1. SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATICS
GROUP 15
“ASPECT”
BY
HERMAN
LECTURER:
AINUL FAIZA, S. S
SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
DHARMA BHAKTI LUBUK ALUNG
2013

2. GENERIC AND SPECIFIC PREDICATIONS
Reference and aspect are similer in some ways.
Referring expressions are noun pharasy and aspect in
expressed primily in the predicates af sentence, but there
are certain similarities, just and we distinguish between
generic and non generic reference for example.
•Gregory is here
•Stella seems happy
They report unbounded situations, or states
sentences a-d, on the other hand are about temporary
states, they arre bounded. There is nothing in the two
groups of sentence, as they are, that indicates this different,
but the difference shows up in the fact we bin add certain
aspectual modifiers.

3. Aspectual modifiers express some thing about
change from ane state to another, they manu carry
some implication or nuance about a speakers
expertation. “Gregory is already here”, may suggest
that the speaker did not expect Gregory so soon and
“Gregory is still here” that the speaker thought
Gregory night have left. The questions “Is
Gregory here already ?” and “Is Gregory still here
?” reguest the same information about gregory’s
presence but differ in the guestioners’s expertation.

4. STATIVE PREDICATES AND DYNAMIC
PREDICATES
According to comrie (1976 : 49), reports a state that
reguires no expenditure of energy and that continues
until energy is expended to change that state, a
dynamic predicate reports a situation that will only
continue if there is a continual input of energy, but it
ceases when energy is no longer expended.
For example :
We waited

5. The children were hungry
A stative predicate is typically durative aspect for
each of the sentencies a-d we can ask “How long
?” How long did we wait ? How long were the
children hungry ?A stative predicate relates a
situation that does not change during the time
when the predication is valid

6. DYNAMIC PREDICATES
The sentence report activities and hove dynamic
predicates the change from one state to another is
dynamic event.
For example : - Gregory arrived here
• - t recovered from my headache
Dynamic verbs include those that express some
form of physical movement such as : come, go, jump,
run, swim, walk, etc.
Some dynamic verbs designate a change occoring over
a periode of time for example :

7. In Grandmother’s health deteriorate during
the next few months.
The verb indicates a constant change but not
necessarrly a con continuous change nor a
constant rate of change.

8. Durative and Punctual
“Albert kicked a ball and the ball struck a post”
This sentence contains two verbs that have a
punctual aspect.
Kiking and striking normally designate actions
that are momentary.
These actions have essentially no duration. A
sentence like “Albert kicked a ball forten minutes has a
repetitive or I terative interpretation. “They sat in the last
row” can be the eguivalent of what is more precisely
expressed as they sat down in the last row (punctual) or
of they were sitting I the last row (durative).

9. The sentence expressed habitual aspect, costumary o
ccurrence distributed over various occasions.
However, a simple past tense verb can only express
habitual aspect if there is some expression of
freguency like every night, twice a week, seldom,
often, etc.
Habitual aspect in the present 6m be expressed with
the simple present tense form of a verb.

10. TELIC AND ATELIC
The actions and events that are designated by dynamic
predicates may accur within a brief instant or may
stretch out over a long period of time, and the different
may be due to external circumstances or to the nature of
the avtion it self.
Vendler (1967) proposed a four-many classificasification
of predicates as stative, activity, achievement, and
accomplishment predicates.
Stative and activity predicates are ATELIC, and
achievement predicates are TELIC.

11. An example :
(1-) George was waiting
(2-) Sandra was swimming
(1*) Geroge was leaving
(2*) Sandra was writing a letter.
The sentence in (1-) are stative and those in (2-) are
activities. If it is true that George was waiting and Sandra
sub. The predicates do not have an and or a goal : they are
atelic.
In contrast (1*) contains achievement sentence and the
sentence in (2*) are accomplishments. If George was
leaving, he did not necessarily leave, Sandra night be
dying for months and yet no die.

12. INGRESSIVE, CONTINUATIVE, EGRESSIVE
ASPECT
Some predicates express simple states, other express the
beginning, the continuance or the ending of states. Some
predicates have gusative sense. They bring a bout, or
maintain, or put an end to states that exist. We now examine
such predicates in groups of common meaning.
–24.a. The lamp is on the table
–24.b. Some oranges are in that basket
–24.c. Donald is at the door
The sentence on, in and at are two argument predicates.
Other locative prepositions such as above, beside, near, next
to, and etc are also two argument predicates.

13. We show some example like that :
–25.a. Donald gest to the door
–25.b. Donald stay at the door
–25.c. Donald leave from the door
Like the example above, Donald here are punctual
verbs to express the beginning or Ingressive aspect
(25.a). durative verbs that express the Continuative
aspect (25.b), and punctual verbs which express the
end or Egressive aspect (25.c) of being in a location.

14. Propective and Retrospective
We start from an example to describe about prospective and
retrospective.
– 39. a We asked Ronald to drive slower
– 39.b Jessica is thinking of visiting her grand mother
In sentence 39.a dur asking hors to do with Ronald’s
subsequent behavior. In sentence 39. B Jessica’s thinking
obviously concerns something she many do later. We call
such verbs as ask and think of PROSPECTIVE VERBS.
They are oriented that is important, weather Ronald
actually slows down or Jessica visits her grandmother is
irrelevant.

15. – New consider these sentences.
– 40.a Edgar apologized for missing the meeting.
– 40.b We denied seeing the report.
In both sentences the clause is about something that did
or did not precede the apologizing and denying. Verbs
like apologize and deny are retrospective verbs. The
previous action to which the verb refers is expressed in
a following clause. Always a gerund clause, and the
preciousness can be emphasized by the use of the
retrospective (or prefect) from of the gerund, having
(missed).

16. SOME GRAMMATICAL EXPRESSIONS OF
ASPECT
If I am aspectual meaning can be expressed with all
or a significant number of predicates of a language,
the expression is grammatical.
In this section we examine three aspects that are
incorporated into the grammatical system of
English, prospective, perfect, and progressive.

17. The prospective
The illustration of prospective from.
– 42.a They are to leave
– 42. b You are not to war
This form be + to + Verb expresses “looking forward” it is not
about the future but about present intentions regarding the
future but about present intentions regarding the future.
The perfect or retrogressive
They have left illustrates a verb structure which is traditionally
called “Present Perfect”. The present perfect, or present
retrosepective form in affirmative statement, refers to events
that occurred in the past and situations that began in the past
and which are seen as relevant “now” at the present time.

18. The progressive
The illustration of progressive form :
– 49.a. We are watching television
– 49.b. Syarif is smoking
The example above illustrate a verb form composed of the
present participle + ing form. It is called present
progressive, or the continuos.

19. Thank You