Nhs For National Health Services Essay

Nhs For National Health Services Essay
NHS stands for National Health Service.NHS was launched by health secretary Aneurin
Bevan(1897–1960) at Park hospital in Manchester on July 5 1948.It was created out of the longheld
debate that good healthcare should be available to all,regardless of their wealth.Before the
establishment of NHS,the provision of healthcare was very limited.The poor people did not have
access to healthcare services as they couldn 't afford it and mostly people depended on religious
practices to cure their diseases.Before NHS,one's health was determined by one's wealth as health
services were very expensive.Since its launch in 1948, the NHS has grown to become the world's
largest funded health service provided to all.The main objective of the NHS is to provide standard
care to people.For that to happen, health professional should have certain qualities.Right values and
attitude,key skills,knowledge and strong work ethic are the necessary requirements of a healthcare
professional.Healthcare professionals can also use reflective practices for personal and professional
development in their respective field.Reflective practice is a way of learning from your own
personal experiences and then improve the way you work in your respective field.At the time of its
foundation,NHS was based on three core principles; that it meets the needs of everyone,that it be
free at the point of delivery and lastly it be based on clinical need,not ability to pay.These core
principles have pathed the way for current
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Privatization Of The NHS
NHS PRIVATIZATION
INTRODUCTION
In the post war reconstruction, due to squalors and diseases. The National Health Service (NHS) was
established on 5 July 1948. It was thought that all sectors in health service should be under one
umbrella due to advancement in medicine and pharmaceutical industry, creating new drugs such as
Antibiotics, better Anaesthetic agents, Cortisone and drugs for the treatment of Mental illness and
other ailments. The creation of NHS was a momentous achievement despite earlier professional
opposition to some of the details.
Principles of NHS
The NHS was created out of the ideal that good healthcare should be available to all, regardless of
wealth. When it was launched by the then minister of health, Aneurin Bevan, on ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Believe that the NHS should not to be privatised but reformed to meet the challenges of the 21st
century while remaining in the public sector. She pointed out that across the country, the NHS is
selling off its land and buildings and closing its services. This is happening at an unprecedented rate
which is switching NHS funds and services away from NHS services to the private sector. The total
debt is £50bn rising to £90bn and will lock–in future governments and future taxpayers for many
decades to come. The NHS currently pays £0.5bn pounds a year in PFI charges and this debt is set to
quadruple to £2.3bn a year by 2010. The beneficiaries are the banks, the shareholders and the
venture capitalists, the construction industry and facilities management. The losers are the service
users, staff and the British public.
(https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/oct/04/thenewprofiteers)
CONCLUSION
I believe the NHS should be privatised as the service (NHS) needs help. Partial or full privatisation
can provide the service with well deserve funds it needs to improve the service.
People are living longer, population is increasing by the day. Public spending is insufficient hence
the infusion of private funds can assist in providing the 1st class health service that the people
required.
Government must however put in place some safety net for check and balances. example protection
of jobs

Importance Of Association For Mental Health
Association for Mental Health (now MIND) was formed to campaign for better provision for the
mentally disabled.
The National Assistance (NA) Act, 1946, implemented 1948, abolished the Poor Law/Public
Assistance and established the National Assistance Board (NAB), which took over its institutions
and responsibility for means–tested benefits. However, all hospitals were absorbed into the National
Health Service, also established 1948. Older and disabled people were divided into the 'sick', who
were placed in hospitals (c. 90,000 people) and those needing 'care and attention' (c. 42,000) who
were placed in residential homes, overwhelmingly former workhouses. The NAAct required local
authorities, under the control of the NAB, to provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The NAB was responsible to the Minister of Health, but semi–independent and required to work
also with the new Ministry of National Insurance, whose benefits it supplemented. The
National Assistance Act was piloted through the Commons jointly by the Minister of Health,
Aneurin Bevan and the Minister of National Insurance, Jim Griffiths. The boundary between health
care and social care was far from clear and could not easily be for older and disabled people. In
1966 the NAB was abolished and replaced by the Supplementary Benefits
Commission. In 1968 this was absorbed into a new Department of Health and Social Security which
replaced the Ministries of Health and National Insurance, where it remained until 1988, when a
separate Department of Health was established. Responsibility for local government moved
permanently from the Ministry of Health to a separate in department in 1951, further complicating
the relationship between health and social care.
Few new Homes or hospitals were constructed until the late 1950s due to financial constraints.
Surveys in the 1960s found deplorable conditions in both hospitals and Homes for older and
disabled people.
There was a trend from the 1950s towards the replacement of in–patient with out–patient treatment
for the mentally disabled, influenced by the increasing awareness of psychiatrists of the harmful
effects of long–term institutional care for some people, and by the costs of institutions. In 1953 half
of

Nhs ( National Health Trust )
NHS (National Health Trust)
July the 5th 1948 – The NHS is born. When health secretary Aneurin Bevan launched the NHS at
park Hospital in Manchester today known as Trafford General Hospital, It is the climax of a hugely
ambitious plan to good health to all. For the first, hospitals, doctor, nurses, pharmacists, opticians
and dentists we brought together under one umbrella organisation to provide services that are free
for all at the point of delivery.
VISION
Everyone has greater control of their health and their wellbeing, supported to live longer, healthier
lives by high quality health and care services that are compassionate, inclusive and constantly
improving.
MISSION
Health and high quality care for all, now and for the future generations.
OBJECTIVES
The NHS objectives are based on business plan set out in 2016/2017 to support providers in meeting
the challenges across five areas.
Quality
Finance and the use of resources
Operational performance
Strategic change
Leadership and improvement capability
1. Quality objectives
– Reduce to zero the number of providers in specific measures
– Two–thirds of inspected providers will be operating at CQC "good" or 'outstanding' levels of
quality
– Support providers in the role out of seven– day hospital services, working with NHS England.
– Implement patient safety initiatives in priority areas.
– Deliver guidance and tools for providers to make safe staffing decisions.
2. Finance and use of resources objectives
– Achieve and

Explain Why The Nhs Should Not Be Abolished Or Privatized
The NHS has grown to become the world's largest publicly funded health service system since
1948(Nhs.uk, 2015).There are many issues and disputes in NHS. Nowadays,some people believe
that the NHS should be abolished or privatized,because it can solve many issues with NHS.This
essay agree that the NHS should not be abolished or privatized.
Firstly,some people endorse the NHS should be abolished or privatized.It would a effective way to
reduce the government spending.It can also reduce the government financial pressure,but the
government saved the money which will be paid by the most of citizen.People may go bankrupt as
personal cost on medical care might increase whitch exceed range they can accept range.For
example,this picture shows that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
no society can legitimately call itself civilized if a sick person is denied medical aid because of lack
of means.(Bevan, 1952)"It is unfair to these people which do not have enough money to afford
healthcare.The poor people's essential health right should be protected,not be hurt by other people
which can afford the extra expensive private medical

Nhs ( National Health Service )
NHS (National Health Service)
July the 5th 1948 – The NHS is born. When health secretary Aneurin Bevan launched the NHS at
park Hospital in Manchester today known as Trafford General Hospital, It is the climax of a hugely
ambitious plan to good health to all. For the first, hospitals, doctor, nurses, pharmacists, opticians
and dentists we brought together under one umbrella organisation to provide services that are free
for all at the point of delivery.
VISION
Everyone has greater control of their health and their wellbeing, supported to live longer, healthier
lives by high quality health and care services that are compassionate, inclusive and constantly
improving.
MISSION
Health and high quality care for all, now and for the future generations.
OBJECTIVES
The NHS objectives are based on business plan set out in 2016/2017 to support providers in meeting
the challenges across five areas.
1 .Quality
2. Finance and the use of resources
3. Operational performance
4. Strategic change
5. Leadership and improvement capability
1. Quality objectives
– Reduce to zero the number of providers in specific measures
– Two–thirds of inspected providers will be operating at CQC "good" or 'outstanding' levels of
quality
– Support providers in the role out of seven– day hospital services, working with NHS England.
– Implement patient safety initiatives in priority areas.
– Deliver guidance and tools for providers to make safe staffing decisions.
2. Finance and use of resources objectives
–

The National Health Service ( Nhs )
1.0 Introduction The National Health Service (NHS) was started in 1948 by Aneurin Bevan, the
minister of health at the time. It was based on three core principles that still underpin the NHS today.
It was set up to ensure that everyone could have access to healthcare, despite their financial
circumstances (NHS 2013a). Although the NHS has achieved what it set out to do, it is now in major
financial difficulty, with debt that could reach £1bn by the end of 2014 (Campbell 2014). Diseases
that are age related, or that result from lifestyle choices, cost the NHS billions of pounds each year.
Therefore, basing access to treatment on lifestyle and age could be one option to save money. 2.0
NHS treatments and entitlement Residents of the UK have the right to receive NHS services without
having to pay for them. Currently the only exceptions are prescriptions (in England) and dental
treatment, where entitlement is based on age and income. 3.0 Reasons for basing entitlement on age
and lifestyle: 3.1 Cost Lifestyle choices such as smoking, drinking alcohol, poor diet and lack of
physical exercise have many diseases associated with them. In 2006–07, patients with these diseases
cost the NHS a combined total of £18.4bn (Scarborough et al. 2011). If the NHS limited treatment to
these groups of people, it would be able to invest this money into other areas of need. This could
lead to improved facilities for people who become ill through no fault of their own. 3.1.1 Smokers

Beveridge Report Pros And Cons
1. What were the key recommendations of the Beveridge report? The key recommendations of the
Beveridge report were to banish poverty from Britain with the introduction of a welfare state which
was to be introduced once the war had ended. The report aimed to tackle such key parasites of
society such as "Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness" The core of the report aimed for a kind
of revolution in British society, absconding with all factors that harm its population and
subsequently its progress. The report recommended that future ideals and proposals should not be
hindered by exclusive interests and that social security was only achievable with 'co–operation
between State and individual'. Additionally, this new state could not be stifled ... Show more content
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Subsequently, income tax on many top earners in the country had been raised to 83%. 4. What were
the pros and cons of Labours policy of nationalisation of industry On the one hand, the benefits of
Labour's policy of nationalisation of industry included such factors as allowing industries to follow
social policies in comparisons to strictly profitable investments such as public transportation,
additionally these newly gained profits could be utilized in supporting other state programs and
services. Moreover, there allowed a greater sense of equality instead of simply rich business owners
claiming industries, they were now symbolically owned by the public yet controlled by State. It also
allowed the achieving of lower production costs and prices could be set bellow the standard which
private firms would not permit. On the other hand cons of nationalisation include the fact that
nationalisation often comes into being due to private property being seized by domestic or foreign
owners without compensation for their

Social Policy Essay
Unit 7 Social Policy
LO1
Understand the significant historical and contemporary landmarks in social welfare provision
1.1 Outline significant historical and contemporary landmarks in social policy.
Social policy is the study of social services and the welfare state. In general terms, it looks at the
idea of social welfare, and its relationship to politics and society. More specifically, it also considers
detailed issues in * policy and administration of social services, including policies for health,
housing, income maintenance, education and social work; * needs and issues affecting the users of
services, including poverty, old age, health, disability, and family policy; and * The delivery of
welfare.
Social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1965 – The Family Allowances Act, the National Insurance Act and the National Insurance
(Industrial Injuries) Act consolidated previous legislation.
1966 – The Social Security Act abolishes National Assistance and replaces it with Supplementary
Benefits. The National Assistance Board becomes the Supplementary Benefits Commission; and
after means testing, non–contributory benefits and allowances are introduced.
1967 – The General Practice Finance Corporation is set up.
1970 – Local Authority Social Services Act leads to the setting up of social services departments
within local authorities.
The Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act extends the powers and duties of local authorities to
help disabled people.
The National Insurance Act extends eligibility for widows' pensions; introduces non–contributory
pensions and Attendance Allowance for disabled people.
The Family Income Supplements Act provides for a new benefit for families with small incomes.
The families are exempted from health service charges and children are eligible for free school
meals.
1973 – The Social Security Act introduces introduces earnings related contributions; annual reviews;
and phases out the graduated pensions scheme.
1975 – Free family planning services are made available, from all NHS clinics to all people,
irrespective of age and marital status.
1975 – The Child Benefit Act replaces family allowances with child benefits.

Essay History of the National Health Service
History of the National Health Service The purpose of this essay is to outline the history of the
National Health Service and why it was introduced into the everyday lives of the British people. As
the NHS is a major factor of the welfare given to the people of Britain, we must look at the early
years of the Welfare laws and acts passed down through the centuries, which eventually lead to the
creation of the NHS. The first welfare reforms were known as the 'Poor Laws', which had their
beginnings in the Elizabethan era. In 1601 the first Poor Laws were passed which basically put each
parish in charge of doling out relief to the parish poor. In theory these new laws should have been
sufficient ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These improvements meant that people started to live longer. However for the extremely poor there
was still no safety net to help them in old age and meant that medical treatment was not affordable
to them at any cost. Even in a poor house or infirmary, medical treatment was crude and basic and
more often than not the patient still died with no cure for their ailments. In 1906 the Liberals swept
into power as the ruling Government, and they introduced a means tested old age pension for
persons aged seventy years old or above (at this time the average life expectancy for men was
around 48 years old). By 1911 a basic national health and unemployment insurance act was passed
with contributions laid down by Parliament, with friendly societies and mutually owned bodies
operating the health schemes. During this time and into the twenties, municipal hospitals were set up
and they dealt with treatment for the poor or low income population, upper classes could afford to
pay for their own treatment and were generally excluded from using the municipal hospital
facilities. These hospitals grew in number and by the end of the thirties there were roughly 1750
municipal hospitals in England and Wales, and these provided training facilities for both Nurses and
Doctors. As the facilities got

P1- Describe how marketing techniques are used to market...
Describe how marketing techniques are used to market products in two organisations
In this task I will describe how marketing techniques are used to market products in two different
organisations in this case NHS and Nike.
NHS
The NHS was found by Aneurin Bevan on the 5th of July 1948 when he opened the Park hospital in
Manchester; his ambition was to break a high standard of healthcare to everyone. This gave the
opportunity for doctors, nurses etc. to be together and provide a service which is free and of high
standard. Gradually the NHS improved and the quality of the health improved dramatically and with
the money doctors were able to carry out research which allowed them to do more to help the health
care for everyone.
Nike ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This strategy is all about branding which is creating a unique name and image for a product in the
consumers ' mind, mainly through advertising campaigns. This is important because if the product is
seen as unique then more customers may want to buy the product as it is not already out there.
relationship strategies
This strategy is used by businesses to build a relationship with their customers; this will mean that
their customers will be loyal to them which could result in the business making more revenue.
Examples of this strategy are customer loyalty schemes. The reason a business would do this is to
ensure that they have loyal customers which will ensure that those customers will come back to their
business.
transactional marketing
Transactional marketing is a business strategy that focuses on single, "point of sale" transactions.
The emphasis is on maximizing the efficiency and volume of individual sales rather than developing
a relationship with the buyer. This means that the business is concerned about making the most
amounts of sales in a set period of time instead of building a relationship with their customers to
make them want to come back. http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/transactional–marketing
Market Sectors & Aims –
NHS
The NHS is in the public sector, this is usually an organisation which is funded by the government.

Unit 9 P4 Health And Social Care Study
Over the last century health and social care has changed and developed immensely with the
implementation of the NHS and becoming a welfare state. Prior to this health care was only
available to a minority of people, those who could afford it. In 1815 the old poor law was passed, it
stated that each parish must look after its own poor and those who could not work were provided
enough money to help them survive. By 1830 the poor law cost around £7 million, which came from
taxing the middle and upper class, causing a sense of resentment towards lower class, unemployed
people. In 1834 the new poor law was passed, its aim was to reduce the cost of looking after the
poor. Workhouses helped with this, they provided clothes, food and healthcare in return for manual
labour. Despite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also proposed a national health service that would be free of charge and available to all. In 1948
Aneurin Bevan launched the NHS "The NHS was created out of the ideal that good healthcare
should be available to all, regardless of wealth." (nhs.uk). The core principles of the NHS were that
it should meet the needs of everyone, be free at the point of delivery and be based on the need for
treatment rather than the ability to pay. The NHS provided a completely free service until 1951
when fees for prescriptions, dental treatments and eye treatments were introduced, today the service
still remains free to use and the fees for such things are something that can be squashed if you are
above or below a certain age or in receipt of a particular benefit. Becoming a welfare state meant
that there was now a minimum standard of living that each person in Britain should not fall below
with benefits being issued for unemployment, sickness, retirement and maternity on the basis that
everyone contributes to

Making a Financial Case
Making a Financial Case Understanding Financial Concepts Used To Inform Management Decisions
1: Understanding financial concepts used to inform management decisions 1.1: Explain the
differences between capital and revenue expenditure, using examples Capital Revenue A capital
expenditure is an amount spent to acquire or improve a long–term asset such as equipment or
buildings. Usually the cost is recorded in an account classified as Property, Plant and Equipment.
The cost (except for the cost of land) will then be charged to depreciation expense over the useful
life of the asset. Within the Aneurin Bevan University Health Board we are governed by the
'Financial Control Procedure – Capital Assets and Charges' (Appendix 1). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Overhead costs are the costs of support services that contribute to the effective running of the
Aneurin Bevan University Health Board. They are costs not driven by the level of patient activity
and are apportioned to service costs because there are no clear patient activity based allocation
methods. Examples include the chief executive's salary, business planning, and human resources.
Within the three classifications sit: Fixed costs Semi–fixed costs Variable costs Fixed, where costs
are not affected by in–year changes in activity. For example in the services I manage I employ two
full time and one part time Supervisor (Categorised below as Domestic Band 4). The costs for the
Supervisors will not alter throughout the year as they are not covered when away from work due to
annual leave or sickness. Type Subjective Description WTE Actual Annual Budget Cur Month
Budget Cur Month Actual Cur Month Variance YTD Budget YTD Actual YTD Variance Pay
2M541–Domestic Band 4 2.48 77,100 6,424 6,169 (255) 51,392 51,323 (69) Semi–fixed, where
costs are fixed for a given level of activity but change in steps when activity levels exceed or fall
below these given levels. For example unlike the Supervisor's, Catering, Portering and Domestic
staff are backfilled when they take annual leave or on sick leave. Staffing levels can also be
increased when extra demands,

A Brief Note On Legislation And When The National Health...
Its important to understand that Reports are linked to Legislation and then are linked to relevant
Policies. Before the National Health Service (NHS) came into force in 1948, there was the Poor Law
which was introduced in 1601 and was paid for by imposing property taxes. In 1834 the Poor Law
Amendment Act was brought in and was designed to reduce the cost of looking after the poor, and to
encourage poor people to work. In 1942 Sir William Beveridge unveiled the Welfare Foundations,
the plan offered care to all from birth through to death. The NHS was established as a result of the
1944 White Paper. The 1946 NHS Act came into effect on the 5th July 1948, and was founded by
Health Secretary Aneurin Bevan. 1962 saw the publication of the Porritt Report, which raised
concerns about the NHS being separated into three parts – hospitals, general practices and local
health authorities. Enoch Powell's 1962 Hospital Plan approves the development of district general

No Bevan, No Nhs 1986
No Bevan, No NHS 1986
The 5th July 1948, marked the end of of a tireless and extremely ambitious movement to bring
satisfactory health care to each and every resident of the United Kingdom. It was on this date that
Park Hospital in Manchester, was opened by the then health secretary Aneurin Bevan. Opticians,
dentists, pharmacists, nurses and doctors were for the first time brought together, under 'one
umbrella organisation, to provide services that are free for all at the point of delivery' (nhs.uk, 2015)
The Second World War had left a considerable impact, in its wake – homelessness, disease and
casualties. Directly, it had led to the establishment of an Emergency Medical Service. Its task was to
oversee the treatment of civilian bombing casualties. At this point, existing authorities such as local
councils, ran the hospitals. This was within a regional framework, with each role being decided on
by the Ministry of Health. The war however did not create new welfare services, but it did 'create
the political will to change the basis on which these services were offered' (Webster, 2001)
Comprehensive proposals were further pushed forward by the publication of the Beveridge Report
in 1942 on Social Insurance and Allied Services. It identified the main issues that were faced by
British society and endorsed the idea of a comprehensive health service. Two years later, the White
Paper, 'A National Health Service' (February 1944) was published. The paper summarised the
overall

How successful were the Labour reforms of 1945
How successful were the Labour Government reforms of 1945–51 in improving social and
economic conditions? From 1945 to 1951, Clement Attlee was prime minister of the Labour
Government. He aimed to improve the Social and Economic Conditions. The main aims to improve
the social conditions were: to create a fairer society and improve the lives of ordinary people, build
on the recommendations of the Beveridge Report, and slay the five giants (Want, Disease, Squalor,
Ignorance, and Idleness). The main aims to improve the economic conditions were: fulfilling the
Nationalisation programme and reducing unemployment. Labour had to recover from being
identified with the failures of the 1930s. The Beveridge Report of 1942, written by William ... Show
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Housing was quite successful in a way (Squalor was another giant); many houses were built. 1.5
million Council houses were built and quarter of a million pre–fabricated houses were built.
Although, with the amount of houses being destroyed by bombs, not enough houses were built. It
was successful because many people were able to move into one of these homes. Ignorance and
Idleness were two of the five giants; ignorance was

Role Of Improvement In Health: Edwin Chadwick And Aneurin...
There were many key individuals who contributed towards improvements in health including Edwin
Chadwick and Aneurin Bevan, and in my opinion, the individual who played the most important
role in improving public health would be public health minister Aneurin Bevan.
One reason why I believe that Aneurin Bevan played the most important role would be that he was
part of the Labour government who introduced the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948 and was
responsible for the dissolution of strong opposition from doctors who were apprehensive about the
introduction of free health care. When the NHS was initially set up, doctors were concerned that
they would lose money, as well as freedom, as a result of the closure of their private practices

What Are The Key Features Of The Welfare State?
What are the key features of the welfare state?
At first, asking what are the key features of the welfare state are, seems relatively simple: to protect
the most at risk in a society? But it is vastly more complicated question to answer when truly
thinking about it deeply. The wider impact and problems surround the question of Welfare and what
those key features are and should be. Further to this, dependent on who is in charge of the state, may
change the very definition of what they consider to be Welfare and how far it should go, based
perhaps on their political ideology; be they Conservative or Labour for example, each party may
have differing views of how far the state should intervene within the realm of social policy.
Firstly this essay will show how and why the foundations of the welfare state came about. The essay
will attempt to identify and explain what the key features of the 'classic welfare state' (Lowe, 2005),
although this is difficult to define as there are many subjectively important features within the realm
of welfare, one can easily argue strongly for each separate feature and its level of importance, within
society. So this essay will aim to show what are broadly speaking the most crucial within society
and what features have been consistently at the forefront of government's welfare and will finally
summarise the findings.
To begin, this essay will look at why and how the welfare state came about. It is however important
to acknowledge that the exact

NHS Social Changes
The National Health Service has seen many political and financial changes since it began. The
advance in medicine since the 19th century impacted the Britain significantly. The health of the
nation has improved dramatically since the NHS formed. The timeline of events leading up to its
formation are crucial. The health services in the 19th century consisted of self–employed doctors
who were for the rich and charitable volunteers for the poor. Local authority hospitals catered for
specific illnesses and health issues only, these included maternity and mental illness. The lack of
control over housing allowed slums to be built, the poverty in these conditions led to malnutrition.
Cholera and Typhoid epidemics bred quickly in the slums and it ... Show more content on
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In 2012 The British Medical Association (BMA) made the decision to strike over major changes to
the NHS pension scheme and the re–formation of the NHS structure without any discussion with the
BMA first. Also in 2012 The Health and Social Care Act 2012 was introduced by the coalition
government. It brought substantial changes to the way the NHS is organised, while work is also
underway to improve the quality of social care and reform its funding. Robert Francis, chair of the
Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry presented his final report to the Secretary of
State for Health. It pointed out the errors with the current NHS and the falling standards of nursing
and healthcare. From 2005 to 2009 Francis collected evidence about a large amount of preventable
deaths of patients while waiting for treatment in Staffordshire hospital. He published his final report
in February 2013. The Government published their response later on in the year. The full reaction
focused powerfully on new legislation and direction to hospital trusts and their employees, planning
to make the NHS more open, accountable and focused on safety and

Welfare State Turning Points 1830-1948
So, one may argue the creation of the welfare state is the turning point 1830–1948. The term
'welfare state' represented a new concept of how the state should relate to the people and was
developed by the 1945 Labour government. It was heavily influenced by a report in 1942 –'Social
Insurance and Allied Services' – published by William Beveridge. The report was a response to the
existing problems of poverty as he set out to attack the 'five giants': want, squalor, disease,
ignorance and idleness. The report produced a comprehensive manifesto of social reform, proposing
that the social security system cover the whole population with benefits available to support people
facing any crisis disrupting their normal income: unemployment, sickness, disability, death of the ...
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There was still some confusion around the scheme and disbelief all around. For instance, Aneurin
Bevan was forced to engage in a fierce two years battle with the British Medical Associations about
doctors participating in the a national health service. In addition, by March 1948, 13% still saw the
NHS as a bad idea. Although 61% did see the NHS as a good idea which is a large portion of the
population. So, while not all poverty eradicated it was a huge leap in the right direction. Therefore
the new welfare state was a radical turning point because the state were responsible at a national
level to provide social security for the whole population – no one was excluded. This meant that not
only the richest sections of society would benefit but also the poorest sections – everyone could
benefit from welfare provision, particularly from family allowances and the National Health
Service. Therefore, the welfare state is the turning point in provision for the

Nhs Services : The Nhs
The NHS itself originally came around in the year 1948 and was launched by Aneurin Bevan. It was
all based on 3 principles which were; firstly to provide hospital services, secondly to provide
primary care; family doctor services and finally community services such as maternity and child
welfare clinics, health visitors, midwives, health education, vaccinations, immunisations and
ambulance services. (Beryl Stretch, 2007)
The NHS also wanted to provide health care for all individuals unconditionally not charging
individuals using this service. Also Aneurin Bevan intended to have all healthcare professionals such
as doctors, nurses, pharmacies, dentists and even opticians to all work together in one setting such as
hospital and provide this free care. (www.nhs.uk)
The NHS also aimed to be financed by tax payers and national insurance contributors where
working people and employers paid towards this in aid to pay for any healthcare from the NHS ''all
will contribute to provide for all''. They also aimed to be available to all regardless of wealth, social
class, age, race and gender (www.slideshare.net). Alongside this they also provided for older people,
mentally ill people, soldiers and everyone else as we all were eligible for care even individuals who
were in the country visiting. (www.nhshistory.net)
As a result of the Second World War 1945 a lot more medical attention was required. The NHS
came in to help people with their health as well as those who were injured due

Comparison Between The Uk And Uk Healthcare Systems
Comparison of the US and UK healthcare systems
The UK Healthcare system is based /focused on primary care services which leads to improved
health outcomes, better patient satisfaction, and decreased overall health expenditures.
Type of Health Care System
United Kingdom
National Health Service
The NHS was created out of the ideal that good healthcare should be available to all, regardless of
wealth. They provide a comprehensive range of health services, the vast majority of which are free
at the point of use for people legally resident in the United Kingdom.
When it was launched by the then minister of health, Aneurin Bevan, on July 5 1948, it was based
on three core principles:
that it meet the needs of everyone
that it be free at the point of delivery
that it be based on clinical need, not ability to pay
These three principals have guided the development of the NHS over more than 60 years and remain
at its core.
Financing
National Health Service is mainly funded ultimately from general taxation (with a much smaller
amount from National Insurance contributions). Other, less significant sources of income include
charging overseas visitors and their insurers for the cost of NHS treatment, charges to patients for
prescriptions and dental treatment, hospital car parking, patient telephone services, etc.
Scope of Services Provided
The service is designed to diagnose, treat and improve both physical and mental health. It has a duty
to each and every individual

The Qualitative Methodology Of Research Essay
The qualitative methodology of this research can be considered appropriate, as the researchers have
explained about the participants subjective experiences throughout the article in different sections
such as data collection and analysis, experience of healthcare and effects of the illness, experience of
spiritual needs and variation over the course of the illness, spiritual help/support, developing
spiritual support guidelines and services, conclusions and implications for the nurse managers.
The research design seemed appropriate to address the aims of the research as sampling, data
collection and analysis was carried out on the basis of qualitative research method.
Although the researcher fails to clearly state which type of sampling was used in the research,
however from observation it has been assumed that purposive sampling was used which was
considered appropriate for this type of study. Purposive sampling is the type of sampling where
participants are usually recruited to a study because of their exposure to or their experience of the
phenomenon in question, which tends to ensure richness in the data, gathered (Borbasi and Jackson
2012, p.135). The researcher has not been able to give reason behind some participants not taking
part as out of 26 patients accepting the information about the study 17 agreed to participate. One
died before the first interview leaving with a sample of 16 patients, which can be considered
appropriate sample size as qualitative samples are

The 5 Giant Evils Of William Beveridge's Five Giant Evils
William Beveridge and the Five Giant Evils William Beveridge was part of the war time
government, after world war two he was tasked with the job of putting in place a framework for the
welfare state. The aim of the report was to find out what Britain needed to take care of the basic
needs of all the people and to begin to put in place a set of reforms to give every citizen of Britain a
basic standard of living. Published in 1942 the Report proposed a new social security system that
would provide benefits 'from the cradle to the grave' this would include in ideally a system of proper
healthcare, sickness and unemployment benefits, family allowance and an employment policy. As
well as this, the report would outline how best to tackle the five giant evils, Beveridge believed that
these issues were what was standing in the way of social progress for post–war Britain. Citizens
were more open to government intervention in relation to social welfare due to their increased
involvement for the duration of the war, individuals became accustomed to higher taxation to help
cover medical costs and services for people who had been injured by bombing and air raids. This
example of free health care paved the way for creation to the NHS and made individuals more aware
of the benefits of free health care. Also, due to the mixing of social classes during the second world
war on the battle field and on the home front, as well as shared experiences under a common enemy
many British people

Btec 3 P, M
Mission statement = A formal, short, written statement of the purpose of a company organization
Stakeholder = a person with an interest or concern in something, especially a business
Public sector = the part of an economy that is controlled by the government.
Private sector = the part of the national economy that is not under direct government control.
The two business I have chosen are NHS and Nike
The NHS (National Health Service) is located in the public sector as it is financed and controlled by
the government. The NHS is solely located in the United Kingdom, and provides free health care for
the citizens of the United Kingdom. The NHS was found out of a long–held ideal good healthcare
should be available to everyone no ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The governments point of view is just to fund and make the NHS sucure for the people of the UK.
Another way to communicate to the national health care is through the staff striking. This is a means
of communication by showing there needs to be a change for the staff at the hospital. The NHS also
has face to face talks with their patients during their vist or stay at the hospitals. This shows that the
staff also want to be looked after by the government via payment.
The main stakeholder for Nike is the general public as they purchase the goods Nike produce and
the public is the main source of revenue for that organization, the genral public also somehow
sponser Nike by wearing their clothing brand , which is a need to get product. Another stakeholder
for the organization are companies such as sports direct, as they purchase Nikes goods as they're
competitors to other companies such as JD. Nike sells it's good internationally which means
different countries will purchase their goods. Sport teams are also influenced in Nike as they
sponsors Nikes brand, as Nike pay them to advertise their logo in varies ways. The local community
would also be seen as a stakeholder depending on the response to Nike, positive or negative. The
government is also affected due to business tax. The more stores Nike open the more tax money the
government get, which is 20%. Nikes staff provide a service for Nike as they sell

unit 12 public health p1 and p2
P1 Meaning of Public Health: Public health is concerned with improving the health of population,
rather than treating the diseases of individual patients. If a condition has been discovered –they want
to make sure they live longer by promoting and preventing diseases and complications. Public
health is everyone around you and the involvement of the community. If public health is really
effective then it will also help the NHS save money. Monitoring the health status of the community:
When we are monitoring the health status of the community we are trying to identify and solve the
certain problems of the community. We will be looking for the trends and patterns which will then
be compared to other communities. This will help us to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Immunisation and other control measures are put in place to control them so that the diseases do not
affect the whole population. This also may include food hygiene measures in restaurants and
takeaways to control the spread of food poising. Communicable disease is carried out by
microorganisms and then transmitted through people, animals, foods and pollution. In the UK, the
government promotes health related points such as five–a–day this promotes to eat five fruit or
vegetable a day, do regular exercise, eat a balanced diet. When people have a baby they are advised
that they should take their child too regular check–ups and it is important to get their immunisation
as it will protect the child from infectious disease. A way the government control diseases in the
population is by planning and evaluating the health and social care provision, they do this by
assessing the services that are being provided and see if they are helping problems that take place. It
is also important that when infectious diseases have come up, it is a legal requirement that it is
reported to the appropriate people, by doing this measures can be put in place to stop them
spreading. An example for this is when diseases such as Tuberculosis (TB) and Measles are
diagnosed or suspected, the local medical officer is responsible for monitoring the disease and

Biography Of George Orwell Research Paper
Born on June 25, 1903, in Motihari, Bengal, India, Eric Arthur Blair would go on to be known by
the pseudonym George Orwell, a British novelist, essayist, and critic ("George Orwell Biography").
Orwell is best known for his novels Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty–Four, which are now both
classics. Although he never entirely abandoned his original name, his first major work in 1933,
Down and Out in Paris and London, appeared as the work of George Orwell (Woodcock). His
pseudonym would later become so attached to him that few people but his relatives knew his true
name (Woodcock). Nowadays, still very few know of his true name. This name change would go on
to correspond with a dramatic shift in Orwell's lifestyle, becoming a political and ... Show more
He stayed to join the Republican militia, rising to the rank of second lieutenant while serving on the
fronts of Aragon and Teruel (Woodcock). While fighting at Teruel, he was shot in the throat and arm,
leaving him seriously wounded and his voice permanently affected (Woodcock) ("George Orwell
Biography"). Before being forced to flee in fear of his life, Orwell fought in Barcelona against
communists who were trying to suppress their political opponents (Woodcock). He later expresses
his subsequent lifelong dread of communism in the vivid account of his experiences in his 1938
novel, Homage to Catalonia, which is considered by many to be one of his best books (Woodcock).
This dread of communism is very likely one of the reasons he never took the next step and call
himself a

Significant Developments From The Welfare State
Identify and explain two significant developments resulting from the welfare state.
The NHS came around in July 5, 1948. The Health Minister Aneurin (also known as Nye) Bevan
purely nationalised the existing system across the UK. The groundbreaking change was to make all
services freely available to everyone. Half of Scotland's landmass was already covered by a state–
funded health system serving the entire community and directly run from Edinburgh. Additionally,
the war years had seen a state–funded hospital building programme in Scotland on a scale unknown
in Europe. This was combined into the new NHS. Scotland also had its own individual medical
tradition, this is centred on its medical schools rather than private practice. The legislation that
empowered the UK to have the NHS is National Health Service Act (1948), this despite opposition
from doctors, who maintained on the right to continue treating some patients privately. The NHS
ensured that Doctors, hospital, dentists, opticians, ambulances, midwives and health visitors were
available, free to everybody. This Reason why we have health services is because it developments a
view that health care was a right, not something given unreliably by charity, also two–party's
agreement that the existing services were in a mess and had to be sorted out, it stopped financial
difficulties for the voluntary hospitals and After the second world war it ensured the creation of an
emergency medical service as part of the war effort

Aneurin Bevan Research Paper
In 1945, The new Labour government came in on a manifesto that promised a revolution in health
care. A health minor was a minor job and was classed as being below cabinet rank, but now it was to
be filled by a major politician Aneurin Bevan, he was the adored charismatic leader of the Labour
left. Bevan's ambition was to build health service that would follow his 4 principles; it was to be free
at the point of delivery, available to everyone who needed it, paid for out of the general taxation and
used responsibly. Unquestionable when look at the state of the health service t the time but there was
furious opposition from the doctors, consultants and the Conservative party. Bevan was great when
the Labour–led London Country Council, surrendered its hospitals without a fight (McSmith,2008).
The creation of the NHS was influenced by William Beveridge in 1942 with his report to defeat ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hill argued that that funding should come from insurance not taxation. It was thought the in the first
months of the NHS people rushed and queued in fear the Hill would get his way and the free
treatment would no longer be available. Bevan's best enemy was Sir Bernard Docker a wealthy
industrialist, Sir Bernard was chairman of the clutch of private firms, and spoke for the management
for the private hospitals (NHS choices,2015). One of the fears that the Conservatives had was that
poor people would abuse the free treatment ad strip the chemist shops. Spending over the first year
overshot the budget, so the prime minister Clement Attlee, went onto the radio to pled with people
not to overburden the service. The expense brought Bevan's Ministerial career to a premature end, in
1951 a new Labour chancellor was appointed. Hugh Gaitskell introduced the prescription charges
breaching one of Bevan's principles that care must be free (NHS

Characteristics Of A Deprivation Index On Poverty In The UK
Townsend (1979) created a deprivation index to measure the extent of poverty in the UK.
Characteristics % of population
1 Has not had a week's holiday away from home in last 12 months 53.6
2 Adults only. Has not had a relative or friend to the home for a meal or snack in the last four weeks
33.4
3 Adults only. Has not been out in the last four weeks to a relative or friend for a meal or snack
45.1
4 Children only (under 15). Has not had a friend to play or to tea in the last four weeks
36.3
5 Children only. Did not have party on last birthday 56.6
6 Has not had an afternoon or evening out for entertainment in the last two weeks 47.0
7 Does not have fresh meat (including meals out) as many as four days a week 19.3
8 Has gone through one or more days in the past fortnight without a cooked meal 7.0
9 Has not had a cooked breakfast most days of the week 67.3
10 Household does not have a refrigerator 45.1
11 Household does not usually have a Sunday joint (three in four times) 25.9
12 Household does not have sole use of four amenities indoors (flush WC; sink or washbasin and
cold–water tap; fixed bath or shower; and gas/electric cooker)
21.4
Table created by Emma Greaves – data sourced from (P. Townsend (1979) 'Poverty in the United
Kingdom', Penguin, Harmondsworth, p.250 as cited in Haralambos and Holborn, 2008)
Mack and Lansley (1985) expanded on Townsend's deprivation index and

Origins of the NHS in the United Kingdom Essay example
Origins of the NHS in the United Kingdom The NHS began in 1948 as a result of an act of
Parliament in 1946, under the guidance of Aneurin Bevan, then a Minister of the incumbent Labour
Government, and in response to the Beveridge Report on The Welfare State of 1942. Most hospitals
in the UK had previously been operated as non–profit making concerns. About two–thirds of them
had been run by Local Authorities (the bodies also responsible for local Fire Services, Schools,
Roads etc), with about one third of them run independently as Voluntary Hospitals. With the NHS
act, these were all compulsorily acquired and subsequently administered by the State, and all
treatments became universally available at no cost at the point of provision, the ... Show more
Prior to the NHS Act, hospitals had been constructed generally in places where there was sufficient
private custom to make them financially viable as individual going concerns, rather than in response
to pure local need. This resulted in a significant excess of hospital service provision, for example, in
and around London and a relative dearth in less affluent parts of the country. In the less well off
provinces, many of today's hospitals are contained in buildings that began life as 'poor houses', often
situated geographically in less than ideal sites for their current use. Although many would like to see
'Green–Field' redevelopment and relocation of acute services, the cost is prohibitive. PROBLEMS
One of the biggest obstacles to successful management of the NHS, and also to any analysis of its
current well being, remains the significant lack of any valid information as to what the NHS does,
how much it costs and where the money is spent. Indeed, it is perhaps surprising that 'the 1990
changes' were conceived and implemented as fast as they were, given the lack of information that
was available in 1988. (Ham, 1996) Attempts were made at the start to ensure that hospitals began
from a 'level playing field' so that they were in fair competition with one another, but the sometimes
10 fold differences in the early quoted costs for identical services in different hospitals had as much
to do with differing costs of maintaining buildings

What Are the Important Factors Influencing the Nhs in...
Introduction
The influences affecting the NHS today sometime are not evident unless viewed against the changes
and trends that have developed since its inception. After the World War II it was an era of simplicity
and desperation the general population had housing crisis, food shortage and raw material shortages
etc.
Political Influences
On a global political stand point there was a uniting of ideas and governments; what we know today
as the United Nations (UN). One of the main ideas which the UN has grown up around is 'The
individual possess rights simply by virtue of being Human' (The Universal Declaration of human
rights); which was adopted by the general assembly in 10th December 1948. This statement is
reflect in the core principles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The NHS tried several different approaches to the problem–solving through budgeting and the
arrival of waiting lists. Due to an increase of staff and funding and the NHS still in trouble this
attracted the spot light of the media and question started to be raised.
Margret Thatcher administration
The Prime Minister Margret Thatcher (PMMT) set in to motion a re–examining of the NHS in 1990
this produced a White Papers 'Working for patient and caring for people'. The result of this a created
the 'internal market' [5] which competes for care on a commission basis. This brought about new
legislation 'The National Health Service and Community Care Act' [5]
How it works: Hospital trust contends to provide care taking the running of hospitals away from the
health authority but instead buy care from the trust. The local authority commission care for their
local people from their own trust or others. There was a clause called the 'GP fund holders option'
[5] which allowed some GP to by care for their patients.
At the time this was being created the labour party accused of trying to privatise the NHS. This
became a major element in their campaign which took them to power in 1997.
1997 The Tony Blair influence? Labour had gone through internal reforms and now dubbed itself
New Labour, one of the key promises of the 1997 election from new labour was to 'scrap internal
market and GP fund holding, and to replace competition with collaboration'.
2000
The introduction of PFI

NHS Core Values
This assignment will discuss the core values that underpin social and health service delivery and
will compare the current health service provision with health care services at the inception of the
NHS. The NHS has seven core values that aim to ensure that quality care is delivered to everyone
regardless of their gender, religion, race, age, wealth or sexual orientation. These values have been
developed by the general public, patients and staff, with local authorities having to develop and
adapt these to provide personalised care. These values not only underpin the social and health
delivery service, but also influence the legislation regarding care. For example the Care Act 2014
looks at integrating care, involving the patient and carer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has not changed in the current NHS, albeit more values have been added to improve service
delivery. The NHS remains free with the exception of some charges, such as prescriptions, optical
and dental services. It covers everything from antenatal screening and routine treatments for long–
term conditions, to transplants, emergency treatment and end–of–life care.
The National Health Service (NHS) was planned as a three–tier structure. With the Minister of
Health at the top and below were the three tiers designed to interact with each other to suit the needs
of the patient. These tiers were voluntary and municipal hospitals supervised by Regional hospital
boards, family doctors, dentists, opticians and pharmacists who were self–employed professionals
contracted to the NHS to provide services so that patients did not pay directly and local health
authorities like community clinics that provided services such as immunisations, maternity care and
school medical services controlled by a local authority Medical Health. The NHS in England is
undergoing some big changes, most of which took effect on April 1 2013. This included the
abolition of primary care trusts (PCTs) and strategic health authorities (SHAs), and the introduction
of clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) and Health watch England.
From the 1950s onwards the scale and quality of the treatment provided by the National Health
Service (NHS) improved, and between 1948

The Health Belief Model And The Theory Of Planned Behaviour
When considering health psychology it is important to recognise the various models it is made up
of. The basis of this essay will be to take a look at the health belief model and the theory of planned
behaviour, considering their historical origins, the positives and negatives of applying these
approaches and examples of when they have been used. After some analysis it may offer some
insight into possible improvements that could be implemented from further research. Also included
will be an overview of how the models compare to each other and critical evaluation of research
from this field.
Conner and Norman, 1995 describe the health belief model as 'the oldest and most widely used
model in health psychology'. It originated in the 50's and was developed further by Hochbaum,
Rosenstock and Kegals throughout the 1980's for health education programmes and to predict
different health behaviours and responses to treatments. The four terms that are the basis for the
HBM are perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, perceived severity and perceived benefits. The
behaviour of the individual depends on their belief that they are susceptible to a health problem,
how serious they deem it to be, whether they think that treatment will benefit them and if there are
barriers that may get in the way.
Although there has been much support for the HBM, there has been two large scale reviews carried
out on studies using the HBM and Abraham and Sheeran (2005) reported that although they

The National Health Service Nhs
The National Health Service (NHS) is the world's largest publically funded health service and is
available to all UK residents. It provides sufficient healthcare to all UK citizens and is funded by
government money and taxes. The NHS was launched in 1948 by Aneurin Bevan at Park Hospital in
Manchester. The NHS look to achieve good quality healthcare for everyone regardless of how rich
they are. NHS is a part of the Department of Health who provide a wide range of Clinical
Commissioning Groups (CCG). 80% of the NHS budget control CCG's and they provide; hospitals,
dentist surgeries, mental health institutions, walk–in centres, accident and emergency, pharmacies
and NHS direct. The NHS provides over 1.6 million jobs; this includes 40,236 general practitioners,
351,446 nurses and 18,576 ambulance staff. Over 77% of NHS employees are female and majority
of them work within the maternity and accident and emergency sectors. Health care requires a wide
range of equipment. All equipment used is checked to make sure it is safe for use on patients. The
equipment is also sterilised before and after use to prevent cross– infection. All equipment is colour
coded and stored in separate places to ensure they are not used in multiple areas. There is basic
equipment; home aids, surgical equipment, monitoring equipment and scanning machines. Basic
equipment includes dressing; tubing, syringes, needles, surgical scissors and tweezers, drains,
stitching wire/ thread, oxygen masks and saline

Politics Essay
Politics: the inescapable stalker of our society
Politics is a process by which a group of people, whose opinions or interests might be divergent,
reach collective decisions that are generally regarded as binding on the group and enforced as
common policy.
Political theory or political philosophy is as old as the oldest civilisations. The Greek philosophers,
such as Aristotle and Plato, developed important political theories and methods of government
alongside their more abstract philosophies. One may contest that every society and every belief we
hold is a reflection of the political system we live under. Politics, in it absolute form, is a concept of
society that definitely intrudes into every aspect of human life. No one can escape ... Show more
In practice, they often work out differently.
Most of these ideologies shown in the linear diagram have representation of some form in Britain,
whether it be through recognised political parties, pressure groups or non–PC organisations. The
three main parties in the UK are Conservative, Labour and Liberal Democrats and in our case, their
name broadly represents their place on our linear spectrum of political thought. There are other ways
of defining the above spectrum, the horseshoe version sees the same diagram bent into the shape of
a horseshoe, but more recently, one with the approval of Tony Blair no less, is the Two Dimensional
Spectrum:
Although the central government disperses power to national and local authorities, the UK
Government in its present form is not federalist at all. It may provide power and funding – taken
from its intervention into our mixed economy – and distribute it to our Local Authorities, but for
there to be total federalism in the UK, there must be an equal dispersal of power between all of the
local bodies.
The main properties of this establishment are the parts of the "Welfare State". Pioneered by the
Labour Government of Clement Attlee, the Welfare State revolutionised the UK. National Insurance,
National Assistance, and National Health Service (NHS) Acts were passed, the last of these being
the creation of Attlee's flamboyant left–wing Minister of Health, Aneurin Bevan.
Our own "puppet government" – as seen

Changes Of The Youth Sector Over The Past 100 Years
There have been significant changes in the youth sector over the past 100 years that have had an
impact on the young people's lives affecting education, health, justice, welfare and social services.
"The 1870 Education Act obliged local authorities to provide primary education for all children aged
5 to 11." (http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/children). In 1902, The Education Act was updated
and confirmed that the Local Education Authorities also provided secondary schools; however the
places available were limited and a fee was charged so a few working class children attended. Some
of the poorer children had to take days off school to work to earn money to attend school. "An 1880
Act made education compulsory until the age of ten, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1907, Lord Robert Baden Powell brought in scouting originally for boys but in 1910 his sister
Agnes started the Girl scouts also known as Girl guides. Lord Robert Baden Powell was a British
general during the Boer war of 1899–1900. "It was during the Boer war that Baden Powell wrote
down a guide to Scouting. Initially meant for military purposes, after the war he felt it could be used
as a focus for young boys to give them more meaning in life" (Pettinger. T, 2009). This lead to other
non–statutory services such as Cubs, Brownies, Rainbows etc. During the first world war it was
difficult to keep these services up and running with children being evacuated out of the city and
young people being signed up for military service; but they did have an alternative. Churches across
the countryside were training adults and young people to run their own non–statutory services such
as scouts and the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association). "Later in the twentieth century
concerns were raised about the number of young people not in membership of youth organisation.
This led to the first attempt to register all young people in 1941" (Byrne. S, 2009). This was during
the Second World War and just like the first, churches across the countryside in Britain trained and
hired adults for non–statutory services. In 1960 the Albemarle report was introduced to evaluate the
youth service and give guidance on how to engage young people, to teach them the

Evidence Based Practice Essay
Change Management
Contents
Introduction......................................................................3
Evidence Based Practice.......................................................4
Clinical Governance............................................................5–6
Findings from the literature...................................................6–7
Implementing the change......................................................7–9
Leadership......................................................................9–10
The Un–freezing Stage......................................................10–11
The Moving Stage............................................................11–13
The Re–freezing Stage.......................................................13–15
Resistance and barriers to change..........................................15–16
Conclusion....................................................................16–17
References....................................................................18–24
Appendices...................................................................25–26
Introduction
This is essay is being written to identify and promote change in clinical practice in relation to
nursing and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are seven pillars of Clinical Governance including
1. Risk Assessment
2. Clinical Effectiveness
3. Education, Training and Continuing Personal Development
4. Use of Information
5. Staffing and Staff Management
6. Clinical Audit
7. Patient/Service User and Public Involvement
To monitor standards of clinical governance the government established the National Institute for
Clinical Excellence (NICE) and commission for Health Improvement (CHI) (Department of Health,
1998). The purpose of clinical effectiveness is using the best available knowledge through research,
clinical expertise and patient choice, applied to patient care. This can be achieved through training,
education and change management (Muir Gray, 2001); evaluated through clinical guidelines and
provision of evidence–based practice (Royal College of Nursing, 1996). 'Clinical effectiveness is the

cornerstone of evidence–based practice' (Reagan, 1998 p245) Links between evidence based
practice and clinical effectiveness are outlined by Dawson (2001). He suggests that evidence based
practice cannot be achieved independently of clinical effectiveness. McSherry et al (2002)
considered that the two are interdependent of each other with

Discuss the Key Political and Social Issues of the...
Political issues:
Women played a major role in WW2 and were permanent in the industries now.
Political conflict between the war time coalition governments Churchill PM Conservative, Attlee
DPM Labour:
1) The war–time coalition between the Conservatives (led by PM Winston Churchill) and Labour
(led by Deputy PM Clement Attlee) broke up in 1945 over the question of the nature of the British
society in the future.
2) The Conservatives would have been happy for a return to the inter–war practice of leaving private
enterprise to its own devices and limiting the state to tasks that were absolutely essential in
maintaining public order and safety.
3) Labour, on the other hand, won the 1945 election on a distinctly socialist Manifesto. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
d) Founding the Welsh Office (1964) and conducting a Local Government Reform 1968/69, to
improve flexibility and efficiency in territorial governance.
2) Nevertheless, the economy went into recession – part of it home–made, as British investors felt
unduly pressured by Wilson to join in his plans and therefore refused to invest. Another problem
was the reduction in the trade with Commonwealth countries. After the "Year of Independence"
(1960) many former colonies reduced or severed their links with Britain, while on the other hand
links with the EEC could not take up the slack as Britain was not yet a member.
3) Despite this crisis, the unions (much stronger than now) forced the Labour government to agree
to ever increasing social expenditure, wage increases in the (comparatively huge) public sector, and
price controls. One consequence was a galloping inflation and the eventual first devaluation of the
Pound (1967). Britain's early attempts to join the EEC, reluctantly spearheaded by Wilson, failed
because of de Gaulle's veto.
Social issues:
Loss of life and health – war victims needed to be comforted and helped with re–building their lives
Food and other everyday goods: need to increase production to end rationing at the earliest
opportunity (most rationing abolished by 1952, finally gone by 1956)
Women

Nhs For National Health Services Essay

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