Essay On Three Phase Induction Motor

Essay On Three Phase Induction Motor
Analysis of Dynamic Performance of Three Phase Induction Motor Using Matlab Simulation
Brahmananda Das Department of electrical engineering Koustuv group of institutions Bhubaneswar
dasbrahmananda1972@gmail.com Abstract: This paper investigates the dynamic performance of
three phase induction motor by vector control method. The vector control algorithm is calculated on
Motorola DSP56F80X. The block diagram is shown in figure which describes the structure of
implement vector control algorithm. The result obtained is verified using matlab simulation. Initially
speed reference is set at120 radian/s and torque taken as 0 nm. Then motor is run, speed, torque and
current wave form is taken. Now speed reference changes to 160 radian/s and torque changes to
200nm and correspondence wave form is shown. I observed that it run smoothly over the full speed
range, generate full torque at zero speed, and have high dynamic performance including fast
acceleration and deceleration. It was originally developed for high–performance motor application
for industrial drives. However, it is becoming increasingly attractive for lower performance
applications as well due to FOC 's motor size, cost and power consumption reduction superiority. ..
In vector control method machine is control in a synchronously rotating frame where as in
sinusoidal machine variables appears as D.C. quantities. In steady state current resolved in to two
control inputs I. e. direct axis and quadrature axis component
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Chapter Two: Literature Review. 2.1 Introduction . In This
Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, an overview of the state of the art
system of an induction motor is carried out. It looks at various induction motor control
methodologies utilizing current and voltage control to control the flux and the torque of the dynamic
system. Highlight of the current and future challenges of induction motor drives are presented. To
do that, a general principle of induction motor drives is discussed first follow by phase controlled of
induction motor drives, frequency controlled of induction motor, and vector controlled of induction
motor. 2.2 The Concept of an Induction Motor Drives In the past decade, electric machines evolves
slowly however it sustained its evolution over the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When operating an induction motor and at the start position, the stator and motor inductance of both
rotor and the stator has to be kept at low level. This will help in minimizing jerking during start up.
However, a higher value of rotor resistance makes the jerks to be small irrespective of the steady
state time. Dynamic modelling of an induction motor is used to analyze the transients' effect in
relation to the induction motor performance. For a three phase dynamic induction motor, the three
phase is transformed into two phase induction motor using various transformation techniques [20].
This can be done using [21] P_i=3/2 R_s i_s+2/P ω_s I_m [i_s λ_s ]+3/2 Re[i_s 〖d/dt λ〗_s] 2.1
where R_s is the stator resistance, i_s is the stator current, λ_s is the complex conjugate of the stator
flux linkage phase, and ω_s is the stator frequency. For a given induction motor, the flux linkage can
be controlled using the stator current which indirectly control the electromagnetic torque. Also for a
steady state, this rate of change of magnetic energy is zero. However, it has a finite magnitude value
during the transient state. 2.3 Induction Motor Phase Control Induction motor phase control is one
of the ordinary and uninterested method of electronic AC power control [22]. This method is
presented in Fig 2.2 [18, 23]. At the start position of the motor and during the first half cycle
operation of the AC sine wave, the switch in the electronic circuit becomes opened

Advantages Of Homogenization In Proteomics
Parth Garg (2011BB50032)
BEL722 Term Paper
Mechanical Methods of Homogenization in Proteomics
1. Introduction
Proper sample preparation is an integral part of all omics approaches, and can drastically impact the
results of a wide number of analyses. One of the key components of sample preparation is
homogenization. The term 'Homogenization' can be understood in various aspects and some of its
most common usages can be to describe mixing and dispersing. But, in essence, the aim of
homogenization is to obtain a homogenous mixture i.e. the sample obtained has same composition
throughout its total volume.
Now, homogenization for sample preparation in proteomics can be done by the following 5 ways: –
1. Mechanical methods
2. Sonication
3. Use of pressure
4. Use of Temperature
5. Osmotic and detergent lysis
Mechanical Methods
Mechanical methods are generally used for hard and filamentous cells such as ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Comparison of various mechanical methods
Method Pros Cons
Rotor–Stator Can homogenize wide array of samples. Very homogenous end product. Initial cost is
high. Different shafts for different size of samples. Shaft cleaning is difficult.
Blender Easily available. Can process large samples very quickly. Easy to sterilize. Creates
vortexes, which cause foaming resulting in denaturation.
Simple Mortar and Pestle type Easy to use and inexpensive. Can generate very fine particles Low
throughput. Contamination issues.
Glass Homogenizers Inexpensive, generate fine homogenate. Easy to clean and decontaminate.
Fibrous and membranes are left as it is. Low throughput and prone to breakage.
Dounce Homogenizer Inexpensive, easy to clean and decontaminate. Low throughput. Solid tissue
cannot be processed directly
Vortexer Bead Beating Easily available in lab. No additional cost of homogenization. Multiple

machine can vortex full rack of tubes Less powerful as compared to other homogenizers.
Homogenization around 50% of other methods.
4. Applications in recent proteomics

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Field Oriented Control
FIELD ORIENTED CONTROL The main drawback of sinusoidal commutation is that the motor
currents are controlled which are time variant and thus PI controllers have to operate on limited
bandwidth. Hence using field oriented control the currents in a, b, c reference frame are transformed
to d–q reference frame. Thus controllers are not subjected from time variant currents and voltages
and limitation of controller frequency response and phase shift on motor speed and torque is
eliminated. Using Field Oriented Control, current control is largely unaffected by speed of rotation
of the motor[6].In the scheme of filed oriented control motor currents and voltages obtained from
the motor are transformed into d–q reference frame. Measured currents from three stator phases
these currents which are now in the stator reference frame are converted into two phase using Clarke
transformations which are further converted into the corresponding rotor reference frame using Park
transformation. The resultant current obtained is dc which is easier for the PI controllers to operate.
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. Fig.3 Field Oriented Control Scheme The advantages of Field Oriented Control are transformation
of a complex and coupled AC model into a simple linear system , independent control of torque and
flux, fast dynamic response , good transient and steady state performance ,high torque and low
current at start up and high Efficiency[2]. Clarke Transformation Equation Fig.4 Clarke

Application And Investigation Of Control Framework...
This thesis deals with the configuration and investigation of control framework structures for
electric drives furnished with changeless magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) in car application.
With the expanding prominence of multi–level inverters, the opportunity to get better of the
execution of voltage source inverters has persistently been tried for different applications. The fast
improvement of high exchanging recurrence power gadgets in the previous decade leads towards
more extensive use of voltage source inverters in AC power era. In this way, this prompts the
requirement for a regulation method with less aggregate symphonious bending, less exchanging
misfortunes, and more extensive direct balance range. The present theory highlights the examination
of the customary two–level inverter and the three–level diode cinched inverters for the application
in car industry. The proposition highlights the DC–connection adjusting control which is the most
ordinarily confronted issue in the event of a three–level diode braced inverter, with no extra circuit.
Changes of the regulation strategies for the acknowledgment of the DC–connection adjusting
control have been proposed. Correlation of the aggregate symphonious bending of the line–to–line
voltages at the yields of the two and three–level inverters has been exhibited for PWM, SVPWM
&CB–SVPWM methods. The postulation likewise manages the control of the Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Motor drive utilizing Field–Oriented Control

Sample Resume : Electrical Engineering Essay
Hyperloop
A
Seminar Report
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electrical Engineering
Submitted By:
Rushi Patel (14BEE093)
Romil Patel (14BEE092)
Under Guidance of:
Prof D.M. Mehta
Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute of Technology, Nirma University
Ahmedabad – 382481
May – 2016
Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute of Technology
Nirma University, Ahmedabad
Gujarat – 382481
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled "Hyperloop" submitted by Mr. Rushi Patel
(14BEE093) & Mr. Romil Patel (14BEE092), students of B.Tech, 4th Semester towards the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree in Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in
Electrical Engineering of Nirma University is the record of work carried out by him/her under my
supervision and guidance. The work submitted has in our opinion reached a level required for being
accepted for examination.
Date: ____ / ____ / 2016
Prof. S. K. Sahoo
Faculty Supervisor Prof. (Dr.) P. N. Tekwani
HOD (EE)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I must acknowledge the strength, energy and patience that almighty GOD bestowed upon me to start
& accomplish this work with the support of all concerned, a few of them I am trying to name
hereunder.
I would like to express my sincere respect and profound gratitude to authorities and staff of
Electrical Engineering Department for providing the department facilities for my project

Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Multilevel Inverters...
Abstract– Multilevel inverter used in variable speed drive system is attracting more attention, due to
various advantages that they offer when compared to standard 3–phase two level drives. For proper
functioning of such systems pulse width modulation (PWM) strategy is of crucial importance.
Control complexity of multilevel inverters increases rapidly with an increase in number of phases
and the number of levels. The inherent low switching frequency in medium voltage industrial drive
presents various challenges. Multilevel inverter topologies are increasingly being used in medium
and high power applications due to their many advantages such as low power dissipation on power
switches, low harmonic contents and low electromagnetic interference ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The complete system will consist of two sections; a power circuit and a control circuit. The power
section consists of a power rectifier, filter capacitor, and three phase diode clamped multilevel
inverter. The motor is connected to the multilevel inverter. An ac input voltage is fed to a three
phase diode bridge rectifier, in order to produce dc output voltage across a capacitor filter. A
capacitor filter, removes the ripple contents present in the dc output voltage. The pure dc voltage is
applied to the three phase multilevel inverter through capacitor filter. The multilevel inverter has 24
MOSFET switches that are controlled in order to generate an ac output voltage from the dc input
voltage. The controlled ac output voltage is fed to the induction motor drive. The motor windings
are highly inductive in nature; they hold electric energy in the form of current. This current needs to
be dissipated while switches are off. Diodes are connected across the switches give a path for the
current to dissipate when the switches are off. These diodes are also called freewheeling

The Vector Control Of The Pm Synchronous Motor
currents) from stationary reference frame to torque and flux producing currents components in
rotating reference frame. The vector control of the PM synchronous motor is derived from its dq
dynamic model. Considering the currents as inputs, the three currents are: ia = Is sin (ωrt + α) (4.12)
ib = Is sin (ωrt + α – ) (4.13) ic = Is sin (ωrt + α + ) (4.14)
Where ωr is the electrical rotor speed and α is the angle between the rotor field and the stator current
phasor, known as the torque angle.
The d and q axes stator currents in the rotor reference frame for a balanced three phase operations
are given by
irq ird Substituting the equations (4.12) in (4.14) into (4.15) which gives the stator currents in the
rotor reference frames: irq sin α ird cos α
The d and q axes currents are constant in the rotor reference frames, since the α is constant for a
given load torque. For this behaviors they are very similar to armature and field currents in self–
excited dc machine. Substitute the above equation into the electromagnetic torque shown in below:

Primary Heating Water Circuit At The Generators
Primary Cooling Water Circuit In The Generators :
The treated water used for cooling of the stator winding, phase connectors and bushings is
designated as primary water in order to distinguish it from the secondary coolant (raw water,
condensator etc.). The primary water is circulated in a closed circuit and dissipates the absorbed heat
to the secondary cooling in the primary water cooler. The pump is supplied with in primary water
cooler. The pump is supplied with in the primary water tank and delivers the water to the generator
via the following flow paths:
Flow path I :
Flow path I cools the stator winding. This flow path passes through water manifold on the exciter
end of the generator and from there to the stator bars via insulated bar is connected to the manifold
by a separate hose. Inside the bars the cooling water flows through hollow strands. At the turbine
end, the water is passed through the similar hoses to another water manifold and then return to the
primary water tank. Since a single pass water flow through the stator is used, only a minimum
temperature rise is obtained for both the coolant and the bars. Relatively movements due to the
different thermal expansions between the top and the bottom bars are thus minimized.
Flow Path II :
Flow path II cools the phase connectors and the bushings. The bushing and the phase connectors
consist of the thick walled copper tubes through which the cooling water is circulated. The six
bushings and phase connectors arranged

Optimal Active And Reactive Power Control Essay
Optimal Active and Reactive Power Control of Wind Turbine Driven DFIG using TLBO Algorithm
and Artificial Neural Networks
Mahmoud M. ElKholy H. M. B. Metwally Garib M. regal M. Ali Sadek
Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Zagazig
University, Zagazig, EGYPT Email: melkoly71@yahoo.com Email: elemohsadek@yahoo.com
Abstract–This paper investigates the optimal active and reactive power control capabilities for
typical wind turbine (WT) driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The main objective is to
determine the optimal rotor voltage to extract certain active and reactive power from the DFIG over
wide ranges of wind speed. Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm is a new
heuristic optimization technique, used to obtain the optimum rotor voltages to achieve reference
active and reactive powers overall operating points. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller is
used as an adaptive controller to predict the value of rotor voltage for all operating points. The ideal
power curve of a 2 MW wind turbine has been estimated to design the active power controller. The
stator reactive power control capability with the range of ±1.6 MVAR is developed. With the
proposed control strategy, the DFIG–based wind farm provides Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT), fully active and reactive powers control. For all operated wind speeds, the adaptive
proposed controller develops useful network

Generators Primary Heating Water Circuit Functioning
Generators–Primary Cooling Water Circuit functioning :
In order to distinguish the treated water from the secondary coolant (raw water, condensator etc.) it
is named as primary water because it is used for cooling stator winding, phase connectors and
bushings . The secondary cooling absorbs the heat from the primary cooler when water is circulated
in a closed circuit by the primary water cooler. The pump is supplied with in primary water cooler.
Water is supplied to the flow paths of the generator by supplying it to the primary water tank i.e by
supplying it to tht primary water cooler through the pump.
Flow path I :
Stator winding is cooled by Flow path I . This flow path passes through the stator bars via insulated
barbefor this it passes through the water manifold on the exciter end of the generator which is
connected to thestatus bars by a separate hose.Cooling water flows through hollow strands inside
the bars. At the turbine end, the water return to the primary water tank which comes from another
water manifold which in turn comes from the similar hoses.Minimum temperature rise is obtained
for both the bars and the coolers because the water folw is single pass through the stator.
Movements are relatively minimised which are caused due to the different thermal expansions
between the bottom and the top bars.
Flow Path II :
Phase connectors and the Bushings are cooled by Flow Path II . The cooling water is circulated
through the thick walled copper tubes of the

Implementation Of A New Fast Direct Torque Control...
Implementation of a new fast direct torque control algorithm for induction motor drive. Neha D.Bais
Mtech IPS in Electrical Engineering G.H.Raisoni college of Engineering ,Nagpur Email–
nehabais84@gmail.com J.G.Chaudhari Asst Prof Electrical Engineering G.H Raisoni college of
Engineering, Nagpur. Email– jagdish.choudhari@raisoni.net Abstract– The abstract DTC system
used for controlling of Induction motor gives robust as well as gives a high dynamic
performance.However it has two major drawbacks .The first one is the variation of switching
frequency in accordance with the amplitude of the hysteresis bands and the motor operating speed
,also the selection of voltage vectors is not optimized inside the flux hysteresis band to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the simplest technique ,with good dynamic performance , robust and gives large benefits. It is
recognized as an alternative method to field oriented control (FOC). Industrial drives with DTC are
present in the market today.DTC is proposed to control electromagnetic torque and stator flux by
directly modifying the stator voltage in accordance with the torque and flux errors DTC has added
advantages over FOC absence of mechanical transducer, no requirement of co–ordinate
transformation ,and a very simple control scheme with less computational time Though DTC is
simple and have fast transient response, it generates high level common mode voltage variations. To
avoid the problems of common mode voltage variations a new DTC algorithm was developed, in
which, only odd or only even voltage vectors will be applied in each sector in which stator flux lies
without using any zero voltage vectors. However, this method gave torque ambiguity. To overcome
the torque ambiguity, modified DTC algorithm has been proposed The variable switching technique
is a part of the conventional DTC technique . It was firstly introduced by Takahashi and Noguchi
around 1980's this method is the wide band of the switching frequency of the inverter even when the
flux and torque references are kept constant. The conventional DTC scheme has some inherent

Compare Three Phase And Six Phase Induction Motor
Abstract: The area of the multiphase motor has experienced a significant growth in last decade
numerous interesting development have been reported in the literature in this chain this paper is an
attempt to mathematically model both three phase and six–phase induction motor for comparison of
their characteristics. Using this mathematical modeling a Simulink model is created whose results
shows that the six–phase induction motor can sustain more than four times the torque that can be
sustained by three phase induction motor of same design parameters. The six–phase motor is better
not just in torque handling capacity but it also has inherent advantages of the multiphase induction
motor.
Keywords– Induction motor, Modelling, Multiphase, Simulink, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
II. PROCEDURE FOR MODELING
A. Three phase induction motor
A motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical energy into a mechanical energy.
The induction motor is the workhorse of the industry. In case of its three phase AC operation, they
do not require any starter. They are self–starting Induction motor. Every Motor consists of two
major parts: (a) Stator (b) Rotor
(a) Stator: Stator of three phase induction motor is made up of cast iron. It has numbers of slots to
construct a 3–phase winding circuit in them which is connected to 3 phase AC source. The three
phase winding are arranged in such a manner that they produce a rotating magnetic field hen a 3
phase AC supply is provided to them.
(b) Rotor: The rotor is the moving component of the induction motor it is made up of laminated
steel in the core with evenly spaced bars of copper or aluminum placed axially around the periphery.
Conductors are short circuited using the end ring made of thick aluminum or copper

Industrial Training At Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
A Report on industrial training at
"BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED"
Haridwar, India.
Submitted By:–
GAGAN MEENA
11115030
Under the able Guidance of
Mr. Rajendra Kumar
SDGM (Block –I)
BHEL, Hardiwar
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With the hike and inevitable advancement in the field of technology the role of an engineer becomes
very significant. To be a good and efficient engineer in the field, he should be well aware of the
practical knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge. He must also be conscious of the industrial
environment and must know about managerial aspects so that he can take good decisions.
I am very grateful that I got an opportunity to do training in BHEL Haridwar which is one of the
"Maha ratnas ". I extend my special thanks to Mr. Rajendra kumar for providing his able guidance
and deep knowledge of the practical aspects of industrial work culture.
I extend my gratitude towards the authorities of BHEL for providing me a chance to do training in
their prestigious organization. I will always be grateful to them for their keen interest and expert
guidance in my industrial training, additionally for giving an overview of practical knowledge and
application of theoretical knowledge.
CONTENTS
1). Introduction
2).Coil & insulation manufacturing shop (Block–IV)
3).Electrical Machines Block (Block–I)
4).Manufacturing of Turbo Generator

5).Introduction to 500MW Turbo Generator
6).Construction and features of Stator body

Electrical Machinery Industry And Bharat Heavy Electrical...
took step for set up of heavy engineering industry and Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd.In Bhopal the
first heavy electrical manufacturing unit of country was started .Analysing its rapid advancement
,three more factory was established in 1965. The aim of establishing BHEL was to meet the growing
power requirement of the country. In 1969 BHEL appeared on the power map of India .In 1969
BHEL appeared on the power map of India ,when at Basin Bridge Thermal Power plant in Tamil
Nadu the first unit supplied by it was commissioned. BHEL had taken India from a near total
dependence on imports to complete self–reliance in this vital area of power plant equipment. BHEL
was established more than 40 years ago, Heavy Electrical Equipment industry in India – a dream
that has been more than realized with a well–recognized track record of performance. headquarter of
BHEL is in new delhi.. The Bhel has 14 manufacturing divisions, 4 Power Sector regional centre,
over 100 project sites, eight service centre and 18 regional offices, enables the Company to provide
customer requirement. customers and provide them with suitable products, systems and services.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.is the largest engineering and manufacturing unit of its own kind in
India with highest level of performance. BHEL is among one of the MAHA RATNA of India. BHEL
manufactures over 180 products and 30 major project groups and supplies to core sectors of Indian
economy like Power generation and transmission,

Design And Analysis Of Control System Structures For...
This thesis deals with the design and analysis of control system structures for electric drives
equipped with permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) in automotive application.With
the increasing popularity of multi–level inverters, the room for improvement of the performance of
voltage source inverters has continuously been tested for various applications. The rapid
development of high switching frequency power electronics in the past decade leads towards wider
application of voltage source inverters in AC power generation. Therefore, this prompts the need for
a modulation technique with less total harmonic distortion, fewer switching losses, and wider linear
modulation range.The present thesis highlights the comparison of the conventional two–level
inverter and the three–level diode clamped inverters for the application in automotive industry. The
thesis highlights the DC–link balancing control which is the most commonly faced problem in case
of a three–level diode clamped inverter, with no additional circuit. Modifications of the modulation
techniques for the realization of the DC–link balancing control have been proposed. Comparison of
the total harmonic distortion of the line–to–line voltages at the outputs of the two and three–level
inverters has been presented for PWM, SVPWM &CB–SVPWM techniques. The thesis also deals
with the control of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor drive using Field–Oriented Control
technique. A PMSM drive system based on Field

The Dc Motors, A Kind Of Permanent Magnate Synchronous...
Brushless DC motors is a kind of permanent magnate synchronous motor. Permanent magnet
synchronous motors are classified on the basis of the wave shape of their induce emf, i.e, sinusoidal
and trapezoidal. The sinusoidal type is known as permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM);
the trapezoidal type goes under the name of PM Brushless dc (BLDC) machine. Table (2.1) shows
the difference between (PMSM) and (BLDC) motor. Permanent magnet (PM) DC brushed and
brushless motors incorporate a combination of PM and electromagnetic fields to produce torque (or
force) resulting in motion. This is done in the DC motor by a PM stator and a wound armature or
rotor. Current in the DC motor is automatically switched to different windings by means of a
commutator and brushes to create continuous motion. In a brushless motor, the rotor incorporates
the magnets, and the stator contains the windings. As the name suggests brushes are absent and
hence in this case, commutation is implemented electronically with a drive amplifier that uses
semiconductor switches to change current in the windings based on rotor position feedback. In this
respect, the BLDC motor is equivalent to a reversed DC commutator motor, in which the magnet
rotates while the conductors remain stationary. Therefore, BLDC motors often incorporate either
internal or external position sensors to sense the actual rotor. This eliminates the problems
associated with the brush and the commutator arrangement, for example, sparking

Induction Motor Speed Control System
Induction Motor Speed Control Han Tang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies
The University of Sydney
Student ID:450188446
Htan3909@uni.sydney.edu.au
Areas of Investigation:
1) Methods of control
2) Problems associated with the speed control
Introduction of Induction Motor and Speed Control
Induction motor is widely used in many different industries, it is a kind of machine use AC electric
power to generate magnetic force and field from the stator winding. The different of induction
motor from other kinds of motors is that induction motor need no automatic commutation, separate–
excitation or self–excitation from stator to rotor to changing the power. Rotor voltage is induced in
the rotor rather than being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
.[1][2] [3][4]
fig1: AC Induction motor http://3dprint.com/wp–content/uploads/2014/10/motor1.jpg
Major methods of induction motor speed control
1) Changing the stator side supply voltage
Speed N∝ torque T, so we can use the torque changing to represent the changing in speed.
As we know: Induction motor`s torque equation
is the rotor resistor value and when the slip stays a very small value, then the s is also very small so
it can be treat as a 0 value. is rotor induced EMF and it is in direct proportion to the voltage. Torque
is in direct proportion to the s. Therefore, we know that torque T is also in direct proportion to .
When we increase(decrease)the voltage supply, the torque will increase(decrease), therefore the
speed increase(decrease). By changing the voltage supply we can achieve the speed control, this is
the simplest way to control the speed. But not widely use in the real industry. Because: change a
very large voltage but the speed only changes a little, the speed control range is too small. When the
supply voltage has a sudden changing, the flux density in the motor, a sudden changing flus density
will result a change in magnetic conditions of the motor. This result is not welcomed in the real
condition of use. So changing the supply voltage is rarely used.[5][6]

2) Changing the stator side applied frequency
The speed equation of the rotating magnetic field of induction motor is given by

Essay On Dc Motors
ABSTRACT Brushless permanent magnet DC motors are being manufactured and used increasingly
in everything from home appliances to automobiles due to their inherent advantages. The merits of
these motors could be enhanced further according to another design approach method which alters
the typically used winding parts for low to medium power range motors. This paper deals with the
high power brushless DC motor used for traction in a 48 V golf cart system. The stator is designed
with segment rectangular copper winding to maximize output power within its limited dimensions.
In the design process, the closed slot opening and slot–pole combination are investigated and
compared in terms of efficiency and input current density. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
With no windings on the rotor, they are not subjected to centrifugal forces, and because the
windings are supported by the housing, they can be cooled by conduction, requiring no airflow
inside the motor for cooling. This in turn means that the motor 's internals can be entirely enclosed
and protected from dirt or other foreign matter. Brushless motor commutation can be implemented
in software using a microcontroller or computer, or may alternatively be implemented in analogue
hardware or digital firmware using an FPGA. Commutation with electronics instead of brushes
allows for greater flexibility and capabilities not available with brushed DC motors, including speed
limiting, "micro stepped" operation for slow and/or fine motion control, and a holding torque when
stationary. 3. COGGING TORQUE:– Cogging torque of electrical motors is the torque due to the
interaction between the permanent magnets of the rotor and the statorslots of a Permanent Magnet
(PM) machine. It is also known as detent or 'no–current ' torque. This torque is position dependent
and its periodicity per revolution depends on the number of magnetic poles and the number of teeth
on the stator. Cogging torque is an undesirable component for

A Study On The Comb Stator Design
3.1 Comb Stator design
Introduction:
MEMS vibratory device requires actuation mechanism for moving the mass structure. Up till now
wide range of actuation mechanism were proposed, which includes capacitive, piezoelectric,
magnetic. Selection of actuation mechanism totally depends on the ease of application, integration
complexity and ability to compact with manufacturing process. After all the choice of mechanism
depends on user specified performance and characteristics of the design.
Actuators may be classified in to Electrostatics actuation Magnetics Piezoelectric Thermal Actuation
Electrostatics actuator is simple and requires low power. Furthermore, it is compactable with CMOS
fabrication process. Due to these advantages we used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In variable gap capacitor distance between plates is a variable where as overlap area of capacitor
plate is constant.
Lets place two plates of capacitor in such a way that one plate is fixed and other is free to move in
y–axis. Also voltage applied is V and overlapping area of capacitor is z0 x0. Then the force acting
upon the plate is given by
F=–1/2 (ϵ0〖 z〗_0 〖 x〗_0)/(y+y_0 )^2 V^2
{Insert diagram}
One of the major disadvantages is nonlinear relation between force and displacement. This means as
plate gap increases electrostatic force decreases. Figure: Force displacement graph
F=–1/2 (ϵ0〖 z〗_0 〖 x〗_0)/(y+y_0 )^2 V^2
The other disadvantage is pull–in effect. Which we will discuss in detail.
Pull in Effect
{More description} This effect occurs at a point where attraction force exceeds the reaction force,
after which structure is unable to regain its original position.
{Intro about diagram}
Let suppose two plates are placed at a distance of d and upper plate is arranged to move in y
direction. Distance d is when voltage across the plate is zero. Below figure shows the set up of
capacitor plates.
Now we applied some voltage V such that the upper plate moves with y displacement. {insert
diagram}

In above diagram, upper plate has movement perpendicular to surface area of the plates. When
voltage is applied across the capacitor, electrostatic force starts to pull upper plate

Enlistment Engine Essay
There is wide range utilization of enlistment engine from railroad footing to modern application.
Adjustable speed drives (ASD) have discovered field orientated control (FOC) system as a perfect
contender for elite applications to supplant DC drives with AC drives attributable to their cost,
weight, unwavering quality and roughness. Different sensorless calculations for an enlistment
engine drive have been proposed for example, utilizing state conditions, Model Reference Adaptive
Systems(MRAS), Luenberger or Kalman–channel spectators, sliding mode control, saliency
impacts, reactive power, coordinate control of torque and flux, Artificial Intelligence(AI), thus on.
Among the procedures for speed sensorless control of IM proposed, the MRAS ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similarly R_s,L_s,R_r & L_r are the stator résistance, stator self inductance, rotor resistance and the
rotor self inductance. The rotor time constant is given as T_r=L_r/(R_r ) and leakage inductance as
σL_s where σ=1–〖L_m〗^2/(L_r L_s ). The convergence of estimated value in Eq. 2.1 and Eq. 2.2
to the actual value E can be assured with a suitable dynamic characteristic. It gives the following
objective function :– e=ψ_qr ψ_dr^e–ψ_qr^e
ψ_dr.................................................................................[2.5] Now the error in Eq. 2.5 is fed to an
adaptation mechanism in Eq. 2.3 and Eq. 2.4 that may be designed on the basis of PI controller,
neural network or fuzzy logic. Sensitivity towards parameter variation Sensitivity towards parameter
variation for different estimation techniques are given below:–

The Theory Of Induction And Induction
Introduction
Induction machines are classified into two which includes motors and generators. The basic
principles of these motors can be applied and hence develop equations describing its behaviour. The
most common motors include squirrel–cage, wound–rotor ranging from few horsepower to
thousands as the case may be. Squirrel Cage Rotor consist of a bare copper, slightly longer than the
rotor, while a wound rotor has a 3 phase windings, and are evenly distributed in the slots, usually
connected in 3–wye. The resistors are mainly used during the start–up period under normal running
conditions.
Diagram 1
The principle operation of these 3–Phase Induction Motor is related to the Faraday's Law and
Lorentz force on a conductor. Faradays ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.1 Background
Induction Motor tolerate a level of unbalance. The variable speed drive are also affected as a result
of the voltage unbalance which consist of three phase rectifier system. Unbalanced voltage is caused
by mismatch of reactive power between generating and industrial stations, hence it can be classified
BOV (Balanced Overvoltage), phase voltages greater than rated voltage. BUV (Balanced Under
voltage), phase voltages lesser than rated voltage. UBOV (Unbalanced Overvoltage), phase voltage
not equal to each other, therefore the positive sequence component is greater than rated voltage and
finally UBUV (Unbalanced Under voltage), voltages are not equal, and hence the positive sequence
component is lesser
NEMA (National Equipment Manufacturers Association) definition "Voltage unbalanced, given by";
█( @Maximum voltage derivation from the average line voltage)/(Average Line Voltage) X
100––––––[1]
IEEE definition "phase voltage unbalance rate is given by";
█( @Maximum voltage derivation from the average line voltage)/(Average Line Voltage) X
100––––––[2]
Figure 1.1: Simple Equivalent circuit for an induction motor.
The circuit above illustrates a simple squirrel cage motor, which is widely used, with a simple and
rugged construction, with a minimum maintenance, high reliability and efficiency, and can operate
without no further

Indi The Power Of The Country
In 1956 ,india took step for set up of heavy engineering industry and Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd.In
Bhopal the first heavy electrical manufacturing unit of country was started .Analysing its rapid
advancement ,three more factory was established in 1965. The aim of establishing BHEL was to
meet the growing power requirement of the country. In 1969 BHEL appeared on the power map of
India .In 1969 BHEL appeared on the power map of India ,when at Basin Bridge Thermal Power
plant in Tamil Nadu the first unit supplied by it was commissioned. BHEL had taken India from a
near total dependence on imports to complete self–reliance in this vital area of power plant
equipment. BHEL was established more than 40 years ago, Heavy Electrical Equipment industry in
India – a dream that has been more than realized with a well–recognized track record of
performance. headquarter of BHEL is in new delhi.. The Bhel has 14 manufacturing divisions, 4
Power Sector regional centre, over 100 project sites, eight service centre and 18 regional offices,
enables the Company to provide customer requirement. customers and provide them with suitable
products, systems and services. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.is the largest engineering and
manufacturing unit of its own kind in India with highest level of performance. BHEL is among one
of the MAHA RATNA of India. BHEL manufactures over 180 products and 30 major project groups
and supplies to core sectors of Indian economy like Power generation and

A Brief Note On Manufacture And Assembly Of Turbo Generator
A comprehensive report on the study of Manufacture & Assembly of Turbo Generator Submitted by:
DIVYA KUMAR GUPTA B.Tech, Electrical Engineering IIT Roorkee ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Engineer is a boon for this modern era because of leaps and bound advancement in modern
technology. So it is a very important to impart a practical knowledge and theoretical knowledge. I
am very grateful that I got the opportunity to have training from BHEL, Haridwar which is the no.1
industry in India. I am very thankful to Mr. RAJENDRA KUMAR for helping me in understanding
all concepts related to my project topic right from scratch and for offering me a very good
knowledge of practice aspect of whole industrial work culture. I express my gratitude towards all
BHEL employees who despite their busy schedule showed great interest and also tackle my doubts
and all kinds of problems that I faced during my

Bldc Motor Advantages And Disadvantages
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BLDC MOTORS: BLDC motors are a type of synchronous
motor. This means the magnetic field generated by the stator and the magnetic field generated by the
rotor rotate at the same frequency. BLDC motors do not experience the "slip" that is normally seen
in induction motors. BLDC motors come in single–phase, 2–phase and 3–phase configurations.
Corresponding to its type, the stator has the same number of windings. Out of these, 3–phase motors
are the most popular and widely used. Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors are one of the
motor types rapidly gaining popularity. BLDC motors are used in industries such as Appliances,
Automotive, Aerospace, Consumer, Medical, Industrial Automation Equipment and Instrumentation.
As the name implies, BLDC motors do not use brushes for commutation; instead, they are
electronically commutated. BLDC motors have many advantages over brushed DC motors and
induction motors. A few of these are: Better speed versus torque characteristics High dynamic
response High efficiency Long operating life Noiseless operation Higher speed ranges In addition,
the ratio of torque delivered to the size of the motor is higher, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The commutation in DC machine or more specifically commutation in DC generator is the process
in which generated alternating current in the armature winding of a dc machine is converted into
direct current after going through the commutator and the stationary brushes. The commutation is
called ideal if the commutation process or the reversal of current is completed by the end of the
short circuit time or the commutation period. If the reversal of current is completed during the short
circuit time then there is sparking occurs at the brush contacts and the commutator surface is
damaged due to overheating and the machine is called poorly

Research Proposal On Hydroelectric Generator
Science Fair Proposal
Edward Montanez
Everman Joe C.Bean High School
Abstract
A hydroelectric generator is a machine that uses mechanical energy to generate electricity, the
hydroelectricity comes from a large volumes of falling water to create the mechanical energy. I will
be constructing my own hydroelectric generator in order to show it is possible to create electricity
using large volumes of water, enough power to light a light bulb.
Background
Making Electricity and Hydroelectric Generators
Electricity is the flow of electrons through a metal wire, or through a conductor. Electrons are tiny
particles found in atoms, and is also one of the building blocks of all matter. Electrons carry tiny
negative charges, when they move through a conductor they produce a little invisible magnetic
force. The strength depends on how in motion the electrons are. Pushing the electrons a little closer
and tighter can cause a stronger field. When electrons produce a magnet force, you can use a magnet
to make the electrons mover which is how an hydroelectric generator works.
A hydroelectric generator is a machine that uses mechanical energy to generate electricity, the
hydroelectricity comes from a large volumes of falling water to create the mechanical energy. For
more than 100 years the simplest way to produce the volumes of falling water needed to make
electricity was to use dams to create electricity. But sometimes dams

Using Conventional Method And Space Vector Pulse Width...
Direct torque control of induction motor simulation using conventional method and space vector
pulse width modulation Naveen chander PG Student Electrical Engineering NITTTR Chandigarh,
India snl.naveen@gmail.com Dr. Lini Mathew Associate Professor Electrical Engineering NITTTR
Chandigarh, India Dr. S. Chatterji Professor & Head Electrical Engineering NITTTR Chandigarh,
India Abstract–This paper proposes direct torque control of induction motor simulation using
conventional method and space vector pulse width modulation technique for ripple reduction. Direct
Torque Control is a control technique used in AC drive systems to obtain high performance torque
control and thereby controlling the speed of induction motor. The principle is based on simultaneous
decoupling of stator flux and electromagnetic torque of AC drive system. DTC drives use hysteresis
comparators and they suffer from high torque ripple and variable switching frequency problem. The
proposed SVM based DTC reduces torque ripples. The basis of the SVM–DTC methodology is the
calculation of the required voltage space vector to compensate the flux and torque errors and its
generation using the SVM at each sample period. The performance of this method is demonstrated
by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink software. Simulation results presented in this paper show
the torque, flux linkage and stator current ripple decreases with the proposed SVM–DTC algorithm.
Keywords: Direct Torque Control, Space vector pulse

Synopsis : ' Fig '
Fig. 7 (a–b) show the real and imaginary parts of the rotor voltage respectively for all operating
wind speeds. As shown in Figs. 7(a) and 7(b), increasing of DFIG stator lead reactive power,
increases the real and imaginary part of rotor voltage which supplied by the rotor converter.
Increasing DFIG stator lag reactive power, decreases the real part of rotor voltage in all speed range,
increases the imaginary part of rotor voltage in sub–sunchronous speed range and decreases the
imaginary part of rotor voltage in super–sunchronous speed range. Figs. 8(a–c) show the generated
stator, rotor and total active powers respectively. Total active power is identical to the estimated
power curve in Fig. 2. Fig. 9 shows the stator reactive power while the rotor reactive power is taken
from the DC bus system. The RSC has large size with the lead power factor (Qs= –1.6 MVAR),
otherwise, all lag power factors have smaller RSC size. The stator current is shown in Fig. 10.a, the
maximum stator current is obtained at maximum stator reactive power both lag and lead. On the
other hand, the minimum stator current is obtained at stator unity power factor. On the other side, as
shown in Fig. 10.b, the maximum rotor current is obtained at maximum stator lead power factor, but
the minimum rotor current is obtained at stator magnetization i.e. the DFIG magnetization is
achieved through the stator terminals, in this case at (Qs= 0.6 MVAR). 6. Artificial Neural Network
Controller Artificial Neural

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Dc Drive System
3.1 Variable Speed Drive System This chapter deals with the classification and basic operation of
electric variable speed drive system and scope, merits and demerits of DC and AC drives. Then AC
induction motor drive is selected for complete description. Here AC drive system is presented with
its components like inverters, position sensors and current controller.
Figure 3.1: Classification of Electric Drive System Above fig. 3.1 shows the complete classification
of Modern Electric Drive system. The rings in the above fig. 3.1 show the type of motor and type of
converter chosen for doing thesis work. In every industry there are industrial processes of some
form that require adjustment for normal operation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three–phase induction motor of wound rotor type is commonly used in adjustable–speed drives.
According to the type of winding on rotor, there are two common types of induction machines
namely, squirrel–cage induction motor and wound–rotor induction motor. Squirrel–cage induction
motors are mostly used in industrial drives which have cylindrical rotor with short–circuited rotor
windings with the voltage supplied to stator windings. The rotor does not have a brushes and
commutator but consists of conducting bars that are placed into the rotor slots. These bars are short
circuited by the shorting rings. Whereas wound rotor induction motors have wye–connected rotor
windings. In addition to the voltage that is applied to the stator windings, the phase voltages can be
supplied to the rotor winding using brushes and slip rings. However, wound–rotor induction motors
have not been widely used because their efficiency and maximum angular velocity are lower
compared to squirrel–cage. On the other hand, squirrel–cage motors have been tremendously used
in high–performance electric drives and electromechanical systems. Therefore, in this thesis, only
three phase squirrel–cage induction motor drive is taken and performance analysis has been done
using

The Physics Of Mechanical Materials
dges The wedges that hold the rotor winding in the slots are sometimes also complex in design, but
always highly stresses. The wedges must hold the copper winding and its insulation systems in place
at high rotational speeds and allow cooling gas to pass through them. This one reason why at the
wedges there are higher stresses. The wedges generally have cooling vents machined into them,
which reduces their effective strength. High cooling gas temperatures can also affect wedge strength
if the temperatures begin to affect the creep life of the material. The wedges are generally made of
lightweight materials, such as aluminum or brass, in the winding slots. This area does not generally
carry the useful magnetic lux, so the wedges do not need to be made of magnetic material.
AMORTISSEUR WINDING Most modern rotors employ a damper or amortisseur or damping
winding to dampen torsional oscillations and provide a path for induced currents to flow. The
amortisseur winding is essentially a separate winding installed under the rotor wedges and
retaining–rings that is connected similar to the squirrel–cage of an induction motor. It produces an
opposing torque when currents flow in it, and this helps dampen torsional oscillations and add to the
stability of the rotor during system stress events. In some instances, where full–length aluminum
wedges are used in the rotor, these may serve additionally as part of the damper winding. Also some
designs use the

Conventional Method And Space Vector Pulse Width...
Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Simulation using Conventional Method And Space Vector
Pulse Width Modulation Naveen Chander PG Student Electrical Engineering NITTTR Chandigarh,
India snl.naveen@gmail.com Dr. S. Chatterji Professor & Head Electrical Engineering NITTTR
Chandigarh, India Dr. Lini Mathew Associate Professor Electrical Engineering NITTTR
Chandigarh, India Abstract–This paper proposes direct torque control of induction motor simulation
using conventional method and space vector pulse width modulation technique for ripple reduction.
Direct Torque Control (DTC) is a control technique used in AC drive systems to obtain high
performance torque control and thereby controlling the speed of induction motor. The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence the scheme proves itself superior to the DC machine. The problem faced by FOC scheme is
complexity in its implementation due to dependence of machine parameters, reference frame
transformation. Later DTC was introduced. Direct torque control (DTC) method is used to control
the torque (finally speed) in variable frequency drives of three–phase AC electric motors. From the
measured voltage and current of the motor an estimate of the motor 's magnetic flux and torque is
calculated. Integrating the stator voltages, stator flux linkage is estimated. Cross product of
measured motor current vector and estimated stator flux linkage vector results in estimated torque.
The estimated flux magnitude and torque are then compared with their reference values. If either the
estimated flux or torque deviates from the reference more than allowed limits, the transistors of the
variable frequency drive are turned OFF and ON in such a way that the flux and torque errors will
return in their tolerant bands as fast as possible. Thus direct torque control is one form of the
hysteresis control. The method requires only the stator resistance to estimate the stator flux and
torque. The basic DTC scheme [1] consists of two comparators with specified bandwidth, switching
table, voltage source inverter, flux and torque estimation block. Like every control method has some
advantages and disadvantages, DTC method has too. Some of the advantages are lower parameters
dependency, making

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Electric Drive System
2.1 Variable Speed Drive System This chapter deals with the classification and basic operation of
electric variable speed drive system and scope, merits and demerits of DC and AC drives. Then AC
induction motor drive is selected for complete description. Here AC drive system is presented with
its components like inverters, position sensors and current controller. Figure 2.1: Classification of
Electric Drive System Above fig. 2.1 shows the complete classification of Modern Electric Drive
system. The rings in the above fig. 2.1 show the type of motor and type of converter chosen for
doing thesis work. In every industry there are industrial processes of some form that require
adjustment for normal operation or for optimum perf@ormance. Such adjustments are usually
accomplished with a variable–speed drive (VSD) system. The VSD systems are an important part of
automation. They help to optimize the process and to reduce inve&stment costs, energy
consu*mption and energy cost. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This thesis focuses mainly on electrical drives. A typical electric VSD system consists of three basic
components: the electr+ic motor, the power conv%erter and the control system, as illustrated in fig.
3.2. The electric motor is connected directly or indirectly (through gears) to th.e load. The power
convert–er controls the po0wer flow from an AC supply (often via a supply transformer) to the
motor by appropriate control of power semiconductor switches (part of the power

Graduation Training Report At Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
AT
BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICAL LIMITED (BHEL)
RANIPUR, HARIDWAR – 249403
FROM
16th MAY 2014 TO 30 th JUNE 2014
SUBMITTED BY
Mohit Sharma
B.TECH(EE),4th year
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this summer training report submitted to the Department of Electrical
Engineering, IIT Roorkee is a record of an original work done by me under the guidance of Mr.
Rajmani Jaiswal, Executive Engineer, Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited, Haridwar and this report is
submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical Engineering. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted
to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would sincerely like to express my gratitude for BHEL Haridwar, for providing me the opportunity
of pursuing my vocational training in this renowned industry and endowing me with an un parallel
experience and deep understanding of a wide array of processes and manufacturing methods taking
place in different workshops of the industry. I would also take this opportunity to thank our training
in charge, Mr. Rajmani Jaiswal whose guidance and motivation went a long way in our
understanding of different sections of the industry. Furthermore, I would thank my institute, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee for giving me opportunity of visiting the industry and

The Design Of The Hardware
The selection of the hardware is a very critical part of the hardware implementation of the project;
the selector must know the pros and cons on the design of each component that is being used. The
selection can lead to the failure or success of the project. Therefore, special attention is required to
the selection process and it was discussed with the specialist of the electrical and mechanical
engineering fields to be on safe side. The main components of the system that are used in this
project are as follows: 1. Motor 2. Microcontroller 3. LEDs 4. Sensor for Synchronizing 5. Power
Supply 4.1 Motor The two major classifications of the motors are AC and DC motors. Only the DC
motors clearly fits our system because the AC motors are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It includes a motor controller. The function of the motor controller is to convert the DC into AC.
Mechanically, these motors have simpler design than the other types of the DC motor as there is no
requirement of transferring power to the spinning rotor from the outside of the motor. The position
of the rotor is sensed by the control of a "Hall Effect" sensor or any other such device to optimize
torque and regulate speed. Advantages Advantages of the Brushless DC motor are their long life,
better efficiency, and high RPM with no maintenance required. Disadvantages The design of the
controllers for these types of the motors is a bit more complex and they have relatively higher initial
cost. These are the only disadvantages of the Brushless DC motor. 2. Brushed DC motors: The
generation of the torque in the brushed DC motors is coming directly from the DC power. The
internal commutation and the magnets that are stationary (magnets can be permanent or
electromagnet) supply the power to the motor to generate the torque. These motors include carbon
brushes to transfer the power to the rotating shaft. Advantages The cost required for a brushed DC
motor is relatively low compared to other DC motors. These are highly reliable and have very
simpler and basic type to control the motor. Disadvantages The major disadvantages of this type of
motor include a shorter life span

Classification Phase Of Induction Generator
NOMENCLATURE d–q stator voltages of induction generator d–q stator currents of induction
generator d–q rotor currents of induction generator , stator and rotor resistances per phase of
induction generator stator, rotor and magnetizing inductances of induction generator self excitation
capacitance per phase of induction generator Angular stator frequency of the induction generator
Angular rotor speed (electrical rads/s) of the induction generator moment of inertia friction
coefficient, differential operator d/dt DC–link inductance DC–link resistance firing angles of the
converter and inverter d–q input voltage of the converter d–q input current of the converter DC–link
current inverter output voltage d–q stator voltages of synchronous generator d–q damper winding
voltages of synchronous generator field winding voltage of synchronous generator d–q stator
currents of synchronous generator d–q damper winding currents of synchronous generator field
winding current of synchronous generator stator resistance of synchronous generator d and q
damper winding resistances d and q mutual inductances d and q self inductances rotor speed
(electrical rads/s) of the synchronous generator torque input from diesel engine applied and actual
fuel flow rate of diesel engine combustion delay time constant time constant and gain of fuel rack
position actuator prediction horizon.

Direct Current (Dc) Motors . Student’S Name. University.
Direct Current (DC) Motors
Student's Name
University
Course Code
Date of Submission
Direct Current (DC) Motors
1.0 Overview of DC Motors
A Direct Current (DC) motor is a broad classification of electric motors that operate from a direct
current (DC). Nearly all mechanical devices used in electric applications are powered by electric
motors. Motors transform electrical energy to mechanical energy. Thus, they are essential for energy
conversion in electrical machines. All types of electrical motors comprise a stationary field
commonly referred to as stator, and a rotating field (or rotor). According to Krishnan, (2010), the
mechanism of operation of DC motors is based on the interaction between electric current and the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rizzoni (2004) asserts that when electrical energy is supplied to the windings perpendicular to the
direction of the magnetic field, the flowing current and the magnetic field will interact. As a result,
mechanical energy will be produced by the magnetic field, leading to motion. Fleming's Left Hand
Rule can be used to determine the direction of the motion
Figure 1: Fleming's Left Hand Rule (Rizzoni, 2004) The direction of both the magnetic field and the
current are pointed by the first and second fingers respectively. The thumb indicates the direction in
which the conductor is pushed by effects of the magnetic field (Rizzoni, 2004).
1.3 Operation Principles of a DC Motor
In order to demonstrate the operating principles of a DC motor, this paper will focus on a coil
subjected to a magnetic field with a flux density of B (Hambley et al., 2008). When a D.C voltage is
supplied to the coil, it induces current to flow through the coil. The electric current and the magnetic
field will therefore interact and create a force that pushes the coil to move in the direction shown in
Figure 2 below.
Figure 2: Torque production in a DC motor (Hambley et al., 2008)
A practical DC motor comprises several coils wound on the rotor as shown in Figure 1. The coils are
aligned in the direction of the force that induces them to rotate. The current flowing in the coil is
directly proportional to the magnetic field produced as well as the rate

Taking a Look at the Induction Motor
Introduction: It seized above 60 years to appear at the conception of the induction motor, here are a
little of the most prominent contributors to the invention. 1820's Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday
– both notice and examination alongside the phenomena of induction 1830's Hippolyte Pixii
develops an AC generator 1870's Elihu Thomson, Thomas Edison, and Werner von Siemens are just
a insufficient who more develop our understanding of induction in dynamos 1880's About a dozen
notable AC pioneers develop transformers and AC generators. 1885 Galileo Ferraris conceives the
believed of the early polyphase AC motor: " In the summertime of 1885 he conceived the believed
that two out–of–phase, but synchronized, currents could be utilized to produce two magnetic fields
that might be joined to produce a rotating earth lacking each demand for switching or for advancing
parts. " 1888 Galileo Ferraris makes area his AC polyphase motor early conceived in 1885. His
motor works lacking a commutator, this progress in the end makes the AC motor effectual, and
consequently competitive alongside DC motors. The A motor report was early published at the
Regal Academy of Sciences in Turin. Westinghouse elucidate the report of Ferraris and saw a
chance for AC arrangements to come to be far extra marketable 1888 Tesla stands beforehand the
AIEE displaying his polyphase motor. Elihu Thomson was there and a little in the cluster seemed to
be impressed. One week afterward

Advantages And Disadvantage Of Electric Vehicle
1.1 Introduction Global warming by carbon dioxide and air pollution is getting serious these days,
as a result that led to increased attention for the idea of Electric Vehicle (EV). The idea of an EV has
been around for almost 200 years. Thomas Davenport built the first EV in 1834. Until a few decades
ago, batteries seemed to be the only device capable of storing the energy in a safe manner.
Unfortunately, batteries are still not able to store the amount of energy needed to fulfill the needs of
an electric vehicle completely. They also have a low energy to weight ratio and problems with the
recharging of the battery are not completely solved [1]. Recent developments in microprocessors,
magnetic materials and semiconductors technologies have offered an excellent opportunity to use ac
motor in high performance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these are summarized as follows [12]: The only parameter that is required is stator
resistance; The switching commands of the inverter are derived from a look–up table; Simple
hysteresis controllers are used for torque and stator flux linkage control; Vector transformation is not
applied because stator quantities are enough to calculate the torque and stator flux linkage as
feedback quantities to be compared with the reference values. Although there are several advantages
of the DTC scheme over vector control, still has a few drawbacks or problems, DTC disadvantage
can be explained as following [11]: Variable switching frequency; High sampling time is required;
Inverter switching frequency depending on: flux and torque hysteresis bands, machine parameters,
sampling frequency; Current and torque distortion caused by sector changes; Start and low speed
operation problems; High noisy level; High current and torque

Electrical Machines and Control Project
ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND CONTROL
PROJECT
Three–Phase Induction Motors
Introduction: The three phase induction motor is considered the mostly used electrical motor in all
the industrial applications. The three phase induction motors are considered good because of their
simplicity, rigidity, cheapness, easily maintained and could be made up with features that are
suitable for most industrial requirements.
What is the Three Phase Motor? This motor (similarly to any other electrical motor) has a stator and
a rotor; the stator's role is to carry a three phase winding (stator winding) which is supplied from a
three phase supply. While the rotor's role is to carry a short circuit winding (rotor winding), the
electromagnetic induction is the way through which the rotor winding gains the voltage and the
power from the stator winding.
Advantages Disadvantages
It's construction is simple Hard speed changing
Economical starting torque is substandard to d.c. shunt motor
Easily maintained
Very efficient
Self starter torque
Construction of the machine:
As illustrated above, the three phase induction motor consists of two main parts; a) stator which is
the fixed non moving part, b) rotor which is the moving (rotational motion) part fitting into the
stator. the only separation between these two parts is a small gap of air with a distance ranging from
0.4 mm to 4 mm, this distance depends on the motor's power.
1. Stator: It is a frame of

Essay On Three Phase Induction Motor

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