A experiência alemã sobre as fontes de energia renováveis, como referência para o Brasil e o Nordeste se beneficiarem de seu enorme potencial renovável / THE GERMAN EXPERIENCE ON THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AS REFERENCE TO BRAZIL AND NORTHEAST BENEFIT FROM THEIR ENORMOUS RENEWABLE POTENTIAL

1. “THE GERMAN EXPERIENCE ON THE
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AS A
REFERENCE TO BRAZIL AND NORTHEAST
BENEFIT FROM THEIR ENORMOUS RENEWABLE
POTENTIAL”
PROF. DR. JOHANNES MÜLLER

2. PERSONEL PRESENTATION
Dr. Johannes Müller*
 47 years old
 married, 3 childs
 Location: Deutschland/Bayern
 Doktor of economic science
 Lecturer at Steinbeis-Universität in Berlin/ Stuttgart for regional
und international economy
* This presentation was revised by Prof. MSc. Rafael César Coelho dos Santos:
Graduated in Law at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) (2005).
Master's degree in Law also UFRN (2010). During the Graduation and Master
Programme, he was a fellow of the Program of Human Resources in Petroleum,
Natural Gas and Biofuels Law. Participation in UFRN research groups: Law and
Regulation of Natural Resources and Energy and also International Law and
Brazilian State Sovereignty (research area: International Environmental Law). It acts
as a teacher and lawyer, mainly in the following areas of law: tax, financial and
environmental (especially international negotiation and treaties on climate change
and renewable energy). Full CV: http://lattes.cnpq.br/5812886017856753

3. REGIONAL ECONOMY - INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMY
Regional Economy:
• Regional management
• Regional development
(for example environment- und energyeconomic)
International Economy:
• Multilateral economic topics, f. e. energyeconomic in
Germany and Brasil/Best-practise/networking/international
cluster policy

4. DIFFERENT KINDS OF ENERGY
My topic of the presentation today is energy
especially renewable energies and
concentration to solar energy in Germany and
Brasil!
• Fossil-nuclear Energy
(Coal/gas/oil/nuclear energy)
in contrast to
• Renewable Energy
(Water/Solar/Geothermie/Wind/Biomass,-gas)

5. ENERGYPOLICY IN GERMANY AND BRASIL
In Germany and Brasil historically different
directions/different climate
conditions
• In Germany: generally fossil-nuklear energypolicy
• In Brasil: generally renewable energiepolicy (80%
hydroelectric power)

6. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
In bouth countries problems with current energypolicy
Germany:
 Big danger because of nuclear power plant (accident, radiation)
 High running costs (services)
 High following costs (nuclear waste and end storing)
 Environmental damage (CO2/ radiation)
Brasil:
 Climate conditions (dry/wet season)
 High energy volatilitation/ ups and downs of energy
 High rising energy requirement (Bedarf)
 No supply safety over the whole country Brasil
(Versorgungssicherheit)

7. GOALS IN GERMANY AND BRASIL THROUGH
ENERGYPOLICY
• Clean power (environment)
• Reasonable power price
(competiton/technical progress)
• Welfare effects (creating of own
industry/labour)
• Supply safety (over the whole countries)
• Energy independence (local/international)
• Social and political freedom (population)

8. GOALREACHING IN GERMANY AND BRASIL
Renewable energy policy
• Wind
• Hydro electric
• Solar
• Geothermic
• Biomass/Biogas
or
Combination of all or different kinds of energy (island
solutions/for places not connected to powergrid )

9. SOLAR ENERGY
Biggest potential among all energy sources
worldwide
Solar energy

10. SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL
• The solar energy which hits per year the
atmosphere is 1,5 × 1018 kWh; that means
approximately 10.000-times more of
primaryenergy consumption mankind needed
in the year 2010 (1,4 × 1014 kWh/year). The
radiation energy which hits the earth surface
can be changed in electrical energy, without
producing toxical waste or many CO2.

11. RADIATION INTENSITY
• Worldwide different local radiation intensity of the
sun
• Near the equator, for example in India, Australia,
Indonesia or Brasil, the costs of solar plants are
because of a very high solar radiation density much
more less as in comparison to middle europe
(amortisation time)
• The radiation energy is for example ca. 1.000 kWh
per square meter a year in middle europe and ca.
2.350 kWh per square meter a year in the Sahara
(approximately the same in Brasil).

12. KINDS OF SOLARENERGY PRODUCTION
Direct forms of using:
• Solar collectors produce heat for hot water
(Solarthermic or Photothermic)
• Solarpanels produce electrical power (Photovoltaik)
• Solarpower plants produce with help of mirrors,
solarheat and hot oil, electrical power over turbines
The most important kind of solarpower worldwide
are Photovoltaic (PV) and solar power plants with
mirrors.

13. PHOTOVOLTAIK WORLDWIDE
• In the end of 2014 there were worldwide
more than 177 GWp of power installed, which
could provide with round about 200 TWh
production per year approximately 1% of the
electric requirement worldwide
• In Europe the Photovoltaik provide 3,5 % of
the whole electric requirement.

14. PHOTOVOLTAIK-INSTALLATION WORLDWIDE
Jahr 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
GWp
installi
ert
(gerun
det)
5 7 9 16 23 40 71 101 139
GWp
Zubau
1,4 1,5 2,5 6,7 7,4 17,1 30,2 30,0 38,4
Specialists think that the PV-area rises strong worldwide per year.

15. DEVELOPMENT OF POTOVOLTAIK IN GERMANY
• Germany has since ca.10 years worldwide
the leadership at the Photovoltaic area
• The reason was the decision to leave fossil-
nuclear energy in Germany until 2050
(energy change)
• Until 2050 the fossil-nuclear energy should
be replaced to 80% with renewable energies
• Basically for that was and is the „Renewable
Energy Law“ in Germany (EEG)

16. LEADERSHIP POSITION GERMANY
Staat
en
2005[
23]
2006[
24]
2007[
25]
2008[
26]
2009[
27]
2010[
28]
2011[
29]
2012[
29]
2013[
30]
2014[
31]
1
Deut
schla
nd
1.91 2.74 3.84 6.01 9.95 17.3 25.0 32.7 36.4 38.3
2
Italie
n
46,3 50 120 458 1.15 3.48 12.7 16.1 18.0 18.4
3
Fran
kreic
h
26,3 33,9 46,7 104 335 1.19 2.94 4.08 4.62 5.60
4
Groß
brita
nnie
n
10,9 14,3 18,1 22,5 29,6 76,9 978 1.70 2.78 5.23
5
Span
ien
57,6 175 734 3.42 3.43 3.85 4.32 4.60 4.76 4.78
Installed PV-power in the EU in MWp

17. LEAVING THE FOSSIL-NUKLEAR ENERGY

18. RENWABLE ENERGY LAW (EEG)
The EEG created stabil frame conditions for
building renewable energy plants in Germany.
The rules by law guaranted producers,
projectors, owners or users of renewable energy
plants a very big safety according to planning
work and investment.
That very positiv frame conditions were the
background of the last years for Photovoltaik
projects and why in Germany a Photovoltaik-
industry was founded which includs all parts of
the value-added chain.

19. RENEWABLE ENERGY LAW (EEG)
Development of the EEG in Germany:
1990 New Renewable Power Law
• That means every citizen has the right to own energy plants and to
deliver in the public power net
2000 Renewable Energy Law (EEG)
• That means EEG replaced the old law from 1990. Guarantee of a higher
fee for renewable energy power as the market price for fossil-nuclear
power (supporting system)
2004 Renewable Energy Law Novelle
• The novelle provides for „Boom-Effekt“ at the Photovoltaik area. Now not
only companies invests in solarplants, but a mass of normal
citizens/users

20. RENEWABLE ENERGY LAW/NOVELLE (EEG)
• In Germany exists since 2004 a guaranted pay
by law for renewable energies over a guaranted
time of 20 years;
• how much money you get is written in the EEG.
• The amount of money for a kWp is degressiv,
that means from 2004 on the money per kWp
for new plants fall every year for a certain
percentage.
• Additionally there are more state programms
(tax reduction, reasonable bank credits), which
should support the building and investing in
Photovoltaic plants.

21. RENEWABLE ENERGY LAW (EEG)
Jahr
Gebäude oder Lärmschutzwand
bis 30 kW/p bis 100 kW/p ab 100 kW/p ab 1.000 kW/p
2004 57,40 54,60 54,00 54,00
2005 54,53 51,87 51,30 51,30
2006 51,80 49,28 48,74 48,74
2007 49,21 46,82 46,30 46,30
2008 46,75 44,48 43,99 43,99
2009 43,01 40,91 39,58 33,00
2010 39,14 37,23 35,23 29,37
Juli 2010 34,05 32,39 30,65 25,55
Okt. 2010 33,03 31,42 29,73 24,79

22. RENEWABLE ENERGY LAW (EGG)
Jahr
Freiflächenanlagen
vorbelastete Flächen sonstige Freiflächen Ackerflächen
2004 45,70 45,70 45,70
2005 43,40 43,40 43,40
2006 40,60 40,60 40,60
2007 37,96 37,96 37,96
2008 35,49 35,49 35,49
2009 31,94 31,94 31,94
2010 28,43 28,43 28,43
Juli 2010 26,16 25,02 ----
Okt. 2010 25,37 24,26 ----
2011 22,07 21,11 ----
Jan. 2012 18,76 17,94 ----

23. -> Falling prices for PV-power and rising prices for normal power of population

24. RENEWABLE ENERGY LAW (EGG)
 Keypoints EEG:
 Energy-contract over 20 years (with provider)
 Duty of the provider to take the energy over 20 years
 Price for Solarpower (KWp over 20 years guaranted)
 Price for Solarpower depends on the position (roof or
ground), time of building, how strong is the solarplant
 More supporting programms over tax advantages and
reasonable bank credits
 Guaranted pension over 20 years
 Choice between power-self-using (own house/company) or
deliver the power into the public power net (guaranted pay)

25. RENEWABLE ENERGY LAW (EGG)
 Financing of the EEG: Passing on method
 Because the price for PV-power is higher (supporting) than
the market price for electric power. So the cost-difference
between PV-power and marketprice power have to be paid
by all users in Germany
 2014 every user had to pay 6,24ct/kWh more only for the
cost-difference
 Privileged user (f.e. energy intensive industry) don‘t have to
pay
 That means additional higher power price for all not
privileged users
 On average the EEG-price for PV-power 2013 was
32ct/kWh, but the normal marketprice for electric power was
ca. 24 ct/kWh

26. COSTS AND ENERGY COMPONENTS (PV- PLANT)
 1. Starting investment for building and installing of the PV-
plant
 2. Financing conditions (profitability, interest rate, running
time)
 3. Running costs during the using time (insurance, servicing,
repair costs)
 4. Radiation effectivity
 5. Lifetime and yearly degradation of the plant
 Totalcost and energy production according to the complete
using time. Investment cost fall down since 2006 ca.13% a
year (techn. progress). Ca. 50% costs of panels.

27. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS (EEG) UNTIL 2014
 2014 have been produced 35,2 TWh PV-power
 2014 6,0% of the whole electric power was covered by PV
 2014 31% of the whole electric power was covered by RE
 2014 were installed 38.5 GW PV-panels in Germany
 At the end of 2014 exists 1,5 Mio. PV-plants in Germany
 At sunny weekdays ca. 35% of the whole power through PV
 At sunny sundays ca. 50% of the whole power through PV
 PV-plants are the most common electric power plants in
Germany
 Targets of the energy change could be reached until 2050

28. SOCIAL--ECONOMICAL EFFECTS UNTIL EEG SINCE 2000
 Creating of hundred thousands of new jobs
 Creating of a new PV-company structure f.e. panel
producing industry, delivery industry, special elektro-
technical industry, mechanical engeneering industry
 Founding of thousands of enterprises
 Creating of new kinds of apprenticeship professions
 In the areas of PV-components, mechanical engeneering for
PV Germany has the worldwide leadership (over 50%)
 Approximately 70% of all solarpanels worldwide are
produced by german machines
 The value-added chain stays more than 2/3 in Germany

29. SOCIAL--ECONOMICAL EFFECTS UNTIL EEG SINCE 2000
 In the renewable energy-industry are over 100 German
companies with more than 12.000 employees
 Creating of research and development cluster for solar
industry (especially Est-Germany)
 Sustainable research work at universities (Storing/power
optimating/combined plants of different renewable energies)
 Bilions of tax fees for the government
 Adapting and extending of the electrical power net for
renewable energies
 Enormous rising of energy independent units/companies in
Germany (provided by their own power)

30. NEGATIVE ASPECTS SINCE 2012 (PV)
 Altogether the German PV-market still grows, but slowly
 Since 2012 German PV-industry went down strongly
 Very hard international supplanting competition especially at the
panel industry (China, cheap workers, panel prices fell down)
 A lot of companies went bankrupt
 Exaggerated PV support reduction from state side guided to a
break down of the PV-demand in Germany
 The break down couldn‘t compensated with business at other
countries
 Reduction of jobs at the PV-industry
 The passing on system of PV-costs to all users guided to political
pressure and support reduction
 The privilegation of the energyintensiv industry made electric
power additionally more expensive and complicates the situation

31. FACTS OF PV-DEVELOPMENT IN GERMANY
 The development process of EEG brought
Germany altogether positiv social- economic
effects (wellfare)
 The passing on system of supported PV-
electric power prices to all users had finally
no positiv effects
 Guided to more expensive electric power
prices for not privileged end users (mass)

32. FAZIT OF PV-DEVELOPMENT IN GERMANY
 The consequence was political pressure, which
guided to a hard supporting reduction in
Germany and in a following step to reduction of
the PV-demand
 Privilegation of some users guides additionally
to more expensive PV-electric power und is
dubious
 A better solution would have been from the
beginning on a consequent supporting only of
selfusing electric power plants (energy
independence)

33. FACTS OF PV-DEVELOPMENT IN GERMANY
 PV supporting with over marketprice located
prices for PV-electric power was the
suboptimum way and guided in a PV-
recession
 To have a successful energy change until
2050, Germany has to invest for the future in
a strong kind in R&D
 Especially PV-storing research and
combined renewable energy plants
(solar/wind) will be important for competition
in the future

34. SOLARENERGY IN BRASIL
 Basic conditions: Very good
 Brasil has already for many years renewable energy (hydro
electric 80%)
 High solar radiation (1.800-2.300 kWh/qm)
 Enough ground for PV (5-biggest country of the world)
 A lot of consumers and users (almost 200 Mio. inhabitants)
 The costs for a new solar EEG are no problem (many users)
 Energy requirement in Brasil rises strongly
 ANNEL –programm since 2012, renewable energy power
can be delievered into the public net (Net Metering)
 For solarthermical and PV-plants good conditions

35. SOLAR ENERGY IN BRASIL
 Current Situation:
 Solarindustry in Brasil starts slowly
 Solar potential is only at the beginning
 At the moment exists no concrete supporting programm
 No public awareness effect of the population for solarpower
 Very less of small PV-plants (less than 100 in Brasil)
 At the moment only energy-competition for big PV plants
 High customs and tax fee for panels and PV-accessories
 Energy supply only with hydro power doesn‘t reach any more
 Only a small percentage of the value added chain stays in Brasil
(only import)
 More and more power failures

36. SOLARENERGY IN BRASIL
 Problems and barriers:
 High customs and tax fees/ less development
 No public awareness (population)
 Almost only competitions for big plants
 Less social-economical effects for population (New
jobs/creating new companies/less R&D)
 No well educated engineers/workers
 Only less of value added chain stays in Brasil
 No concrete supporting programm for renewable energies
 No existing of a well running production chain (from panel to
accessories)

37. SOLARENERGY IN BRASIL
 Net-Metering: Right Way/Public awareness
2012 it is possible to give solarpower from small and middle
sized plants up to 1 MWp into the public net and balanced it
with the electric power of the power provider. For the surplus
of produced solarpower you get the local marketprice for
power. That means there is a rule by law for small plants,
which is built on the support of selfusing the PV-power of
plant owners and companies. This method should radiate
especially in case of high local power prices a high incentive
effect and should provide for public awareness of the
population for solarpower.

38. SOLARENERGY IN BRASIL
 Goals in Brasil through solar energy:
 Energyconstant all over Brasil (No volatility/power failure)
 Positiv social-economic effects (new jobs/companies)
 The entire value added chain in Brasil
 Longtermed wellfare effects for the whole population
(energy independence for many users)
 Creating of an own R&D with the topic solar energy
(universities)
 Creating of an own solar production chain
 Creating of new jobs for engineers/workers
 More social freedom because of prosperity rising

39. SOLARENERGY IN BRASIL
 Example PV-small plant:
 Location: Rio de Janeiro, August 2013 (net delivery)
 Planning: 1 year, including detail work
 Power: 2kWp self using power
 Providing: 2 air conditions, 2 computers,1 refrigerator
 Costs: ca. 4.500 EUR
 Amortisation: ca. 8 years, living time of panels 30 years
 Savings: 60%
 Produktion: 228 kWh per month/surplus energy 40 %
 Surplus: Selling at third persons or deliver into public net/
state pays the local market price

40. SOLARENERGY IN BRASIL
 Example solarthermic plant (warmwater):
 Planning: for small plants approximately 1 month
 Power: 2 squaremeter solar collectors for warmwater
 Providing: 4 humans, warmwater consumption
 Costs: ca. 450 – 550 EUR
 Amortisation: ca. 12 Monate
 Savings: Enormous in comparison to electrical waterheating
 Produktion: ca. 3kWh/day or ca. 80kW/month

41. SOLARENERGY IN BRASIL
 What was right in Germany:
 Supporting policy for small/middle sized solarplants (effect
of masses)
 High incentive policy to reach public awareness of
population
 Value added chain almost 100 % in Germany
 Creating of an own production chain (building of polysilicon
factorys/education of engineers/special workers)
 Implementation of R& D centers (at universities)
 Additional public incentives (tax advantages, cheap credits,
easier Import)

42. SOLARENERGY IN BRASIL
 What was wrong in Germany:
 Parts of the supporting policy (passing system on all
consumers/ forced more expensive power price/ political
pressure/ recession)
 Not only supporting of self using power with surplus paying
(local market price/ energy independence)
 Supporting of big plants too (only big enterprises)
 Privileged consumers (forced more expensive for all)

43. SOLARENERGY IN BRASIL
 Conditions for successful RE-policy:
 Supporting programm for small/ middle sized plants/ effect of
masses /public awareness of consumers/population
 Supporting self using power with surplus paying (market price)
 Creating of R&D centers for renewable energies at universities
(consulting, R&D, Education, special engineers/workers,
technology transfer)
 Less supporting of big plants
 Importreliefs administration/ custom/ tax (pilotplants/ market
opening)
 Creating of an own production chain (polysilicon factory/ value
added chain 100%/new company-, supply companystructure)

44. SOLUTIONS AND EFFECTS
 Introducing energy programm for small-/ middle
sized plants/ supporting self using power plants
 Effect of masses/public awareness of population/boom effect
 New company structure/new jobs/positive wellfare effects
 Longtermed energy independence of consumers/masses
 High social- economical effect because of prosperity rising
 Founding of cluster/networks/cooperatives (citizen cooperatives)
 High balance of the energy problem through self using power/
strong relief of public power net
 Saving effect (through self using power plants not necessary to
build more and more power net structure)
 R&D-activities at universities

45. SOLUTIONS AND EFFECTS
 Creating of research centers for renewable
energies at universities:
 Reputable/longtermed/researched rising of the market
 Doctor/Master/Bachelor-works for renewable energy
 Education engineers/special workers
 Pilotprojects/consulting/PPP-projects
 Technology transfer (foreign companies)
 Relief of customs fee/taxes over universitiy programms
 Price reduction because of good R&D-work
 Reputable place for questions to renewable energies

46. SOLUTIONS AND EFFECTS
 Building of a polysilicon factory:
 Middeltermed feasible solution for the entire PV production chain
 Value added chain stays 100% in Brasil
 Creating of a new industy/company structure/new jobs
 No „take away“ effects of big foreign enterprises (China)
 For in Brasil produced panels no customs fee/less taxes
 Saving effect for consumers/cost reduction/reasonable PV-plants
 Big marketpotential /no factory in South-/Middleamerica
 Middeltermed solution of the energy crises in Brasil
 Because of rising energy independence of all PV plant owners/
companies high saving effect for government (huge distances in
Brasil/ energy pipelines/ island solution)
 Longtermed positive effects at the economical development

47. SOLUTIONS AND EFFECTS
 Not only concentration to competitions for big renewable
energy plants:
 At the moment what is mainly happens
(Heuschreckenprinzip)
 Less domestic value added chain(no founding new
companies/jobs)
 Pure import of solar panels and PV accessories from foreign
countries
 Pure „take away“ effects mainly of foreign enterprises
 No domestic social–economical effects
 Less wellfare effects for population/mass of poor people
 No public awareness of population/no effect of masses/no
boom effect
 Only big companies profit/ no prosperity rising of population
 Less effects to social and political freedom

48. POLYSILICON
 1 O QUE É O POLISSILÍCIO?
 Silício policristalino, também chamado polissilício ou poli-Si,
é uma forma de silício muito pura e policristalina usada
como matéria-prima para as indústrias de placas solares
fotovoltaicas e de eletrônicos
 1 WHAT IS POLYSILICON?
 Polycrystalline silicon, also called polysilicon or poly-Si, is a
very pure and crystalline form of silicon used as a raw
material for the industries of photovoltaic solar panels and
electronics.

49. POLYSILICON
 2 COMO O POLISSILÍCIO É PRODUZIDO E COMO ELE É
UTILIZADO?
 Para compreender como esse material é fabricado e como
se dá a sua utilização, é preciso se compreender um pouco
a cadeia de valor agregado da indústria solar fotovoltaica. A
fábrica de polissilício, como a que está sendo proposta para
o Estado do RN, é um dos elos dessa cadeia.
 2 HOW THE POLYSILICON IS PRODUCED AND HOW IT IS
USED?
 To understand how this material is manufactured and how it
is use, it is necessary to understand the added value chain
of the solar photovoltaic industry. The polysilicon plant, like
the one is being proposed to the State of RN, is one of the
links of this chain.

50. POLYSILICON
 A cadeia de valor agregado da indústria solar
fotovoltaica é formada por várias etapas, começando
com a extração do quartzito até a produção de
módulos solares que são usados em sistemas para
gerar eletricidade a partir da lu do sol.
 The value chain of the photovoltaic solar industry is
made up of several stages, starting with the
extraction of quartzite until the production of solar
modules that are used in systems for generating
electricity from sunlight.

51. POLYSILICON
 O número de participantes do mercado cresce à
medida que se percorre essa cadeia, porque as
exigências de capital e tecnologia se tornam
menos onerosas. Isso significa, por exemplo,
que a produção de polissilício, que será
realizada pela fábrica proposta para o RN, é
significativamente mais complexa e exige mais
capital para ser estabelecida e operada – e,
portanto, existem menos agentes econômicos
nessa fase da cadeia – do que a produção de
módulos solares – que, consequentemente,
possui uma quantidade maior de agentes nessa
etapa.

52. POLYSILICON
 The number of market participants grows as you
walk through the chain, because the capital and
technology requirements become less onerous.
This means, for example, that the polysilicon
production, which will be carried out by the
factory proposed for the RN, is significantly
more complex and requires more capital to be
established and operated – and, therefore, there
is less economic agents at this stage in the
chain – than the assembly of solar modules –
which, consequently, has a greater amount of
agents at this stage.

53. THE POLYSILICON PLANT (EAST GERMANY)

54. POLYSILICON PLANT BITTERFELD GERMANY

55. POLYSILICON REACTOR PICTURE

56. THE CHEMICAL PROCESS/TRICHLORSILAN
 Com o objetivo de purificá-lo até o grau
solar, o silício metalúrgico é transformado
num líquido de alimentação chamado
triclorossilano (TCS). Essa é uma etapa
intermediária de purificação.
 In order to purify it further to the solar grade,
metallurgical silicon is transformed into a
feeding liquid called trichlorosilane (TCS).
This is an intermediate step of purification.

57. THE CHEMICAL PROCESS
 Polysilicon is out of sand, chemical gas, high energy
 At the beginning you have more big metall bells with 800
degree heat in it (preheated)
 In that bell you have thin prepared polysilicon sticks which
are electrical loaded
 From outside you give different chemical gases in that bell
 Inside of the bell it has to be very clean, because that is
important for the high quality of the polysilicon
 The gases you give in is TCS (trichorsilan), which is very
poisoned, N and H2
 Before the gases come inside of the bell they mix them

58. THE CHEMICAL PROCESS
 The mixture of gases happens in the gas skid
 After that step the gas mixture flows inside of the bell
 Normally they call it the „deposition process“ of polysilicon
 Now you have all ingridients inside of the bell
 Gasmixture, high temperature, electricity, and sticks
 The thin sticks of poysilicon grow and grow
 That process lasts approximately 1 week
 After that week you can break the poly silicon from the
sticks
 It depends on the pureness of the polysilicon what is
happen with it (computer, solar panels)

59. THE FOLLOWING PROCESS
 Device technology
 Solar grade silicon Ingots
 Wafers Solar Cells
 Modules
 PV Systems

60. SOLARGRADE AND INGOTS
 O polissilício pode ser coletado uma vez que as hastes
tenham se resfriado. O polissilício grau solar possui uma
pureza de 99,9999 % ou mais alta.O polissilício é
derretido para formar blocos de multissilício (processo de
fundição) ou lingotes redondos (processo Czochraslky).
Polysilicon can be collected once the rods have cooled
down. Solar-grade polysilicon has a purity of 99.9999 %
or higher.
 Polysilicon can be collected once the rods have cooled
down. Solar-grade polysilicon has a purity of 99.9999 %
or higher. The polysilicon chucks are melted down and
crystallized to form multi-silicon blocks (casting process)
or monocrystalline ingots (Czochralsky process). This
process is know as the Siemens Process.

61. SOLARGRADE SILICON/BROKEN

62. POLYSILICON INGOTS

63. WAFED POLYSILICON FOR SOLARCELLS
 Os blocos de multissilício ou lingotes
redondos são recortados na forma de tijolos
para obterem a forma desejada. Em seguida,
os tijolos são fatiados em wafers ultra-finos.
Para aumentar a condutividade do
polissilício, certas impurezas são
propositalmente inseridas nele, através de
um processo conhecido como “dopagem”.

64. WAFED POLYSILICON FOR SOLARCELLS
 Multi-silicon blocks and monocrystalline
ingots are cut into bricks in order to achieve
the desired shape. These are sliced into
ultra-thin wafers. In order to enhance
conductivity of the silicon material, certain
impurities are deliberately put into it, a
process also known as “doping”.

65. WAFED POLYSILICON FOR SOLARCELLS

66. SOLARCELLS
 Células solares, também conhecidas como células
fotovoltaicas, são as unidades que coletam a luz do
sol e convertem-na em eletricidade. Novas
tecnologias, a experiência nos processos técnicos de
produção e equipamentos estão melhorando
constantemente a eficiência na conversão, levando a
uma produção cada vez maior de energia por
unidade.
 Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are units
that collect the sunlight and converts it into usable
electricity. New technologies, the technical production
experiences and equipment are improving constantly
the conversion efficiency of these cells leading to
greater power generation per unit.

67. PANELS FOR PV SYSTEMS

68. SOLARPANELS (MODULES)
 Módulos solares são aglomerados de células
solares soldadas juntas numa armação. Essa
etapa é seguida pela encapsulação sob uma
folha de vidro. Por último, uma tomada é
instalada no verso do módulo.
 Solar modules are clusters of solar cells
soldered together on a plate. This is followed by
encapsulation under a sheet of glass.
Eventually, a power socket is installed on the
reverse side of the module.

69. FULLY INTEGRATED SOLAR CLUSTER

70. FULLY INTEGRATED SOLAR CLUSTER
The entire value added chain

71. POLYSILICON PLANT IN BRASIL
 3 EXISTEM OUTRAS FÁBRICAS DE
POLISSILÍCIO NO BRASIL E NA AMÉRICA
LATINA?
 Não. Não existem outras fábricas de
polissilício no Brasil nem na América Latina.
 3 ARE THERE OTHER POLYSILICON
FACTORIES IN BRAZIL AND IN LATIN
AMERICA?
 No. There is no polysilicon factory in Brazil or
Latin America.

72. WHERE ARE POLYSILICON PLANTS
 See below a list of countries which have
polysilicon plants, into which, as it was
already said, neither Brazil nor other Latin
America countries are inserted:
 USA, China, Hong Kong, Germany, South
Korea, Japan, India, Russia, Taiwan,
Holland, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Quatar

73. POLYSILICON PLANT IN RN
 4 WHY THE STATE OF RN, AT FIRST
GLANCE, APPEARS TO BE SUITABLE TO
RECEIVE THE POLYSILICON FACTORY?
 There are some factors that, in principle, put
the RN as a place conducive to receive the
polysilicon factory

74. POLYSILICON PLANT IN RN
 a) availability of raw material:
 as explained above, the polysilicon is
produced from the transformation of quartzite
and quartz sand. These materials are
present in large quantities, for example, in
river beds, sand dunes, among others.
Obviously, we need to observe all
environmental standards to define the
deposits that can be exploited.

75. POLYSILICON PLANT IN RN
 b) availability of energy:
 the process of purifying silicon to achieve the
solar grade polysilicon, especially the Siemens
method (see above step 4 of the economic
chain of the photovoltaic solar industry),
consumes a lot of electricity. The large wind and
solar potentials of the State opens the possibility
that this large energy needs may be supplied by
self-generation in the own manufacturing plant
using photovoltaic modules, thermosolar
technology or wind generators.

76. POLYSILICON PLANT IN RN
 c) proximity to solar modules consumer markets:
 according to the Solarimetric Atlas of Brazil, the
Brazilian Northeast, which includes the state of RN,
has a huge potential for electricity generation from
the sun through large plants or through distributed
generation (in homes, businesses, factories etc). It is
also important to mention that the Federal
Government held an auction in 2014 for hiring
photovoltaic solar energy, through which plants of this
type have already been hired, and there are two other
auctions for this purpose planned for the second half
of 2015. Furthermore, it is noted that there is a
possibility of exporting polysilicon for the photovoltaic
and electronics industry.

77. POLYSILICON PLANT IN RN
 d) privileged location:
 The RN has a very good position in the Northeast of
Brazil and the world, being close to Europe, Africa
and the United States.
 The Feasibility Study will take into account these
positive factors in determining whether that plant can
actually be installed on RN. However, the most
relevant factor for the attraction of this industry will be
a daring and proactivity posture, in a strategy that
literally takes the State from "sand to solar energy",
as they say in the photovoltaic market jargon.

78. ADVANTAGES FOR RIO GRANDE DO NORTE
 Polysilicon plant will put the State into one of
the world's most promising markets, which is
the photovoltaic solar energy one, and it will
also open up the possibility for the state to
enter the market of components for the
electronics industry.

79. ADVANTAGES FOR RIO GRANDE DO NORTE
 A factory like that will move several economic
sectors: from mining, which extracts the sand
with quartz and quartzite, to the production
and assembly sector of solar cells and
complete PV systems, with the possibility of
attracting other industries to supplement this
economic chain (as seen, the plant proposal
may go through every stage of the value
chain of the solarindustry or just produce
polysilicon.

80. BENEFITS FOR RIO GRANDE DO NORTE
 a) social: creation of jobs from the low-skilled to the most
skilled, generating local income and wealth circulation .
 b) public finances: increasing in revenues of the State’s
and municipal taxes.
 c) technological: possibility of integrating industry with
universities and other local research centers generating
technological development.
 d) economic: attraction of a clean energy industry and
based on a renewable natural resource (which is not
finite) that will take the place of the oil and gas industry
(which exploits a finite resource) when the reserves of
these fuels get exhausted in the State.

81. PARTNERS FOR REALIZING
 LC LieseConsultants GmbH
 Graf-Adolf-Platz 15 D-40213 Duesseldorf
Germany Phone: +49 (0) 211 882 42 - 180 Fax:
+49 (0) 211 882 42 - 200 E-Mail: liese@mhlc.de
Web: www.mhlc.de
 UAS Messtechnik GmbH
 Prof.-Hermann-Strauinger Strasse 4 94234
Viechtach Phone: +49 (0) 9942 9486 - 0 Fax:
+49 (0) 9942 9486 – 10 E-Mail: info@uas.de
Web: www.uas.de

82. PARTNERS FOR REALIZING
 Liese Consultants GmbH
 We Specialize in Photovoltaics and Silicon Production LC
LieseConsultants is the preeminent specialist in the
silicon and photovoltaic industry. Whether you are
building a silicon production plant or planning a complete
Solar Cluster from upstream to downstream industrial, we
are your ideal partner along the entire value-added chain.
We will support you in creating new facilities, and we will
also provide you with assistance in optimizing existing
ones with the help of our team of experienced process,
chemical, and development engineers. From concept
ideas to the delivery of operational production plants or
market-ready products, we will support you worldwide –
efficiently and with quality in mind.

83. PARTNERS FOR REALIZING
 UAS Messtechnik GmbH :
 Is an international, innovative technology- and solution
provider with an excellent background of automation
technology mainly in the following Business areas:
 Silicon and Solar Technology, Glass Technology,
Environmental Technology
 The German enterprise UAS Messtechnik GmbH is
located in the Bavarian Forest, town of Viechtach, near
Regensburg, and has been running since 1984
specialising in glass industry solutions.
 EDSTA is a wholly-owned subsidiary of UAS Messtechnik
GmbH, mainly focus on Machining and non-electrical
manufacturing.

84. PARTNERS FOR REALIZING
 Co-operation of UAS and LC LieseConsultants
 Both companies - UAS and LC LieseConsultants - look
back on more than 20 years of co-operation. In close co-
operation with the target markets have been jointly
developing innovative solutions - particularly in the
following areas:
 • Process Optimaziation
 • Energy Reduction
 • Reduction of environmental pollution
 • Safe and easy handling of the systems
 On a partnership basis the companies UAS, Siemens
und LC LieseConsultants act together for more than 10
years.

85. PARTNERS FOR REALIZING
 Advantages:
 Consequently the following advantages arises for our
customer
 • Cost-optimized solutions
 • High potential of innovation due to long-standing
experience
 • No integration problems during the various phases of a
project
 • Uppermost flexibility
 • Local Content is welcome
 • Fast support among each other
 • Each and everyone being highly professional in their field
 • Full cost transparency

86. POLYSILICON PLANT SAXONIA, GERMANY

87. POLYSILICON PLANT CHINA