Polymer can be classified in several ways:
1. By origin - natural polymers are isolated from nature, semi-synthetic are modified natural polymers, and synthetic are made entirely in a lab.
2. By structure - linear polymers have straight chains while cross-linked polymers have a 3D network structure.
3. By application - fibers have strength from hydrogen bonding and are crystalline, plastics are shaped by heat/pressure, and elastomers are rubbery and amorphous.
Polymerization Process and its Advantages , Disadvantage
1.Bulk Polymerization Process
2.Solution Polymerization Process
3.Suspension Polymerization Process
4.Emulsion Polymerization Process
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
Polymer is important for increasing the stability of drug molecule, it is important to influencing the solubility of drug molecule, it is important to maintain the Physicochemical properties, it is important to maintain the prolong stability of drug molecule in extended period of time, it is important for influencing the Bioavailability of drug.
Polymer is important for Pharmaceutical industries and research purpose.
Polymerization Process and its Advantages , Disadvantage
1.Bulk Polymerization Process
2.Solution Polymerization Process
3.Suspension Polymerization Process
4.Emulsion Polymerization Process
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
Polymer is important for increasing the stability of drug molecule, it is important to influencing the solubility of drug molecule, it is important to maintain the Physicochemical properties, it is important to maintain the prolong stability of drug molecule in extended period of time, it is important for influencing the Bioavailability of drug.
Polymer is important for Pharmaceutical industries and research purpose.
Introduction
Types of polymer
Classification of Polymer
Polymerization
Biodegradable Polymer
Application of biodegradable polymer
Natural polymer
They occur naturally and are found in plants and animals. For example, proteins, starch, cellulose, and rubber. To add up, we also have biodegradable polymers called biopolymers.
Semi-synthetic Polymers:
They are derived from naturally occurring polymers and undergo further chemical modification. For example, cellulose nitrate, and cellulose acetate.
Synthetic Polymers
These are man-made polymers. Plastic is the most common and widely used synthetic polymer. It is used in industries and various dairy products. For example, nylon-6, 6, polyether’s etc.
Thermosetting polymersThese polymers greatly improve the material’s mechanical properties. It provides enhanced chemical and heat resistance. For example, phenolics, epoxies, and silicones.Addition Polymerization: For Example, poly ethane, Teflon, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)Condensation Polymerization: Example, Nylon -6, 6, perylene, polyesters.
Basic Terms : Macromolecule, Monomer , Repeat Unit, Classification of polymers based on Origin, thermal response Polymerisation , Addition and condensation , Degree of Polymerisation, Polymer Structures - Linear , Branched and Cross-linked. Molecular weight of Polymers: Definition and Formulae of Number Average Molecular Weight , Weight Average Molecular weight, Viscosity Average Molecular Weight , Z-average Molecular Weight. Polydispersity Index
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2. What is Polymer?
A polymer is a large molecule or a
macromolecule which essentially is a
combination of many subunits.
The term polymer comes from the Greek word
poly means ‘Many’ and meros meaning
‘parts’.
3. Monomer
The small individual repeating units/ molecules
are known as monomers (means single part)
Imagine that a monomer can be represented
by the letter a, then a polymer made of that
monomer would have the structure.
-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a
4. polymerization
The process by which the monomer
molecules are linked to form a big polymer
molecule is called ‘polymerization’
Polymerization is a process of bonding
monomer, or ”single units” together through a
variety of reaction mechanisms to form longer
chains named polymer
As important as polymers are, they exist with
5. Classification of polymers
By origin
By monomer
By thermal
response
By mode of
formation
By structure
By application &
physical properties
By tacticity
7. Natural Polymers
Polymers which are
isolated from natural
materials are called
natural polymers
Example : Silk, wool,
natural rubber,
cellulose, starches,
proteins, etc,
8. Semi synthetic polymers
The polymers obtained by
simple chemical treatment of
natural polymers to improve
their physical properties like
lustrous nature, tensile strength
are called semi synthetic
polymers.
Example: Cellulose acetate ,
cellulose nitrate.
9. synthetic polymers
Polymers synthesized in
laboratory from low molecular
weight compounds, are called
as, synthetic polymers.
Example : nylon, terylene,
polyethlene, polystyrene,
synthetic rubber, pvc, bakelite,
teflon, etc
14. Thermoplastic polymers
They are easily molded in
desired shapes by heating and
subsequent cooling at room
temperature
They are soft in hot and hard
on coding
They may be linear or
branched chain polymers
Example : Nylon 6,6
15. ThermoSETTING polymers
this polymer is hard and infusible
on heating.
these are not soft on heating
under pressure and they are not
remolded.
these are cross linked polymers
and are not reused.
example : bakelite
17. ADDITIONPOLYMERS
the polymers formed by the addition of
monomers repeatedly without removal
of products are called addition
polymers.
these polymers contains allthe atoms
of monomers hence their molecular
weight are integral multiple of monomer
unit
example :: teflon, polyethylene,
polypropylene, pvc.
18. CONDENSATION POLYMERS
they are formed bY the combination of
two monomers by removal of small
molecules like h2o, alcohol, or nh3. their
molecular mass is not the integral
multiple of monomer units.
they have ester and amide linkage in
their molecules,
example polyamides (nylons),
polyesters (pet)
20. Linear polymers
In these polymers monomers
are linked with each other and
form a long straight chain
These chains has no any side
chains
Their molecules are closely
packed and have high density,
tensile strength and melting
point.
Example : hpde, nylons
21. Cross-linked polymer
In these monomeric units are
linked together to constitute a 3d
network
The involved are called cross
links
They are hard, rigid and brittle
due to their network structure.
Example : Bakelite, melamine,
formaldehyde resins, vulcanized
23. Fibers
If polymer is drawn into long filament
like a material whose length is at least
100 times it’s diameter, are said to be
converted into fiber
They have high tensile strength
because of high intermolecular
attractive force like hydrogen bonding
Highly crystalline
Example nylon, terylene
24. plastics
Polymer is shaped into hard and
tough utility articles by application of
heat and pressure, is known as
plastics.
Here the intermolecular force
between polymeric chains are
intermediate between elastomeric
and fibers.
They are partially cryystalline
Example : polystyrene, pvc, pmma
25. elastomers
They are solids with rubber like
elastic properties.
Here the polymeric chains are held
together by the weakest
intermolecular forces so they are
amorphous in nature
These weak binding forces permit
them to be stretched.
Example natural rubber, una-s,
buna-n, vulcanized rubber
26. Resins
Low molecular weight
Polymers which are used as
adhesives, sealants etc,, in a
liquid form are described as
liquid resins.
Example ; Epoxy adhesives and
polysulphides sealants.
28. Tacticity simply means deposition of sides
groups in space
The head to tail configuration in which
the functional groups are all deposited on
the same side of the chain, is called
isotactic polymers.
If the deposition of side group is in
alternating fashion, it is called synditactic
polymers.
29. Tacticity simply means deposition of
sides groups in space
If the deposition of side groups
are at random around the main,
it is called atactic polymers