory exercises). Application Software : Packages:
wordprocessing, spreadsheets, database management, mathematical programming, statistics
(tabulations and regression), project management. Software developments: knowledge–based
systems (A.I.) FCE 181 – Chemistry IA (45 hrs) Inorganic Chemistry: Solubility, precipitation, ion–
exchange, nitrification and denitrification, oxidation–reduction reactions, absorption, characteristics
and significance of some salts and elements (ammonia, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, silicates,
chlorine, oxygen, ozone, carbon, etc.) Physical Chemistry: Ions in solution, ionization energy,
chemical energetics and bonding, chemical equilibrium, reaction kinetics. SEMESTER II FCE 104 –
Elements of

Fossil Fuel Power Station
A fossil–fuel power station is a type of power station that burns fossil fuels such as coal,natural gas
or petroleum (oil) to produce electricity. Central station fossil–fuel power plants are designed on a
large scale for continuous operation. In many countries, such plants provide most of the electrical
energy used.
Fossil fuel power stations have rotating machinery to convert the heat energy of combustioninto
mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator. The prime mover may be a steam
turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating internal combustionengine. All plants use
the energy extracted from expanding gas – steam or combustion gases. A very few MHD generators
have been built which directly convert ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
temperatures too low.)[3]
The Carnot cycle is the theoretically most efficient closed thermodynamic cycle for conversion of
heat energy into useful work, and practical fossil–fuel stations cannot exceed this limit. In principle,
fuel cells do not have the same thermodynamic limits as they are not heat engines.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
[edit]Coal
The Grand Canal of China allows convenient access to this power station inYangzhou
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet. It is a relatively cheap fuel, with some of the
largest deposits in regions that are relatively stable politically, such as China, India and the United
States. This contrasts with natural gas and petroleum, the largest deposits of which are located in the
politically volatile Persian Gulf. Solid coal cannot directly replace natural gas or petroleum in most
applications, petroleum is mostly used for transportationand the natural gas not used for electricity
generation is used for space, water and industrial heating. Coal can be converted to gas or liquid
fuel, but the efficiencies and economics of such processes can make them unfeasible.[citation
needed] Vehicles or heaters may require modification to use coal–derived fuels. Coal can produce
more pollution than petroleum or natural gas.
As of 2009 the largest coal–fired power station is Taichung Power Plant in Taiwan. The world's most
energy–efficient coal–fired power plant is the Avedøre Power

The Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies
4.3 Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies
Biomass materials can be converted to various useful forms of energy such as heat, electricity and
liquid fuels. The technologies used to convert biomass into energy ranged widely from the simple
combustion of biomass used for cooking and heating in developing countries to a variety of
technologies to generate modern energy carriers – electricity, gas, and liquid bio–fuels. Canada is
using various materials including waste and residuals to generate electricity, heat and, bio–liquid
fuels (bio–ethanol and biodiesel) (Defra UK et al. 2007). Biomass energy can be used at the
household (–10 kW), community (–100 kW), or industrial (– MW) scale. Key biomass energy
conversion technologies include thermal and thermochemical, and biological and biochemical.
Thermal and Thermochemical Technologies o Combustion – convert forestry, agricultural and
municipal residues into heat and power under environmentally sound conditions o Gasification –
convert forestry, agricultural and municipal residues into syngas o Pyrolysis – convert forestry and
agricultural residues into bio–oils and value added products o Thermal and Catalytic Processing –
convert a variety of new and used vegetable oils; tall oils; waste greases and animal fats into
renewable diesel fuels and diesel blending stocks
Biological and Biochemical Technologies o Fermentation – convert the starch and cellulose
components of biomass to bio–ethanol o Anaerobic Digestion – convert

Wbut Syllabus 1st Sem
Revised Syllabus to be implemented from the Academic Year 2010 (for the new batch only) First
Year First Semester A. THEORY Field Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 B. 6 7 8 HU101 PH101/ CH101 M101
ES101 ENGLISH LANGUAGE & TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION Theory Contact
Hours/Week L 2 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 T 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 Total 2 4 4 4 4 18 3 3 4 10 0 0 0 0 2
2 2 2 4 32 Credit Points C. 9 10 Chemistry –1 (Gr–B) / Physics – 1 (Gr–A) Mathematics–1 Basic
Electrical & Electronic Engineering – 1 (GrA+GrB) ME101 Engg. Mechanics Total of Theory
PRACTICAL PH191/ Chemistry –1 (Gr–B)/ CH191 Physics – 1 (Gr–A) ES191 Basic Electrical &
Electronic Engineering –1 ME191 Engg Drawing & Computer Graphics (Gr–B) /192 / Workshop
Practice (Gr–A) Total of Practical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Micro Presentation and Group Discussion Sessions should be used for developing
Communicative Competence 7. The Language Lab, device should be used for giving audio–visual
inputs to elicit students' responses by way of Micro–Presentation, Pair Conversation, Group Talk
and Class Discussion. 8. The teacher must function as a creative monitor in the Language Lab for
the following: A. Developing Listening Comprehension Skill; 1. 2. 3. 4. B. a) Developing Listening
Comprehension through Language Lab Device Developing sub skills of the Listening Skill by
Conversational Practice Sessions Focusing on intelligent and advanced Listening Sessions e.g.
Seminars, Paper Presentation, Mock Interviews etc. Conducting Conversational Practice: Face to
Face & Via Media (Telephone, Audio, Video + Clips) Developing Speaking Competence: Helping
students in achieving clarity and fluency ; manipulating paralinguistic features of speaking (voice
modulation ,pitch , tone stress , effective pauses ) Conducting Task oriented interpersonal ,informal
and semiformal Speaking / Classroom Presentation COMMUNICATION 3 b) Teaching strategies
for Group Discussion Teaching Cohesion and Coherence Teaching effective communication &
strategies for handling criticism and adverse remarks Teaching strategies of Turn– taking, effective
intervention, kinesics (use of body language) and courtesies and all componentss

Pros And Cons Of Residential Solar Power
This project is to identify the feasibility of residential solar power applications for the end–user, and
any pros/cons and cost analysis of any such undertaking. We will compile existing data to identify
how much grid electricity the average US household uses, how much they pay per kilowatthour
(kWh), and compare it to the cost of installing solar power system. Taking into consideration
environmental effects, government incentives, and pure electricity cost savings over time, we will
demonstrate that every American would benefit by moving from grid electricity to solar power, even
if opting for a partial–grid or grid tie–in solar system.
Citizens of the world have been gradually showing more and more concern for the environment
especially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solar power is not consistent or reliable enough to be the only option for power. This technology
relies totally on the sun so certain days we will be able to produce more power than others and at
night we might not be able to produce any. Which is why we will not be able to completely sever the
tie to conventional power generation. There has to be a method available to generate enough power
to meet demand without available sunlight. Although as technology progresses we may soon be able
to generate power from solar sources 24 hours a day. Modern solar power towers are being designed
to store excess heat transfer medium underground during the day as its heated and recycling it at
night to continue to generate steam for power production (Mills, 2004). But even with this ability we
will not be able to go solely to solar power but it can still supplement existing power and drastically
reduce the country's carbon

Energy Producing Hot Water For Cogeneration
The proposed project focuses on developing an electrical generation thermal system which generates
5KW
power producing hot water for cogeneration. The Rankine cycle is used as the base system for the
design. The
solar energy is utilized in the project as a thermal source of heat to the system. The obtained heat
energy is
used to heat the system with overall system efficiency to be 60.4% and generate power of 5KW to
be used for
cogeneration and the waste heat recovered is stored in a battery which is utilized to produce hot
water even in
the absence of sunlight. The thermodynamic properties of the system were analyzed and calculated.
The
second law efficiency, irreversibility of the system components, maximum system efficiency and the
net work
done by the components of the system were majorly focused and calculated. The economic analysis
of the
system were performed by taking into account all the system components and found the system
design to be
more economical for small scale applications.
Introduction:
In today's world fossil fuels and other non–renewable resources are on the verge of depletion.
Research is
going on in implementing natural resources as thermal source of heat to power any thermodynamic

cycle.
Natural sources are now being employed to decrease the rising costs of alternative fuels such as
fossil fuels,
coal etc. Solar thermal energy is one such energy resource that is being widely used. Rankine cycle
is the base
of this system

Direct Combustion Of Biomass For Heat Generation

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