6. “[Richard Goodwin, a
former speechwriter and
aide to L.B.J.] experienced
the standard Johnson
outrages: an interview
with L.B.J. as the
President sat on the toilet,
a nude policy council in
the superheated White
House swimming pool.”
Sidey, Hugh. "Was Lyndon Johnson Unstable?"
Time. 05 Sept. 1988.
7. "Let Us Continue"
• Nov 22, 1963: JFK
assassinated
• Promised to continue
JFK programs;
exceeded JFK’s record
on economic, racial
equality
9. War on Poverty:
“The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all.
It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice.”
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Medicare
• Medicaid
• Corp. for Public Broad-
casting (PBS & NPR)
• National Traffic & Motor
Vehicle Safety (Nader)
• Economic Opportunity Act
(Head Start)
• Higher Education Act
• Economic Opportunity Act
(Job Corps)
• National Foundation for the
Arts and the Humanities
• Clean Air Act
• Elementary and Secondary
Education Act
• Truth in Packaging
• Water Quality Act
13. SE Asia and
the Vietnam War
Late 1800s: France controlled
“Indochina” (Vietnam, Laos,
and Cambodia)
1940-1945: Japanese control
during WWII
1945: France fights to regain
control with US financial aid
14. 1954: French lose to
Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh
at Dien Bien Phu
15. Vietnam divided at 17th parallel
North
• Leader: Ho Chi Minh
• Left-wing communist dictatorship
• support from Soviet Union and
China
South
• Leader: Ngo Dinh Diem
• Right-wing anti-communist
dictatorship
• support from US
16.
17.
18. Viet Cong attack S. Vietnam
1960: JFK increases to 16,000 “advisors”
Nov 2, 1963: JFK supports a Vietnamese military
coup d’etat – Diem and his brother murdered
JFK assassinated Nov 22
U.S. Military Involvement Begins
19. LBJ Sends
Ground Forces
1964: Saigon on verge
of collapse
LBJ remembers
Truman’s “loss” of
China Domino
Theory
Tonkin Gulf Incident
1964
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
I’m not going to be the
president who saw
Southeast Asia go the
way China went.” -LBJ
20. Who Was the Enemy?
Vietcong:
S. Vietnamese
communists
Farmers by day;
guerillas at night.
The guerilla wins if he does not
lose, the conventional army loses
if it does not win.
- Mao Zedong
23. The Ground War
1965-1968
General Westmoreland, late 1967:
We can see the “light at the end of the tunnel.”
24. The Ground War, 1965-1968
No territorial goals –
defense only
On TV (first “living room”
war)
N Vietnam supplies Viet
Cong over the Ho Chi
Minh Trail
31. The Tet Offensive,
January 1968
Massive N. Vietnamese
& Vietcong attack in
South
U.S. retaliates BUT…
seen as an American
defeat by the media
32. Impact of the
Tet Offensive
Domestic U.S.
Reaction: disbelief,
anger, distrust of
LBJ Admin
Hey, Hey LBJ! How
many kids did you
kill today?
33. “…I shall not
seek, and I will
not accept, the
nomination of
my party for
another term as
your President.”
March, 1968: Johnson announces
34. American Morale Begins to Dip
Disproportionate
representation of poor
people and minorities.
Officers in combat 6 mo.;
in rear 6 mo.
Enlisted men in combat
for 12 mo.; fighting
240/365 days a year
35. American Morale Begins to Dip
By 1970: 65,643 Army deserters;
52.3/1000
Fragging: 3% of officer deaths
Major drug problems:
~ 80% of the troops used drugs;
by 1971 over 30% of combat
troops were on heroin
Anti-war underground
newspapers
Sabotage and mutiny in Navy
36. Are We Becoming the Enemy?
Lt. William Calley,
Platoon Leader
My Lai Massacre, 1968
200-500 unarmed villagers
37. The Student Revolt
• 1964: Student protest movement launched at
Berkeley
• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
• October, 1967: 100,000 protesters besieged
the Pentagon
38. Columbia University, 1967
There's something happening here
What it is ain't exactly clear
There's a man with a gun over there
Telling me I got to beware
39.
40. There's battle lines being drawn
Nobody's right if everybody's wrong
Young people speaking their minds
Getting so much resistance from behind
41.
42. What a field-day for the heat
A thousand people in the street
Singing songs and they carrying signs
Mostly say, hooray for our side
Hell no, we won’t go!
43.
44. Democratic Convention in
Chicago, 1968
Student Protestors
at Univ. of CA
in Berkeley, 1968
Paranoia strikes deep
Into your life it will creep
It starts when you're always afraid
You step out of line, the man come and take you away
45. May 4, 1970
4 students
shot dead.
11 students
wounded
Kent State University Massacre
Jackson State
University
May 10, 1970
2 dead; 12
wounded
46. Nixon on Vietnam
Nixon’s 1968 Campaign: Peace with Honor
“Silent Majority”
Vietnamization
Expansion of war
The “Secret War”
Cambodia
Laos
47. The War In Cambodia
• 1970: US dropped over
500,000 tons of ordinance
on Cambodia
• ~ 600,000 Cambodians
killed
• Led to rise Khmer Rouge
and Cambodian genocide,
1975-1979; 1.4-2.2 million
(20-30% of pop.)
48. “Pentagon Papers,” 1971
Daniel Ellsberg
leaked LBJ era docs
to NY Times
Docs LBJ admin misled Congress & US public
Fighting not to eliminate communism, but to
avoid humiliating defeat.
NY Times v. US (1971) *
49.
50. The Ceasefire, 1973
Peace is at hand
Henry Kissinger, 1972
N. Vietnam attacks
Largest U.S. bombing
retaliation
1973: Ceasefire signed
51. The Ceasefire, 1973
Conditions:
1. U.S. to remove all troops
2. N. Vietnam troops in S. Vietnam remain
3. N. Vietnam to resume war
4. U.S. POWs/MIAs remain
1973: Last U.S. troops left S. Vietnam
1975: N. Vietnam defeats S. Vietnam
Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City
52. The Fall of Saigon
South Vietnamese
Attempt to Flee the Country
55. The Costs
1. 3 m. Vietnamese killed
2. 58K Americans killed; 300K wounded
3. Great Society under-funded
4. $150 B. in U.S. spending
5. U.S. morale, confidence, trust in government
devastated
56. The Impact
26th Amendment: 18-yr olds vote
Nixon abolished draft all-volunteer army
War Powers Act, 1973
Pres. must notify Congress w/in 48 hrs of deployment
Pres. must withdraw forces unless he gains
Congressional approval within 90 days
Disregard for Veterans seen as “baby killers”
POW/MIA issue lingered
58. “If we have to fight, we will fight.
You will kill ten of our men and
we will kill one of yours, and in
the end it will be you who tires of
it.”
And in the End….
Ho Chi Minh: