This document discusses the differences between prospective and retrospective views, and various ways of expressing grammatical aspect in English. Prospective refers to expected future events, while retrospective looks back on past events. It discusses verbs like "figure" that can take tense in full clauses versus reduced clauses. It also covers the uses of the prospective with verbs like "ask" and "think of", the retrospective with verbs like "apologize", and simultaneous verbs like "help". Finally, it analyzes the uses and differences between the simple present, present perfect, and present progressive tenses.

1. PROSPECTIVE
AND
RETROSPECTIVE
PRESENTED BY : DARU SUSANTI

2. PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE
Prospective : expected or expecting to be
something particular in the future.
Retrospective: looking back on or dealing with
past events or situations.

3. PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE
(Prior to the time )
38a Fred figured his friends had already started the trip
(Simultaneous )
38b Fred figured his friends were starting the trip just then
(Subsequent)
38c fred figured his friends would soon be starting the trip
When predicate such as figure is followed by a full
clause, the verb in the full clause can have the complete
range of tense and aspect modification .

4. PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE
When predicate is associated with reduced clause, the verbs of that
reduced clause is more limited in the range of times it can express. It
may express an event that simultaneous with the main clause verb, or
one that is earlier or later. That depends on what predicate is in the
main course.
39a We asked Ronald to drive slower.
Ronald = Subsequent Behavior
Asked = To do
39a Jessica is thinking of visiting her grandmother
Thinking of = Something she may do later
verbs as ask think-of prospective verbs; they are
oriented toward later happenings.

5. PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE
40a. Edgar apologized for missing the meeting. (or ….. having
missed the meeting)
40b. We denied seeing the report (or,…..having seen the report)
1. The clause is about something that did or did not precede the
apologizing and denying.
2. Apologized and denied are retrospective verbs.
3. The previous action to which the verb refers is expressed in a
following clause, always a gerund clause.
4. The previousness can be emphasized by the use of the
retrospective (perfect) form of the gerund.
5. If there is preposition, it is most often for

6. PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE
Not all verbs are prospective or retrospective. Some verbs indicate
an action that goes on at the same time as whatever is reported in
following clause.
41 I helped Josie (to) bring in the groceries
1. Helped = occurring in infinitive clause.
2. The helping and the bringing – in must be simultaneous.

7. Some grammatical
expressions of aspect
The Prospective
The Perfect or Retrogressive
The Progressive

8. Prospective
42a They are to leave
42b You are not to worry
42c Are we to wait here?
1. The form be + to + verb expresses a ‘looking forward’; it is
not about the future but about the present intentions
regarding the future.
2. Be about to ( leave )
Be going to (leave)
Be + to combined with verb ( past prospective) eg.
a. They were to leave (looking forward in the past).
Note: simple present tense can be used in a prospective
sence, e.g. They leave next Wednesday.

9. The Perfect or Retrogressive
The Present retrogressive form consists of two part have + past participle of the
verb, in affirmative form refer to event that an occurred in the past and situations
that began in the past and which are seen relevant “now” at present time. Negative
statement deny of such events and situations; interrogative sentences question
them.
43a The house is empty now . (Simple present)
43b It has been empty for over a year. ( Present retrogressive)
44a Do you know the Robinsons? (Simple present)
45b Have you know them for long? ( Present retrogressive)
The Present retrogressive : Tells or ask about the duration of the states.
The Simple present : Habitual activity or states.

10. The Perfect or Retrogressive
The present retrospective is used for past events or states which
are presented as relevant to the present . Past test (a) and
present retrospective (b)
46a I was here last Tuesday, Last Friday and yesterday.
46b I have been here three times this month.
47a The Blakes lived in Singapore from 1980 to 1986.
47b The Blakes have lived in Singapore, but they don’t live
there now.

11. The Perfect or Retrogressive
SIMPLE PAST
“WHAT HAPPENED?”
“I JUST SAW THE MOST AMAZING SIGHT”
PRESENT RETROGRESSIVE
“WHAT’S HAPPENED”
“I’VE JUST SEEN THE MOST AMAZING SIGHT”

12. The Perfect or Retrogressive
The Past Retrogressive
They had left
Presents a backward look from a time in the past. We can illustrate its uses
making changes in the sentences :
In 1985 the house had been empty for long time. I had been there three times in
previous month

13. The progressive
49a We’re watching television
49b Jack is smoking
It is called the present progressive, or the continuous or durative or
ongoing. A more appropriate name would be the temporary or bounded
form. Those sentences (a and b) have atelic predicates. The simple
present form of these verbs (we watch TV, Jack smokes) is unbounded,
general; it includes more than the “right now” and implies nothing about
the beginning or end . The present bounded form, on the other hand it
is specific because it is also the present moment but calls intention to
the fact that the activity is in proses now and imply the activity is in
process now.

14. The Simple present VS Progressive

15. The Simple present VS Progressive

16. The Simple present VS Progressive
We can’t say
Smoking : Imply boundaries and Smokes : Imply no time boundaries and habitual or
generic . In the following paired sentences, also with atelic predicates, the two members
of each pair may make the same kind of report about things : The difference is in
aspect: the progressive form suggests boundaries: the phenomenon has not always
been so and/or it may not continue to be so

17. The Simple present VS Progressive
Since the simple present can express the general truth, something that is
always or typically so, and the present progressive is used for temporary
truth, temporariness can seem more dramatic, more interesting .
50a My watch is working very well now
50b My watch works very well now
50a They’re living Richmond
50b They live in Richmond
The ‘a’ and ‘b’ sentences do not differ in what predicated but in intensity
with the prediction is expressed.
The progressive indicates that the activity predicated is
distributed over a period of time with applied end point.

18. The Simple present VS Progressive
1. Is anyone sitting ? ( is anyone sitting in this seat at some moment
within a period of time that includes the present)
2. Jason is resembling his father more and more ( achievement
predicates cannot be distributed over time)
3. Our guests are leaving ( the quests are leaving, they have no yet
left)
4. The plane is landing ( the plane is landing, it still has not landed)
5. They arrive tomorrow – they are arriving tomorrow.
6. We’ll be walking, I’ll be pointing ( used with atelic predicate to
make dramatic statement of what is slated to happen in the near
future)