2. Aspect
1. Generic and specific predications
aspect is expressed primally in the predictes of
sentences, but there are certain similarities.
a generic sentence is one expressing a regularity,
as opposed to an instance from which one infers
a regularity.
for example :
the generalization “ the sun rises in the east “
3. we can distinguish generic and non generic aspect.
for example :
1. a. Rabbits are rodents
b. The atlactic ocean separated africa and
south america.
the sentence are ‘eternal truths’ statements things that we
do not expect to change.
2. a. Stella seems happy.
b. I have a stomachache.
the sentences are about temporary states, they are bounded.
4. 2. Stative predicates and dynamic predicates.
a. stative predicates are the predicates in these sentences.
following sentences are stative and have stative predicates :
o We waited.
o The children were hungry
o Ellen needed a dictionary.
b. Dinamic predicates are the sentences report activities .
following are activity sentences have dinamic predicates :
o Something moved.
o The sun came up.
o The boat drifted along.
5. 3.durative and punctual.
for example
Albert kicked a ball and the ball struck a post
Durative
example:
They were sitting in the last row
Punctual
example:
They sat down in the last row
6. 4. Telic and Atelic
Telic is achievement predicates or have end and
goal.
Example:
Sandra was writting a letter
Atelic is stative and activity predicates or do not
have end or goal.
Example:
Josh was waiting
7. 5. Ingressive, Continuative, Egressive aspect
Ingressive is punctual verb to express the begining
Example:
Yanti arrives the door
Continuative is durative verb that express
Example:
Yelti stays at the door
Egressive is punctual verb which express the end
Example:
Chita leaves from the door
8. 6. Prospective and Retrospective
Prospective
We call such verbs as ask and thing-of
Example:
We asked ronal to drive slower
Jess is thinking a visiting her boyfriend
Retospective
Verbs like apologize and deny
Example:
Edu apologized for missing the meeting
We denied seeing the report
9. 7. Some grammatical expressions of aspect
if an aspectual meaning can be expressed with
all-or a significant number-of the predicates of a
language, the expression is grammatical.
The prospective
The simple present can be used in prospective
sense
Example:
They leave next Wednesday
10. The perfect or Retrogresive
the present perfect or present retropective,
form, in affirmative statements, refers to
evens that occured in the past and situations
that began in the past and which are seen as
relevant “now” at the present time
11. • There are two uses for the present restrospective
the present restropective sentenses tell or ask about
the duration
example:
The house is empty now
Do you know SBY ?
present restropective is used for past even or states
which are presented as relevant tothe present
example:
i was here last Thursday, Friday and yesterday
The blakes lived in singapore from 1980-1987
12. This time we want to compare the past tense
with the present retrospective.
Example:
I have been here three time this months
The blakes have lived in singapore but the do
not live there now
13. the progressive
the progerssive the two languages have the same
semantics in the case of activities and accomplishments.
They encode an event-in-progress interpretation
simultanious with the moment of speech(if it is present
tense).
example:
We are watching TV
Indra is smoking
Another example:
Jack smokes a cigarete and he is smoking it now
Jack smokes a cigarete but he is not smoking it now
14. We can not say
Jack is smoking a cigarete and he smokes
Jack is smoking a cigarete but he doesn`t smoke
