Study this notes to prepare for your test.

1. AmphibianAmphibian
ReproductionReproduction
By Mr. “Where does a tadpole come from” ChapmanBy Mr. “Where does a tadpole come from” Chapman

2. ReproductionReproduction
 What is 1 difference between maleWhat is 1 difference between male
frogs/toads and newts/salamanders onfrogs/toads and newts/salamanders on
how they attract females?how they attract females?
 Male frogs/toads have vocal sacs to callMale frogs/toads have vocal sacs to call
and attract females and other malesand attract females and other males
during mating season.during mating season.

3. ReproductionReproduction
 Frogs – males arrive first at the breeding
sites and they emit a call (advertisement call)
to attract other males and females. Males
form a chorus (lots calling together).
 Females are attracted to their species adv.
call. The biggest male attracts the most
females.

5. ReproductionReproduction
 Once the femaleOnce the female
finds a suitable mate,finds a suitable mate,
the male climbs onthe male climbs on
the back of thethe back of the
female and grabs thefemale and grabs the
female from behind.female from behind.

7. ReproductionReproduction
 This formation isThis formation is
calledcalled Amplexus.Amplexus.

8. Anuran ReproductionAnuran Reproduction
 To help maintain
their grip on the
female, males
develop rough skin
patches, called
nuptial pads, on the
inside of the
forearms.
 In some species males’
forearms and thumbs
become swollen and
muscular during mating
season.

10. ReproductionReproduction
 While in the water the female releasesWhile in the water the female releases
the eggs and the male covers them withthe eggs and the male covers them with
sperm to fertilize them.sperm to fertilize them.
 What type of fertilization is this?What type of fertilization is this?
 External Fertilization-External Fertilization- fertilization is donefertilization is done
outside of the body.outside of the body.

11. ReproductionReproduction
 The eggs usuallyThe eggs usually
attach to plants,attach to plants,
rocks, and some timerocks, and some time
float on the surface.float on the surface.

14. ReproductionReproduction
 If you see an eggIf you see an egg
mass in a pond howmass in a pond how
do you tell if it is toaddo you tell if it is toad
eggs or frog eggs?eggs or frog eggs?
 Frog eggs are inFrog eggs are in
clumps and toadclumps and toad
eggs are in strands.eggs are in strands.

15. ReproductionReproduction
 Eggs (anurans) hatch into larvae called
tadpoles.
 Tadpoles are tiny and easy prey.
 Females may lay up to 50,000 eggs.

16. ReproductionReproduction
 Tadpoles have.......
 1. gills
 2. dorsal and ventral
(anal) fin
 3. lateral line system
 4. Anurans have Jaws
for scraping algae. -
herbivores

20. ReproductionReproduction
 What is the difference between frog/toadWhat is the difference between frog/toad
tadpoles and salamander tadpoles?tadpoles and salamander tadpoles?
 Salamander tadpoles are carnivorousSalamander tadpoles are carnivorous
and frogs/toads are herbivores.and frogs/toads are herbivores.

21.  MetamorphosisMetamorphosis – the change from a– the change from a
tadpole to a frogtadpole to a frog
 Steps in GrowthSteps in Growth::
 1. Develop rear legs1. Develop rear legs
 2.2. Mouth begins to change from algae
scraper to the wide mouth of a frog -
can’t eat.

23.  Energy is stored in the fat of their tail.
 If there was plenty of fat, then some of
the tail will remain after metamorphosis.
 If the tadpole didn’t make enough fat, it
will die during metamorphosis.

24.  3. Front limbs appear.
 4. Lungs begin to form.
 5. Gills are absorbed.... skull widens &
eyes to top of the head.

26. Anuran ReproductionAnuran Reproduction
 6. Mandible and Maxilla is completed
 7. Digestive system and enzymes must
change from plant digestion to animal
digestion.
 This process can take from 3 weeks to 3This process can take from 3 weeks to 3
years depending on species.years depending on species.

28. ReproductionReproduction
 Metamorphosis ends > froglet/toadlet
can move to land.
 Adults - carnivores.

29. SalamanderSalamander
ReproductionReproduction
 Salamanders – most
species breed in late
winter (Feb to mid
March).
 They approach their
pond, both males and
females), on the first
warm (55 degrees),
rainy night of the late
winter.

30. Sal ReproSal Repro
 Salamanders do not make noises, but findSalamanders do not make noises, but find
each other by smell.each other by smell.
 In the water, males release pheromones
(external hormones).
 F’s smell and approach the pheromones.
Males fan the pheromones towards the F with
their tail.

31. Sal. ReproductionSal. Reproduction
 M does a courtship dance.

32. Sal. Repro.Sal. Repro.
 F lays her chin on male’s pelvis

33. ReproductionReproduction
 M deposits a sac ofM deposits a sac of
sperm on the bottomsperm on the bottom
of the pond.of the pond.
 The sac of spermThe sac of sperm
that the male lays onthat the male lays on
the bottoms is calledthe bottoms is called
aa SpermatophoreSpermatophore..

34.  F picks off the sperm packet with her
cloaca- packet of sperm opens and
fertilizes her eggs. Fertil. is internal.
 Next night F climbs onto a submerged
twig and laysher eggs on it.

40. Salamander TadpolesSalamander Tadpoles
 Larvae hatch >
external gills, 4 legs.
 Diet - zooplankton
(tiny animals)
carnivores as larvae.

41.  Metam. > lungs develop > gills absorb
and they leave the water.
 Adults carnivores.

42. ReproductionReproduction
 In aquatic speciesIn aquatic species
they keep thesethey keep these
external gills and areexternal gills and are
considered to beconsidered to be
Neotinic (incompleteNeotinic (incomplete
metamorphosis)metamorphosis)

44. FeedingFeeding
 Feeding as LarvaFeeding as Larva::
 Frog/Toad tadpoles are herbivores.Frog/Toad tadpoles are herbivores.
 Salamander tadpoles are carnivores.Salamander tadpoles are carnivores.
 Feeding as AdultFeeding as Adult::
 Anurans are carnivoresAnurans are carnivores
 Caudatans are carnivoresCaudatans are carnivores

45. FeedingFeeding
 Tadpoles in captivityTadpoles in captivity
can be fed rabbitcan be fed rabbit
pellets or fish flakepellets or fish flake
food.food.