Ch.19 the renaissance and reformation 2003

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Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Chapter 19
World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance
The Big Idea
The growth of wealthy trading cities in Italy led to a rebirth of the arts and learning
called the Renaissance.
Main Ideas
•Increased trade with Asia brought wealth to Italian trade cities, leading to the Renaissance.
•Italian writers and artists contributed great works during the Renaissance.

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Chapter 19
Main Idea 1: Increased trade with Asia brought wealth to Italian trade cities, leading
to the Renaissance.
After the end of the Black Death, the economy of Europe began
to grow again. Goods became available, people bought more,
and trade increased.

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Chapter 19
Trade with Asia
• Goods In the 1200s, the Mongols took over China. They made
roads safe again, including the Silk Road, a trade route
between Europe and China.
• Traders and travelers began to use the routes again. One
famous trader was Marco Polo, who traveled with his family.
Some of their journeys went over the Silk Road.
• When the Polos arrived in China, they met the Mongol
emperor Kublai Khan. The Polos spent 20 years in Asia.
• A writer helped Polo record his journey. Descriptions about
Asia made Europeans curious, and they desired Asian goods.

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Chapter 19
The Trading Cities of Italy
• Four northern Italian cities became trading centers.
- Florence
- Genoa
- Milan
- Venice

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Chapter 19
Florence
• Florence stands out as an example of the great trade and wealth
coming into Italy.
• Wool trade initially created wealth, but banking increased that
wealth.
- Bankers kept money for merchants all over Europe and made
money by charging interest, a fee that lenders charge people
who borrow money from them.
• The Medici family were the greatest of the Florence bankers.
- Cosimo Medici wanted Florence to be the most beautiful city
in the world.
- He also valued education and built libraries and collected
books.
• The love of art and education was a key feature of a time we call the
Renaissance, which means “rebirth.”

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Chapter 19
Main Idea 2: Italian writers and artists contributed great works during the
Renaissance.
• During the Middle Ages, people were devoted to religious
study. By the 1300s, scholars began to study subjects such as
history, literature, public speaking, and art.
• These subjects were called the humanities, and they led to
the thinking and learning known as humanism.
-Humanism is a way of thinking and learning that stresses
the importance of human abilities and actions.

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Chapter 19
Italian Writers: Dante and Machiavelli
• Dante Alighieri was a politician and poet. Dante wrote in
Italian, the common language of the people.
- Before Dante, most medieval writers had written in
Latin.
• Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince. He was also a politician,
and his book told leaders how to rule.
- Told politicians to focus on the “here and now,” not on
theories

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Chapter 19
Great Artists
There were several great Italian Renaissance artists, but two
stand out.
- Michelangelo was one of the great Italian artists. He
painted murals on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the
Vatican.
- Leonardo da Vinci was the true genius of the Renaissance.
He was a great painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and
engineer. His Mona Lisa portrait is one example.

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Chapter 19
The Renaissance beyond Italy
The Big Idea
The Renaissance spread far beyond Italy, and as it spread, it changed.
Main Ideas
•During the Renaissance, advances in science and education were made.
•New ideas from the Renaissance spread across Europe through the development of paper,
printing, and new universities.

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Chapter 19
Main Idea 1: During the Renaissance, advances in science and education were made.
• Some Renaissance scientists thought mathematics could help
them understand the universe.
- They created many math symbols that we still use
today.
• Engineers and architects used new math formulas to
strengthen buildings.
• Other scientists studied astronomy to learn more about the
sun, stars, and planets.
- They learned that the earth moves around the sun.
• Students began to study the humanities as well as religious
subjects.

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Chapter 19
Main Idea 2: New ideas from the Renaissance spread across Europe through the
development of paper, printing, and new universities.
• Johannes Gutenberg, a German man living in the
mid-1400s, developed a printing press with
movable type. He printed the Bible in 1456. More
people learned to read as books became more
readily available.

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Chapter 19
The Northern Renaissance
Art
• Northern scholars focused on the history of Christianity. The
resulting combination of humanist and religious ideas is called
Christian humanism.
• Northern scholars came to feel the church was corrupt and
did not follow the teachings of Jesus. They called for reform.
• Northern artists painted in a more realistic style and painted
more daily-life subjects.

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Chapter 19
Literature beyond Italy
• Writers in other countries besides Italy also included
Renaissance ideas in their work. They wrote in their own
languages.
• Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish writer who wrote Don
Quixote.
• William Shakespeare wrote plays and poetry and is
considered the greatest writer in the English language.

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Chapter 19
The Protestant Reformation
The Big Idea
Efforts to reform the Roman Catholic Church led to changes in society and the creation
of new churches.
Main Ideas
•Reformers called for change in the Catholic Church, but some broke away to form new
churches.
•The Catholic Reformation was an attempt to reform the church from within.
•The political impact of the Reformation included religious wars and social change.

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Chapter 19
Main Idea 1: Reformers called for change in the Catholic Church, but some broke
away to form new churches.
• By the late Renaissance, people had begun to complain about
problems in the Catholic Church.
• They called on its leaders to end corruption and focus on
religion.
• Their calls led to a reform movement against the Roman
Catholic Church called the Reformation.

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Chapter 19
Unpopular Church Practices
• People felt that the clergy and the pope had become too
political.
• The way the church raised money was also considered unfair.
The sale of indulgences was unpopular.
- An indulgence was a document given by the pope that
excused a person from penalties for sins he or she had
committed.
- These unpopular practices weakened the church, and
people began calling for reform.

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Chapter 19
Martin Luther
• Martin Luther nailed a list of complaints to the door of a
church in Wittenberg. This list was called the Ninety-five
Theses.
• Luther thought that anyone could have a direct relationship
with God.
• He did not believe that priests had to speak to God for the
people.
• Beliefs should be based on the Bible, not interpreted by
priests or the pope.
• Luther translated the Bible into German so that Europeans
could read it for the first time.

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Chapter 19
Other Reformers
• William Tyndale believed everyone should be able to read and
interpret the Bible. He translated the Bible into English, and
the Catholic authorities had him executed.
• John Calvin believed that God knew who would be saved even
before they were born. This is called predestination. Nothing
that people did during their lives would change God’s plan,
but it was important to live a good life and obey God’s laws.
• Henry VIII wanted to leave his marriage. The pope refused
Henry’s request, so he left the Catholic Church and created his
own church.
- The Church of England, or Anglican Church, was much
like the Catholic Church, but it opened the door for
other churches to form.

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Chapter 19
Main Idea 2: The Catholic Reformation was an attempt to reform the church from
within.
• Protestantism spread in the later 1500s and 1600s. Catholic
leaders responded to stop this spread.
• The effort to reform the Catholic Church from within is called
the Catholic Reformation, or Counter-Reformation.

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Chapter 19
The Growth of Roman Catholic Spain
• In 1492 the king and queen defeated the last Muslim forces in
Spain.
• Muslims and Jews were forced to convert to Catholicism.
• The Spanish Inquisition was organized to seek out and punish
Muslims and Jews who had converted but secretly kept their
old beliefs.
• The Catholic Church was ruthless in carrying out the
Inquisition and later sought out Protestants.
• The Catholics had very little opposition left in Spain.

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Chapter 19
New Religious Orders
• In some parts of Europe, Catholic leaders responded to
Protestant criticism by forming new religious orders, or
communities.
• The order was called the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits.
• The Jesuits were a religious order created to serve the pope
and the church.
• By teaching people about Catholic ideas, Jesuits hoped to turn
people against Protestantism.

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Chapter 19
The Council of Trent
• Catholic leaders met together to discuss more ways to reform
the Catholic Church. This meeting was known as the Council
of Trent.
• The council restated the importance of the clergy in
interpreting the Bible.
• The council officially rejected the ideas of the Protestant
leaders.
• The pope created religious courts to punish Protestants found
in Italy.

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Chapter 19
Main Idea 3: The political impact of the Reformation included religious wars and
social change.
• In Spain nearly everyone was still Catholic.
• In northern countries people were mostly Protestant.
• The Holy Roman Empire was a patchwork of different
kingdoms, some Protestant and some Catholic.
• These divisions led to political conflicts.

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Chapter 19
Religious Wars in France
• Protestants in France were called Huguenots.
• The Huguenots and the Catholics began a war when the
Catholic king banned all Protestant religions.
• Fighting was ended by the Edict of Nantes, which granted
religious freedom to the Protestants in France, except in Paris
and a few other cities.

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Chapter 19
Religious Wars in the Holy Roman Empire
• King of Bohemia forced everyone in the kingdom to become
Catholic.
• Protestants rose up in revolt in 1618.
• This led to the Thirty Years’ War.
• After 30 years of fighting, an agreement was reached
- It allowed rulers to decide whether their countries
would be Catholic or Protestant.

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Chapter 19
Social Changes
• Through the Protestant Church, people began to make
decisions about their churches. Now that they had that
power, they also wanted political power.
• Local towns began to govern themselves, and the national
government had to share power.
• The sharing of power between local governments and a
strong central government is called federalism.

Ch.19 the renaissance and reformation 2003

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