Question Questions On Epigenome

Question Questions On Epigenome
Question Answers:
Question No. 1 Answer:
This article is secondary source of information. Because the experiment or research is not conducted
by the author of this article. The specific studies described in this article are primary sources which
are used by the author to describe different facts. These articles are describing the primary source of
information because most of the researches are conducted by the authors of those articles.
Generally the genome is a life form's finished situated of DNA, including the greater part of its
qualities. Every genome contains the majority of the information expected to build and keep up that
living being. In people, a duplicate of the whole genome more than 3 billion DNA base pairs is
contained in all cells that have a nucleus.
According to the human genome project which was completed in 2000; there are about 25000 genes
in human genome and there are trillions of cells in human body.
In the article it is described that there are about 210 different types of cells in human body.
False. All the cells in the human body have same genome.
Question No. 6 Answer: The epigenome involves the greater part of the chemical compounds that
have been added to the sum of one's DNA ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Darwin begat the term natural selection to depict the procedure by which organisms with ideal
variations survive and duplicate at a higher rate. An inherited variation that expands an organism's
shot of survival in a specific domain is called an adjustment. Over numerous eras, an adjustment
could spread all through the whole species. Along these lines, as indicated by Darwin, advancement
by natural selection would happen. So Darwin plainly and consistently introduced the thought that
natural selection is the instrument of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Genetic Information vs Privacy Essay
The genetic technology revolution has proved to be both a blessing and a blight. The Human
Genome Project is aimed at mapping and sequencing the entire human genome. DNA chips are
loaded with information about human genes. The chip reveals specific information about the
individuals' health and genetic makeup (Richmond & Germov 2009).The technology has been
described as a milestone by many in that it facilitates research, screening, and treatment of genetic
conditions. However, there have been fears that the technology permits a reduction in privacy when
the information is disclosed. Many argue that genetic information can also be used unfairly to
discriminate against or stigmatize individuals (Willis 2009).
Doctors, hospitals and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But when those involved in these legitimate activities make demands that seem inappropriate, the
records must be protected. Disclosure of personal medical information should also be subject to
patients' or families' consent (Richmond et al. 2009).
Although the gene chip will enable an individual to know whether he/she has a genetic disease, that
person may not want to know the information. Many people are frightened that a positive finding on
a genetic test will result in discrimination and ostracism because the society will consider them
abnormal (Easthope 2005). The other concern is that with genetic test information one might lose or
might be unable to get a job or insurance. There have been concerns that with the knowledge of
one's medical information after a gene test, he/she might suffer a psychological problem especially
when the results reveal that one suffers from a terminal disease or has high possibility of suffering
from one (Willis 2009).
The testing is not a bad idea as such but it should not be done to children. This regards to personal
autonomy where it would be better if the testing is delayed until an individual is old enough to make
his or her own decision about the test. A person's genetic information should be private and
counselling should be done to elucidate the basis for and consequences of the test in question.
Individuals should be allowed to choose when and which

The Music Genome Project Analysis
Pandora was started in 2005 as an online music streaming service which was a result of The Music
Genome Project (Pandora,2015). Will Glaser, Jon Kraft and Tim Westergren had thought of creating
a music radio service that played music specific to a user (Pandora,2015). Glaser and Westergren
developed The Music Genome Project before trying to build a commercial model around it
(Pandora,2015). Due to the research on the project, a new application was born, with a mission
statement, "To play only music you'll love" (Pandora,2015). The music genome project is described
as "the most sophisticated taxonomy of musical information ever collected." (Pandora, 2015). Over
ten years, the project has evolved due to the researchers and musicologists who

The Human Genome Project and Patenting DNA Essay
The Human Genome Project: Patenting DNA
The Human Genome Project is a global initiative to map the approximately 100,000 genes present in
the genome of humans. Planning for the project was started in 1989 with a proposal submitted by
the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council. In 1990, the actual project
began under the joint leadership of the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy.
The goals of the project are as follows:
Mapping and sequencing the human genome
Mapping and sequencing the genomes of model organisms
Data collection and distribution
Ethical, legal, and social consideration
Research training
Technology development
Technology transfer
Originally, research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The downside of this "genome mania" is high expectations. Current market values of life science
companies are very high. Companies are faced with a lot of pressure from shareholders to provide
new blockbuster therapies that will net those investors large profits. The problem with this mentality
is that research takes a lot of time and a lot of money (2). The fear of some researchers is that
industry will not be open with the results of their genome research, sequestering away nucleic acid
sequences in private databases, or tying up huge amounts of information in pending patents. This
goes against the original aim of the project which was to place all information gathered in free,
publicly accessible databases. Recent developments in the Human Genome Project only heightened
these fears.
On May 9, 1998, Crag Venter, president of The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), announced
his company was teaming up with pharmaceutical giant Perkin–Elmer to sequence the human
genome in just three years (3). This news took the genetics community by storm. The original plan
called for a single, cohesive strategy to thoroughly map the human genome in a linear method. The
new Perkin–Elmer/TIGR partnership planned to sequence the genome with a new method called
whole genome shotgun sequencing. By this method, DNA would be chopped up, sequenced all at
once, and supercomputers would be used to assemble the

The Pros And Cons Of The Human Genome Project
In this essay I am going to be talking about what the Human Genome Project is and how it has
benefited society.
(3)The Human Genome project focuses on identifying, sequencing and mapping all genes in the
human body. Also to develop faster methods for sequencing DNA. It is an international research
project that celebrated its 27th anniversary on 1 October 2017. In comparison, the Human Genome
Project can be compared to the Apollo project which brought humanity to the moon.
(3)The idea of the Human Genome Project came from an undergraduate researcher for the Thomas
Hunt Morgan lab called Alfred Sturtevant, who, in 1911, had to map the genes of fruit flies so that
he could manage his data. This would then mean that the Morgan lab can track the results through
generations of scientists because they would have his results which they could compare future
experiments to. This would then lead to the results being more accurate as they would have a set of
results to relate to once they have completed the experiments. Therefore, this would mean that it
would make their results would be more reliable.
(3)The Human Genome Project has revealed that there are around 20, 500 genes in the human body.
Because of this, the whole sequence of genes in the human body can be used to identify the
locations of other genes in the human body. This would lead to scientists having a better
understanding of how many genes are in the human body. Therefore it would suggest that the
sequence of genes

Annotated Bibliography On Personalized Medicine
Personalized medicine can lead to the development of great discoveries that could revolutionize the
world. The research of personalized medicine is new and costly but that is not the only setback this
new science must face. Personalized medicine has also presented issues of race and gender that
cannot be silenced until further research is conducted. It is clear that personalized medicine could
provide great benefits for fighting illness, but it can lead to issues of underrepresentation of race and
concerns of gender in terms of drug safety and with the little that is known right now the cost
outweigh the benefits. The need for new and more effective treatment continues to increase and
personalized medicine appears to be the answer to our prayers. With further research personalized
medicine could revolutionize pharmaceuticals and to go out on a limb even find a cure for aids and
other cancers. But it is too early to have high expectations for a science that has not been deeply
explored. It seems that the fantasy of finding a perfect match treatment for each individual has
raised support from many institutions including the White House and the FDA. There have been
some recent personalized medicine treatments approved by the FDA and this has lead President
Obama to bring forward the Precision Medicine Initiative (U.S. Food and Drug Administration),
which would give millions in monetary support for research to be conducted on personalized
medicine. The issue here is whether

Patent Trolls : An Essay
Patent Trolls
A Hindrance to the Economy and to Computer Science
By Shawn Karber
PHIL 343 Final Paper
05/02/2015
Patent trolls, often referred to as Patent Holding Companies (PHC) in the media, are a defamation to
the ideals that the United States patent office were meant to promote, that is protection for the
innovators and inventors of America. Wikipedia defines patent trolls as "a person or company who
enforces patent rights against accused infringers in an attempt to collect licensing fees, but does not
manufacture products or supply services based upon the patents in question...".1 ("Patent troll.") Not
only do they undermine the ability of small companies or individuals to experience success and
profitability through invention, they also hamper the progress of society, especially in fields of
technology. PHCs are a devastating problem in the United States, not only in terms of their impact
on global markets and progression, but also in terms of how many PHCs there are and how big they
can become.
To understand the breadth of the problem, it is important to understand how prevalent patent trolls
have become. According to an article in the Washington Post, patent trolls now account for 67
percent of all new patent lawsuits. Just five years ago, the article says the number of PHC–filed suits
was 28 percent less.2 ("Patent Trolls Now Account for 67 Percent of All New Patent Lawsuits.")
With an average increase of 5.6 percent a year, it is evident that patent trolls are

Information Regarding The Company And Their Mission
Background:
Before responding to below–listed questions, let us learn some information regarding the company
and their mission. The name Pandora comes from ancient Greek mythology and means " all–gifted".
The company goal is to provide never ending good music to curious listeners. Pandora started in
2000 and their system was created with the help of Music Genome Project. The Pandora's software
was developed together with Genome Project and introduced by Tim Westergren (Wallace, pg. 207).
The music analysts take the time to listen to every song, and then categorize the song by melody,
harmony, instrumentation, rhythm, vocals, lyrics and other aspects (Pandora.com). As the goal is to
create a system, when individual is creating a station to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in case the consumer dislikes hearing the advertisements, the company offers a
subscription option, that omits the commercials. As well, the consumer is able to buy the song they
heard through iTunes website. Another key point is social media, individuals are able to share their
favorite songs through the Pandora website or mobile app. Also, Pandora has approached car
industry, already Volvo offers Pandora radio experience and many more car brands are ready to join
this opportunity (Pandora.com)
2. What are some shortcomings of downloading music?
One of the main shortcomings of downloading music is the legal aspect. In other words, the person
that downloads music from the website that does not require payment should be aware of the fact
that it might me illegal. In contrast, iTunes is considered legal source for music download, as it
requires payment for each song or album. Therefore, there are numerous websites that are not legal.
As well, downloading music may require software, that may contain a virus or the file may already
be contaminated. As a result, a person may have a virus on their computer that will open a door to
hackers to retrieve sensitive information. Besides, the quality of the music file may be low; the lack
of space on the device for all the downloaded files and not everyone can afford to download a large
amount of music. As mentioned, there are various disadvantages that follow with downloading
music.
3. How

Essay Designing Babies
Designing Babies
Should we be designing babies? Designer babies are people who are genetically modified before
birth, (as an embryo) to change their sex, looks or possibly even personality!
Since the DNA code was cracked a couple of years ago, it has been made possible to change a
human embryo by injecting genes into it. These injected genes can change the sex, looks and
personality of that particular child when he / she is born. For example, you can currently choose the
sex of your child in the USA although it costs a hefty $ 2500.
Are these designer babies improving on nature? Improving on nature is a step forward for the human
race; in a word, evolution. Are we, by designing and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The concept of designer babies has been around for a long time. You only have to look at works of
fiction such as "Brave New World "and "Frankenstein" to see the interest such a topic creates in
people's imagination. Now that this science has become a reality, it is increasingly possible to see
the advantages such a process will have for future generations.
Probably one of the most compelling arguments for the genetic engineering of humans would be the
recent high profile case of the Hashmi family. Nobody following the case could fail to be moved by
the genuine love and concern the Hashmi's have for their dying son Zain.
Without the birth of their designer baby, which by necessity would have a bone marrow match,
Zain's life would be short lived due to his rare genetic blood disorder, Thalassaemia. The Hashmi's
used a relatively new treatment called Pre–implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD), to insure that
Zain's brother would have a compatible blood type before he was replaced back into the mothers
uterus using IVF treatment.
Some people think that the Hashmis are putting an unnecessary burden on this child for the rest of
his life, but I am left thinking that the Hashmis will love and care for their new child, as much if not
more than many of their critics love their own children.
This new technology also allows

The Debate Of Science And Medicine
Throughout the course of human history people have been fascinated by the world around them.
Ancient philosophers focused on the questions of human existence while early scientists searched
for explanations beyond those that religion provided. Science became an outlet to provide answers
to the unknown while creating further questions for future experimenters to seek information about.
Simply observing and explaining nature failed to bring seekers of knowledge satisfaction. It was not
enough to have knowledge, people desired to apply that knowledge, using it to create an advantage
over nature. The eagerness to control nature sparked one of humankind's largest debates. Pre and
post enlightenment thinkers alike questioned the role of science and whether or not it should
continue on the path of being master to nature. In the modern world, science still faces the same
debate especially within the realm of medicine. Modern medicine has greatly increased life
expectancy by decreasing the number of communicable disease outbreaks, but still doctors and
scientist want to go further. Science and medicine have come to a point where it is possible to make
changes to the human genome and use stem cells to create other cell types. While these advances
have great potential they are being experimented with in ways that seem unnatural and wobble
between what is ethical or unethical. With expansions in genetic research and our growing
understanding of the human genome and genes in general,

Importance Of Sequence Specific Primer PCR
Sequence specific primer PCR
With the advancement of sequencing technology, vast information on DNA sequences of many
animal genomes has been developed (Goff et al. 2002; Yu et al. 2002). In order to correlate DNA
sequence information with particular a phenotype of a trait, sequence–specific molecular marker
techniques have been designed. Expressed sequence tags (EST) analysis is one such type. By
adopting this method, Expressed sequence tags of many animal species have been created and these
sequences are subjected as putative functional genes by using advanced bioinformatics tools.
Allozyme markers
Allozymes are allelic variants of proteins produced by a single gene locus, and are of interest as
markers because polymorphism exists and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They usually exhibit simple Mendelian inheritance and codominant expression, making genetic
interpretations easy. Disadvantages associated with allozymes include heterozygote deficiencies due
to null (enzymatically inactive) alleles and the amount and quality of tissue samples required (Hillis
et al., 1996). In addition, some changes in DNA sequence are masked at the protein level, reducing
the level of detectable variation. Some changes in nucleotide sequence do not change the encoded
polypeptide (silent substitutions), and some polypeptide changes do not alter the mobility of the
protein in an electrophoretic gel (synonymous substitutions). Moreover, genetic variations caused by
mutations are expressed as amino acid replacements due to changes in protein compositions, and are
resolved as bands (alleles) on electrophoresis (DeYoung and Honeycutt, 2005). However, other
limitations developed by allozymes are highly biased genomic sampling (only genes encoding well–
documented, soluble proteins are detectable); a low number of markers, insufficient for examining
major portions of the genome; occasional differences between tissues or ontogenetic stages; and
difficulty in the standardization of experimental methods from laboratory to laboratory (DeYoung
and Honeycutt, 2005). Low levels of genetic variation revealed in many allozyme studies of animal
populations prompted a continued search for markers with greater genetic resolution.

Your Body is trying to Destroy You! Genetic Mapping Can...
Cancer is probably one of the most dreaded words in the English language. It is a disease where
cells becomes abnormal and start to divide uncontrollably and from tumors. A frightening thing to
consider is that some forms of cancer do not show side effects until the advanced stages. When the
disease is severe, the treatment is also severe and sometimes chemotherapy and radiation do not
work. However, there is hope for a better system of cancer treatment that has shown to have a higher
chance of succeeding provided by genetic mapping. Now, there is an option to have tumors
genetically mapped so that cancer treatments can be more personalized. Also, because of genetic
mapping doctors are making connections and have a greater understanding ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This has directly lead to the cost of genome sequencing to sharp decline. Before the project the cost
to map out a human genome was one billion dollars, after the project was completed it had to
decline to ten to 50 million dollars. Now, ten years after the completion of the Human Genome
Project the cost to map out a human genome is only three to five thousand dollars. ("Quantitative
Advances Since the Human Genome Project (HGP)") This number is predicted to keep declining as
well, in part because of company competition and the increase popularity of genetic mapping.
Another reason is because the National Human Genome Research Institute has new goals to expand
the use of genetic mapping which includes finding ways to lower the cost of genome sequencing to
less than a thousand dollars. It would be a huge feat but a goal the Institute could manage to realize
in the next ten years. ("Decade of Genomics NHGRI Celebrates 10th Anniversary")
There was a little unforeseen additional to the National Institutes of Health, which is the Cancer
Genome Atlas. The whole goal of this program is to use genetic mapping to its full potential when it
comes to cancer research, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The National Cancer Institute
parented with the National Human Genome Research Institute, to conduct a wide spread, large scale
genome sequencing on over twenty different types of cancer.

Relationship Between God and Creation
Khoa Pham
Theology 101
Dr. Nairn Relationship between God and Creation Genesis 1:26, God said "Let us make humankind
in our image, according to our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and
over the bird of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the wild animal of the earth, and over every
creeps upon the earth." I think this is the image of human dignity. We can simplify this by saying
that we are smarter than other creatures in this earth. In my opinion from a person who doesn't have
any religion, I don't believe in this. Because I always believe that human has been developing in a
long way of evolution, and now I just learnt a new conception which is god created human. It is
really interesting but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you say which side you are, I will answer that I am in the middle; because there are still many
things that science hasn't able to explain yet. For example, the scientists don't believe in the
existence of ghost but from the view of religious belief, people do. In fact,

Genetic Enhancement and Politics Essays
Genetic Enhancement and Politics
Since the beginning of organized government there has always been a clash between science and
politics. Whether it is as complicated as a new drug's detainment of federal approval or whether it is
as commonplace as the social acceptance of a new medical procedure, politics has performed an
integral part in the formation of science; this integrated unit is what greatly affects most of the
society at large. Thus, it is no surprise the scientific discussion of genetic engineering is peppered
with political rhetoric.
Before entering into a discussion of genetics and politics, a few scientific definitions are essential to
fully understand the arguments which will be presented. First, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Gene therapy is defined as the medical replacement of defective genes in living human cells; its aim
is to replace the activity of a defective gene by activating a dormant gene which has a similar
function (Wheale & McNally, 212). Under gene therapy comes the politically controversial Human
Genome Project, a fifteen–year, $3 billion federally–funded biology program. The goal of the
project is to isolate the defective gene on the chromosomes which comprise the human genome
(Fletcher, 2). In this manner, the Human Genome Project may be able to rid the cancer–ridden genes
from human DNA, thereby curing cancer permanently. The project has been the focus of much
scientific and political controversy over the past few years for its possible ramifications are
extensive to all of human existence.
Finally, genetic reductionism is the tendency to "stigmatize, ostracize or eliminate individuals or
groups not meeting a genetic norm" (Butler, 369). Reductionism is the biggest threat to genome
research and is the most explosive of the three genetic science discussed (gene engineering, therapy,
and reductionism). Certain term such as "defective," "faulty," "advantage," and "genetic norm"
plague the scientific discussion, thereby causing the very study of genetic manipulation to be
political and controversial.
After

The Human Genome Project : An American Geneticist
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
The human genome project has its origins in the mid–1980s, but its intellectual roots stretch back
further. Alfred Sturtevant an American geneticist created the first Drosophila gene map in 1911. In
1953, Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule.
This discovery was the first crucial step in molecular genome analysis, and in much of the molecular
biological research of the last half–century. In the mid–1970s, Frederick Sanger developed
techniques to sequence DNA and with this development the idea of analyzing the entire human
genome was first proposed by a few academic biologists. The early genome project was established
in 1987 and in 1988, Congress funded both the National Institute of Health and the Department of
Energy to embark on further exploration of this concept. In 1990 the initial plans for the project
were drawn up and made public through a joint research plan, "Understanding Our Genetic
Inheritance: The Human Genome Project, The First Five Years, FY 1991–1995." (NIH, 2012). This
initial research plan set out specific goals for the first five years of what was to then predicted to be
a 15–year research effort (NIH, 2012). In 2001, the Human Genome Project published its results
showing a 90 percent complete sequence of all three billion base pairs in the human genome (NIH,
2012).
The HGP employed a two–phase approach to uncover the human genome sequence. The first phase
used DNA shotgun

Evolution And Development Within Our Society
Designed Humanity You cannot tell which one is which, as they all look to be average. But then you
see the identical ones, the ones with technology infused artificial joints, or the ones whom poses a
slight fluorescent skin. And by the time you notice it, they are everywhere and you are the only true
"human" left. As time reaches further, we find ourselves living in the new age of technology,
political rivalries, and weapons of mass destruction that are no longer radical cartoonists ideas from
the television series Roadrunner. This upward rollercoaster of evolution and development within our
society leaves one to ponder over one crucial thing: how will it all come crashing down? There are
many elements around us that could lead to our own horrifying conclusion and it becomes a simple
coin toss to decide our fate. But as many scientistic developments and fictional novels have foretold,
the desperate search for the advancement of the human race itself can come as glimpse into the
mystic future or possibly the end of us completely. Genetic mutations, at first a simple random mole
found of the exterior of the body and the shade of blue of one's eye seem to be innocent
developments in human appearance, but has soon evolved into a evolution shortcut. The increasing
development and advancement in genetic research and deliberate mutation originates from the
eternal and illusionistic desire for human perfection. The term of "human" remains the ordinary
description in which we

Disadvantages Of Genetic Engineering
Modern technology has changed rapidly over the years, one of these innovations is genetic
engineering. Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of characteristics of an organism by
manipulating its genetic material. it is a set of biotechnologies used to change the genetic makeup of
cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or
novel organisms. Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including
research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. Genetic engineering can be used for
many manipulations in one 's genes. Particularly, it may be used for changing the sequence of genes
so that if a person 's DNA has a gene for a certain disease it ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Biblical creation story states that God created man in his own image (Genesis 1: 11–12). If
humans can be artificially created, then scientific achievement is reaching the realms of the heavens
and causing humans to overreach his natural boundary. if we ignore the principle belief of the old
testament, that God is the creator of all that surrounds us and is the only one capable of creating life,
then the rest of the Old Testament can't be authentic. In addition, scientists know from experience
that cutting–edge technology generates pressures for its use. Consequently, it is likely that, if genetic
engineering were permitted, the technology would be utilized inappropriately," When humans
discover new advancements, we are never satisfied, we are always trying to be better. So, if genetic
engineering is used without limits and control, humans would constantly try to remove blemishes,
resulting in nothing left. Therefore, morality is based on conditions, like whether or not the
manipulation is done for the prevention of diseases? Or just to change traits into favorable ones.
Morals are decided based on the situation at hand. Therefore, it is only moral to use genetic
engineering for the prevention of diseases. It should be only used to prevent diseases because these
may be life threatening diseases and if there 's anything parents can do to prevent their

The Human Genome Project
The author, Francis S. Collins, is the man responsible for the successful completion of Human
Genome Project (HGP). HGP is an international multidisciplinary scientific research project which
was involved in mapping and sequencing human DNA and determining the various aspects of its
function. With this incredible expertise to his credit, Dr. Collins in the book 'The Language of Life'
talks about personalizing medicine by understanding the DNA of each individual. The author starts
by narrating some real life incidents of his family members which threw light on the importance of
DNA sequencing, then the author goes to talk about various situations and conditions which all
implicate the importance of personalized medicine in today's world. In this book, the author focuses
on cancer, microbiome, brain disorders, aging and the genetics related with them. The main
underlying point in explaining the genetics of each of the conditions is to reiterate the importance of
sequencing DNA beforehand so that a personalized medicine for the disease can be developed and
the disease can be treated well before its advanced stage with serious effects.
The book talks about many fascinating facets of DNA and the important message they contain
which when understood can help us to make significant contributions to the field of medicine. The
topic which aroused my interest the most in this book is the last chapter called 'A Vision for the
future'. As the chapter's heading suggests this chapter is

Internet Radio Ap Essay
Society is infatuated on music of all genres and acquiring an app that allows it's users to listen to any
genre is hard to come upon. Hence, the Pandora Internet Radio app foresees all genres of music,
songs, artists, and soundtracks and is accessible to anyone who chooses to download the app. How
do consumers download this app? Potential users must go to the app store on a smart device or can
further use it on the internet. Furthermore, on a smart device tap on the appstore and search in the
search engine for Pandora Internet Radio and click the first loaded item in the app list. The app will
then appear larger on the screen and will show an install or download option, so click that button.
The app will then begin its download and will notify the system when it is completed. When
downloading is completed, find the app on the smart device and open it. The app has now been
placed on that device for use. The downloading of the app might have been loiter, but the setup of a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the information has been typed in, hit the register button once again at the bottom of the screen
and the account has been made. After the account is made, start cherry–picking the stations for the
personal account. To pick stations, type in the name of a band, singer, song, or soundtrack in the
search box and locate the searched item in a list given by Pandora. Click on it and it will start
playing music similar to the music of the searched item and will be added to the stations on the
account. One account may hold an abundant amount of stations and can be depleted from the
internet, as well. The internet version of Pandora is the same as the app, but when using the internet
type in Pandora in the search bar at the top of the screen. Once the page loads, it will ask for an
account login in. Login in using a personal account and all the data from the account will load on the
internet likewise from the

Is Genetic Engineering Be A Rising Controversial Issue?
Genetic engineering has become a rising controversial issue in the world today because of its
possible positive uses but further more its likely serious consequences and downsides. To
understand the controversy we must first understand exactly what human genetic engineering is.
Genetic engineering is the manipulation of the human genome to alter or get rid of undesirable
genes; these include negative physical traits along with health related genetic problems such as
disease and disability. Potentially, it could allow us to decide and design exactly which traits a
newborn would inherit before birth.
There is no denying the argument that it would be incredibly useful to have the ability to control and
manipulate embryos in order to prevent diseases. However although there would be possible
benefits, it is believed by many, including myself, that this huge medical step would cause more
harm than good. On top of this, the concept of screening to prevent genetic disorders also suggests
that a person with a disorder is somehow inferior, less desirable or not equal. Coming from a family
that has lost many to the heartbreaking disease of cancer, I would love to see humans advance to a
point where things like this were no longer a part of life. However, in my opinion, genetic
engineering is not the solution to this nor is it the way of the future. In the article " Engineering the
perfect baby," Antonio Regaldo quotes Edward Lanphier who says, "There really isn't a medical
reason.

The Genome Project Of Any Species
The genome sequencing project of any species would not be possible without modern sequencing
technologies and the methods described in this thesis, transcriptome and genome resources for
whitefly can be rapidly developed which enable exciting research. Methods and results described in
this thesis are just examples for any genome project, and would suit best to any arthropod that
contain bacterial endosymbiont. This concluding chapter summarizes the previous chapters and also
outlines the possible future directions for improvements and describes the exciting research studies
possible.
8.0.1 What can we do with the transcriptome
Chapter 1 began by addressing the research problem and describing the whiteflies that have been
studied so far and why the genome of this species is needed. Although, four transcriptomes of
different whitefly species have already been published and the data are available to public. These
four transcriptomes were compared in Chapter 2 to identify sequence and functional differences
across them. The main aim of the Chapter 2 was to obtain a comprehensive transcriptome data set
for Asia I species which could effectively used for further analysis in this thesis.
In order to capture the complete transcriptome of Asia I species, two different libraries (Normalized
and Unnormalized) were generated and sequenced. These combined data sets from two libraries not
only led to complete transcriptome resource but also to identifying the abundance and least

Embryo Diagnosis
Embryo Diagnosis
Karen and Roger have decided to start a family. Again. It has been nearly six years since their first
and only child, Katie, was born, and just over two years since she died. In her four years of life,
Katie was plagued with the fatal Tay–sachs disease. Because the enzyme needed to rid her brain of
fatty materials was absent at birth, she lost her sight when she was only eighteen months old. Her
ability to operate the left side of her body was gone several months later.
Understandably, the loss of their daughter devastated the young couple. The difficulty of watching
their little girl suffer and knowing it was their genetic makeup that caused her pain made it harder to
try having another baby. They honestly didn't ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The possibility of predicting not only diseases, but specific traits such as eye color, height, and
intelligence levels makes eugenics very possible and much easier to attain. Not only is eugenics
ethically incorrect, but it will also have a negative effect on our genetic diversity.
Testing embryos for predispositions to certain behavioral tendencies like violence, schizophrenia,
alcoholism, or homosexuality could also lead to unfair destruction. Nurture and environment are
also factors that constitute behavior, as well as genetics.
Once these tests have been performed, there is no guarantee that the results are absolutely written in
stone. It is possible to terminate perfectly healthy embryos and unknowingly implant those with the
dreaded disease. Also, doctors are unable to predict the true extent of the disease. An embryo
diagnosed as positive may develop into a child with less severe symptoms and still be able to lead a
somewhat normal and productive life.
Some wonder about the defective embryos. Their existence is due only to the chance that two people
may have a healthy child, and to destroy them seems cold. Gary D. Hodgen of the Jones Institute
has a response to this concern. "We don't for a minute pretend an embryo is paper wad," said Mr.
Hodgen. "We know it's a potential human life (Wheeler A10)."
A big question being asked by many is who gets the information

Genetic Privacy And The Human Genome Project
With bounding advances in the field of genomics, genetic privacy has sparked a controversy. In the
1980s, the Human Genome Project was established to sequence the entirety of the human genome.
The first draft of this project was published in Nature in February, 2001, about 10 percent short of
completion (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2015). Originally, scientists had hypothesized that
there was anywhere from 50,000 to 140,000 genes. However, after the release of the first draft and
the later completion of the full sequence in April of 2003, it was revealed that there were actually
about 20,500 genes (NIH, 2015). Since April 2003, the structure, organization, and function of these
many genes has begun to be better understood (NIH, 2015). As genetics moved forward, there was
hope of application in the fields of criminal justice and medicine. According to the International
Homicide Investigators Association, 40,000 unidentified deaths occur in the United States annually
(Willing 2006). That means every year, 40,000 people have families who remain unsure whether
their missing loved ones are still alive. If the justice system had access to a national genetic
database, this issue could be resolved; if all citizens could provide the justice system with samples
of their DNA, criminal cases and missing persons cases could be solved at a more efficient rate.
Furthermore, if doctors had access to every patient's genetic information, they could be informed
about possible health

Genetic Testing And The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project introduces a significant scientific finding to the world, but raises a lot
of controversies. Many controversies related to the Human Genome Project are issues concerning
the application of this new scientific finding and its ethicality. Genetic information from a project
that once has an aim to map the human genome in hope for curing diseases are now being used in
businesses. It shouldn't be permissible for employers to require that all employees, as well as
potential employees, be screened for genetic vulnerabilities and to use the results of such screening
when they make hiring, retention, and job assignment decisions. These genetic vulnerabilities may
include diseases, unsuitable personality traits and other undesirable traits according to the company's
judgements. Employees shouldn't be judged by their genes, because the results are inadequate to
judge what the employees will do in life, the employee's position in the society, and the employee's
financial standing. Genetic testing should be an option for the employees to decide on job
assignment rather than hiring decisions. Genetic testing only shows potential. Conducting genetic
tests on employees is infringing their privacy and will also create more social gaps with genetic
classes. There are possible objections to this controversy due to the possible advantages of the
genetic tests. Genetic tests may be seen as a tool that will place the people at the right occupation
and enhance the best

Designing Life : Right Or Wrong?
Dimitar Gougov
Groza
RWS 100
18 November 2015
Designing Life: Right or wrong?
Since the beginning of time, the genome of every living organism has been in a constant state of
change, in fact, if it were not for this change of genome, every "human" being may still be a single
celled organism. This state of change however, occurs due to natural occurrences which called for
adaptation which is the reason why so many different species have come to be. Human's have
become so advanced with technology that it is now possible to chose the gender of one's child.
However, choosing all of the "desirable" traits for one's offspring has remained in movies, for now.
It all burns down to the question: "How far should we go in using genetics to enhance human life?"
Messing with the natural change of the human genome for the benefit of "genetic perfection" can be
much more detrimental than beneficial.
The advances in technology make it possible to be able to manipulate human genetics to produce
genetically perfect humans however, these advancements do not make it a good idea. In the essay,
"Designer Babies and other Fairy Tales", (published in British magazine the New Statesman2002),
author Maureen Freely argues that the many aspects and complexities of reproductive issues and the
use of reproductive technology should be debated and decided publicly in a democratic way. Her
argument is based on a British case regarding Raj and Hashmis, parents of a three–year–old boy,
who were recommended

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act : Overview,...
Running head: GENETIC INFORMATION NONDISCRIMINATION ACT: OVERVIEW
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act: Overview, Success and Future Concerns
Arunima Raghav
Touro College Abstract
As the number and availability of various genetic tests have grown, so too has a fear among
Americans that their genetic information may be used for purposes other than curing or preventing
diseases. This paper looks at the law Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act passed in 2008 and
how it influences the workplace and the health insurance practices. GENETIC INFORMATION
NONDISCRIMINATION ACT: OVERVIEW
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) is a federal law that protects
individuals from genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment or employer–sponsored
group health plans contained in the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of
1996 (HIPAA) . On May 21, 2008 GINA was referred to by its sponsors as the first civil rights act of
the 21st century was enacted after a 13–year struggle in Congress.
The statute is divided into three titles: Title 1, which prohibits genetic discrimination in health
insurance; Title 2, which prohibits genetic discrimination in employment ; and Title 3, which
contains miscellaneous provisions on severability and child labor protections.
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project was first proposed to Congress in 1990 by Department of Energy and
National Institutes of Health as a part of

Ethical Complications of Genetic Engineering and Eugenics...
Genetic engineering is currently the fastest growing and perhaps most controversial field of science.
Genetic engineering is decoding and manipulating DNA to use for scientific and medical purposes.
"The discovery that human cells can be grown in a petri dish has opened up breathtaking
possibilities for curing disease – and a morass of ethical complications" (Allen 9).
Genetic engineering has already started to be most helpful in the field of medicine. The map of the
human genome offers many cures and potentially successful medical procedures. By creating
artificial chromosomes, scientists may be able to replace diseased inherited traits with functional
ones. Determining the genetic make up of viruses such as the HIV virus that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species in 1859. In this book, he explained his theory of
natural selection which is that members of species with the most desired ("best–fit") traits will
survive and reproduce. Eugenicists took Darwin's ideas of natural selection and applied them to
society and the human race. Some American and German scientists agreed the human race could be
"cleansed" by means of artificial selection and sterilization (Proctor 10–15).
In Germany, eugenics became focused on racial hygiene and was transformed into genocide. In the
beginning, Nazis targeted people with handicaps or mental illnesses, those who they felt had real,
medical justifications to be killed. In Grafeneck, Germany in 1940 approximately 10,000 mentally
handicapped people or people with mental diseases were killed with toxic gas in the course of the
Nazi "euthanasia" program (Wunder 1). After this they moved on to other groups that they believed
tainted their Aryan race. The Nazis fabricated "scientific" reasons for killing gypsies, Jews, blacks,
and Jehovah's witnesses along with the handicapped, saying that their brains were smaller and that
they were inferior.
The Holocaust was the extreme case of a group

Skills For Health Science Coursework 2016
16065127 – Skills for Health Science Coursework 2016
The most important advances in Healthcare Science in the last 20 years and how one of these will
lead the way for the future of healthcare: Advances in Healthcare Science have allowed hospitals
and clinics to ease the treatment of their patients, as well as giving patients a greater number of
options when approaching their healthcare, as well as more efficient and effective care.
The 'Human Genome Discoveries' (Cox, 2009), were a very significant breakthrough in healthcare.
'In 2000, scientists in with the International
Human Genome Project released a rough draft of the human genome to the public' (Cox, 2009) 'and
the final high–quality version in 2003' (National Human
Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), 2011) occurred, opening the doors to whole new possibilities
in medicine, with regards to genetics and gene therapy. The DNA sequence of the entire human
genome was pieced together after a greatly anticipated 13 years, which allowed scientists and
biological researchers to establish the genetic make–up of proteins, which essentially make up the
human body. The Human Genome Project (HGP) 'sequenced only
"euchromatic" regions of the genome, which make up about 90% of the genome' (En.wikipedia.org,
2016), which consists of, more or less, a majority of the DNA sequences in humans. Unlocking this
huge amount of biological knowledge was exciting, but definitely slightly daunting, as these DNA
sequences had to be identified in

Gene Essay Assignment: The Human Genome Project
A genome is the complete DNA set of an organism. These DNA molecules are made up of two
strands. Every strand is composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
Complementary strands are paired in certain ways. Cytosine always pairs with guanine and adenine
always pairs with thymine. The human genome holds about 3 billion base pairs, found in the
chromosomes. Each of the 46 chromosomes are composed of thousands of genes, which transmit the
instructions to make proteins. Each gene in the human genome produces approximately three
proteins. "The Human Genome Project (HGP) was the international, collaborative research program
whose goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings."
The HGP was the greatest biological venture ever embarked upon. There were several goals of the
project. Researchers attempted to correctly identify disease–causing variations in the human genetic
code and determine the role of specific genes in disease and health. In addition, they aimed to
advance DNA sequencing technology and genomic analysis technology. The Human Genome
Project intended to make the DNA sequence of humans accessible to both the scientific community
and public.
The HGP was a historical accumulation of genetics research. In the year 1911, Alfred Sturtevant
came to the realization that he could pinpoint the locations of the mutated fruit fly genes the Thomas
Hunt Morgan

Mass Media And Its Effect On The Air Waves
Mass media distribution has been around since the invention of the printing press. (Gerbner, 1999)
However, broadcast radio presented a higher level of distribution speed to this process and allowed
for an extended reach to consumers. Since its creation, this technology has been controlled by FCC
regulations and advertising support, limiting the freedom of the broadcasters so all of the possible
listeners are happy. Between the government maintenance and listening trends, the range of music
and content on the air waves has been reduced to 5 basic genres. The introduction of the internet has
allowed this medium to once again evolve. The reach has been greatly extended, advertising made
optional and freedom of use increased. This being said, the largest attraction to internet radio is its
ability to be customized by the listener. Historically, the concept of internet radio has been around
since the early 1990s. These broadcasts were still very limited because most of them were streams
from terrestrial radio stations or niche talk shows. Carl Malamud began this phenomena with a
weekly computer talk show, interviewing experts and streaming it openly online. These types of
broadcasts became so popular that The Rolling Stone began playing a concert over the web as well.
This idea would be copied over and over again by every musician and music producer. As file
sharing spread and download speeds increased, issues began to rise between music streamers and
the

Genome Editing Essay
Introduction
Genome editing is a huge leap forward in science and medicine. Because of recent advances in
technology, the study of genes and induced 'point' mutations have led to the discovery and
advancement of methods previously used in order to mutate genes. The development of Clusters of
Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR associated system 9
protein (Cas9) technology is a hugely significant leap forward as this is a tool that could potentially
be used for the research into and hopefully the treatment of a range of medical conditions that are
genetically related. Cystic fibrosis (Schwank, G. et al, 2013), haemophilia and sickle cell disease are
an example of some of the conditions that have the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the complex was bound to the DNA, a cut would be made to eliminate and destroy the
invaders. 83% of archaeal genomes and 45% of bacterial genomes (Shabbir, M. et al, 2016) were
shown to be able to successfully utilize the CRISPR Cas9 system. These are very promising
statistics, so it is no wonder that there has been such an advancement in the past few years to bring
this technology to eukaryotic cells, mammalian cells and eventually human cells.
With the rate and volume that new experiments and experimental procedures are being tried and
tested, it can be expected that a Nobel Prize will soon be won for the discovery and advancement of
this potential life–saving 'tool'. The category of Nobel Prize and who it potentially should be
awarded to are discussed later in this essay.
The Role of CRISPR/Cas9 as a Genome Editing Tool
There are three types of CRISPR systems. The Type II CRISPR system (where the interface is
mediated by a single large protein in conjunction with crRNA) is the simplest of the three and it is
this one that has been the basis for genome editing.
The Cas9 protein is an enzyme that effectively acts as a pair of molecular 'scissors', cutting

Genetic Testing and Screening Essay
Its no accident that off–spring resemble their parents. Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, located within
each cell nucleus is a special chemical, that determines our genetic inheritance in a very orderly
way. Under the microscope DNA looks like a mass of tangled threads which consist of tiny subunits
called genes. Genes carry instructions, sometimes called the blueprint of life, for various characters
like hair color, height, eye color. Our genes are received from both mother and father, half from
each. Genes instruct our bodies to make proteins – which determines the shape and function of each
cell. Each gene controls the production of a particular protein. Genes produce millions of different
proteins through different arrangements of just ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This helps to get large number of copies of a single gene with great speed and ease. RAPD's
(Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA), GAWTS (Genomic Amplification with Transcript
Sequencing) and other techniques are being utilized in the mapping and sequencing of the human
genome. GAWTS derived from PCR uses the promoter sequence of a T7 or T3 phage. This is
attached to one or both of the PCR primers and is translated into RNA for a single strand template
for reverse transcriptase. Advantages of this procedure include amplification of the region of interest
thus eliminating the need for purification of the sample after PCR is carried out while compensating
for poor quality in the PCR reaction. This along with the ease with which GAWTS lends itself to
automation can increase the efficiency at which the screening takes place.
Genetic Screening
Genetic screening is a process to analyze blood or skin for the systematic search for persons with a
particular genotype in a defined population. It also serves as an important tool of modern preventive
medicine. Such screening has the potential to lessen the devastating impact of genetic disease. The
purpose is to identify persons whose genotype places them or their offspring at risk [2]. The human
race carries 3,000 – 4,000 diseases in its genes. The faulty gene that causes any

Pandora Radio
New Models Of Doing Business: Pandora Radio As if the music industry has not seen enough
change in recent years, Pandora Radio has started yet another music revolution. This time, however,
the revolution is not about how the music is stored and collected (LP/CD/MP3 transformation), or
how music is purchased (Record Stores/ iTunes transformation), but how we actually listen to
music. Pandora Radio has created an amazing technology, which allows users to create and
customize their own radio stations that automatically play new and unique songs that cater exactly
to the users tastes and interests. Pandora has created a radio station that never plays that bad or
annoying song. With Pandora, the user will never have to turn that proverbial ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast, there exist many intermediaries with the traditional radio business model. Disc Jockeys
select the music to broadcast and station managers determine what type of genre and audience to
target. With this old way of doing business, satisfying the customer was a never–ending challenge of
hit and miss, where ratings were correlated to what was being played. With Pandora, customer
satisfaction is inherent in their model. Users create their own stations to listen to, and are constantly
customizing stations to tailor to their tastes. The argument can be posited that while Pandora does
possess a new high technology and a new way of doing business, the existing technology support
network cannot support Pandora–a large portion of radio is listened to people commuting in cars
where an internet connection is beyond the normal means of consumers. This is a false assumption.
The technology support network is currently undergoing change to meet the demand for internet
connectivity anytime, anywhere. Technologies such as 3G and 4G allow devices to connect to the
internet anywhere, and Pandora is currently developing players for automobiles, and applications for
smart phones have already been developed and launched (Yarrow). Pandora's effort to allow users to
utilize their service anywhere is another genius move of the company (Yarrow). By aligning
themselves with the ongoing self–service evolution in

The Conflict Between Science And Faith
In today's living, people struggle with the controversy between mind and spirit. Most times this is a
struggle between more than one person, and or a struggle between oneself. There is always a logical
side to a person and a passionate, expressive side, with the ones who decide to march under either
flag. The two sides often divide our generation, leaving some with only having put their trust in one
belief. These two sides, or beliefs bring up people such as mathematicians and artists, more
relatively science minded individuals and individuals of faith. More recently through the generations
over countless decades have these two sides become opposing forces. They have become two
completely different views of living. Francis Collins wrote this book to discuss the issue between
these two opposing forces. Francis Collins wrote and divided this book into three sections: Section
one: The Chasm Between Science and Faith, Part Two: The Great Questions of Human Existence,
and Part Three: Faith in Science, Faith in God. Section one of the book is about the story of Francis
Collins' endeavor towards his new found faith and philosophical debates towards it; 'It' being the
faith. Collins was raised with an indifference towards faith, describing his upbringing as that of
being a "freethinker." Both his parents were both artistic folk, not the religious type. The only
glimpse of church that Francis Collins got was when he and his brothers had to sing at an
Episcopalian church simply for

The Controversies Of Gene Therapy
The Controversies of Gene Therapy Demolishing genetic diseases from the human race has been
and always will be a key role in science. However, there comes a point in time when moral
standards have interjected the betterment of cleansing genetic diseases. One of the many branches of
science that has the complete capability to exterminate our destiny of any genetic diseases, gene
therapy, is being silenced due to the curse of society's moral standards. There is a very narrow line in
what is not morally correct and ethical to standards of people; causing the advancement of
procedures like gene therapy to be narrow. The only explanation to gene therapy awaits on what we,
as a community, can bring about for the future generations, but this is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is one of the major factors that lead to the absence in the gaining of therapeutic science.
Although the lack in progress cannot be the only factor blasted for; some scientific trials have
confirmed both anxious and fearful, advancing tighter on gene therapy restrictions. According to
Hogarth, this hotly debatable topic of whether it is dangerous or not "playing God" has caused many
religious, governmental, scientific and public figures to signify their own concerns in fierce debates
(Hogarth para 9). Since the beginning of gene therapy, there has always been a constant battle over
the guidance of its future of whether gene therapy will transform into a therapeutic science or lead to
unpleasant consequences as the eugenics did in the 20th century. The ethics of gene therapy have
been established and based on, not only beliefs, but also the disconnection and advantages achieved
in the trials, which has lead to the breakthrough of the future of gene therapy. The downfall and
advancement of gene therapy are the hereditary products of research that have had a major
influential impact on its ethical features. When gene therapy was a novice, it gained an immense
amount of popularity when scientific research evolved towards identifying genes that induce certain
diseases (Hunt, 2006). The idea of using gene therapy to heal patients diagnosed with

The Human Genome Project (HGP) began in 1990 with funding from the Department of Energy and
the National Institutes of Health with the goal of decoding the human genome. Researchers from
across the world are working in conjunction to understand the sequence of amino acid base pairs and
how they interact with one another to elicit specific genetic reactions. Once the decoding of the
genome takes place, scientists will be able to develop individual treatment plans and understand a
number of diseases. Research has found that there are over 3 billion amino acid base pairs which
make–up 20,000 genes. Of these 20,000 genes, the human genetic code is defined by forty–six
tightly packed bunches called chromosomes. Due to the vast array of amino acid base pairs, the
project has taken over ten years to complete the sequencing of the specific parts, but the task of
understanding how the parts interact one another and the influence they have on diseases has yet to
be accomplished. The genetic material in chromosomes defines human attributes and is developed
from proteins. Proteins are a series of amino acids, which are strung together, and the unique
combination of nucleic acids (A, T, C, and G) in the protein give specific directions to the cell to
produce certain combinations of amino acids. This process creates proteins varying in form and
function based upon the series of amino acids. The differing proteins cause numerous actions in the
body to be carried out, and are

Healthcare Is Evolving And Applying New Innovations Into...
Healthcare is rapidly evolving and applying new innovations into its field. It now includes more
concepts that combine both information and technology, for example, the area of health information
technology (HIT). Health information technology is also known as health informatics and includes
the different areas of clinical specialties or diseases, user, agent, technology, and information level
(Martin–Sanchez, Maojo, & Lopez–Campos, 2002). The field of bioinformatics fits into the
category of health information technology because it is a disciplinary field that involves both
science/ health and technology (Hoyt, 2010).
Bioinformatics is a field that combines, "computer science with biological and biomedical sciences
such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The database must also be able to, "accept, store, and manage molecular physiology data" (Moore,
2007). In doing so, selecting the correct database is essential, and many companies choose to create
their own private database. However, the creation and use of public databases are on the rise. After
all the genetic information has been inputted into a database, it needs to be analyzed. Data analysis
consists of data mining and machine learning methods, through the use of high–powered computers.
Data analysis is also used for identifying any bimolecular patterns in the observed outcome (Moore,
2007). In addition, data mining is then used to manage and study the genetic information. After all
of the analysis and studying, the interpretation of the information is what is most important. The
researchers need to be able to understand and comprehend what the data information signifies. From
there, bioinformatics can then be used for other various resources. For instance, bioinformatics can
be valuable in delivering therapeutics (Bioinformatics, 2000).
Bioinformatics is important because it allows researchers and scientists to study genetic information
and to be able to add to the database(s). Furthermore, it led to the emergence of computational
biology, in which researchers and scientists could interpret the genetic data (Hagen, 2000).
Computational biology involves the use of, "algorithms and artificial intelligence to: find

Gp Answer Paper of a Level
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE Joint Examination for
the Higher School Certificate and General Certificate of Education
GENERAL PAPER
OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION 2001
Additional materials: Answer paper
8001/1, 2
2 hours 40 minutes
TIME
2 hours 40 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, Centre number, candidate number and
paper number (1 or 2) in the spaces provided on the answer paper/answer booklet. Answer two
questions. Answer one question from Paper 1 and one question from Paper 2. Write your answers on
the answer paper. Begin your answer to Paper 2 on a new and separate sheet of paper. At the end of
the examination, hand in your answers to Paper 1 and Paper 2 separately. If you are unable to
answer a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, there is less mass in the Universe than predicted. While some have confidently
expected that the 'missing mass' would be located, it has yet to be found. Could the next few years
throw up a completely new theory of how the Universe started? Robotics and artificial intelligence,
commonly known as AI, are two related fields of research which promise much. One of the best
known schemes is the Cog Project – a humanoid robot that can act, talk and even look like a person.
Hans Moravec, an AI pioneer, believes that by 2030 robots will be able to visualise tasks and assess
the consequences of their actions. By 2040 robots should be able to reason at least as efficiently as
people. Moravec even envisages a world where robots will display 'superhuman reasoning'. By
2050, emotions will be commonplace because they will help machines to bond with their human
masters. All this, however, raises an intriguing question: will robots be so similar to us that they, too,
will start wondering where they came from? As well as showing awareness of the world, will they
be aware of themselves? In other words, will they be self–conscious? By the middle of the next
century, we may even begin to wonder whether such advanced robots, with their enormous mental
capacities and physical strength, pose a threat to their human inventors. The cyborg – the fusion of

man and machine – is another plausible prospect in our lifetime. Doctors have already devised
silicon chips

Online Music On The Internet
I will choose to evaluate the topic You, the D.J. (online music movies to the cloud) which is written
by Sasha Frere–Jones. A D.J. or ˜Disk jockey ' is someone that conducts a program of recorded
music on the radio, television or at clubs and other dance halls. They introduce and play CD 's or
records on record players. The history of the disc jockey actually begins in the nineteenth century
when Thomas Edison invents the phonograph, the precursor to the record player. Before, the only
way to enjoy music is by going to a live performance or making it yourself. With the phonograph,
people could now listen to their favorite music from the comfort of their homes but I believed that
now a day people like to listen the music, movies through the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
is that sometime we will be the D.J. sometime the machine will be. I came to know that "Of the
twenty hours a week that an average American spends listing to music, only three of it is stuff you
own. The rest is radio." So I read the book I found that in this essay, people had different media to
listen the songs through internet like– Pandora. Pandora Internet radio, often known simply as
"Pandora" is an "automated music recommendation service and 'custodian' of the Music. We can add
variety by suggesting what other artists would like to hear. Pandora will briefly pause its streaming
for a commercial or two from its sponsors feature that can be disabled by upgrading to a premium
account for a nominal fee I think so. I came to know that the most popular alternative to the
broadcast model is on demand that is Spotify which was Swedish company. One of the biggest
demand player is MOG, a new service that offers a wide array of listening the option and also less
expensive, and the highest digital quality which I think is good and become a D.J. our self.
A friend and I was discussing the merits of the streaming music service. Pandora and Spotify. I am a
longtime Pandora subscriber. My friend uses Spotify and thinks I should, too.
Both services have free and paid accounts. Free users get ads. Paid users don't have to endure ads,
and the stream quality is better. The two services do differ. Let's look at the paid versions. Pandora
has a library of about a million

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