Strategic Management For Travel And Tourism

Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism
Introduction After examining different theories of organizational strategy we were able to apply each case to our company and work. We also learned
that there are two dominant methodologies, categorized as planned/analytical and emergent approaches. These strategies provide much knowledge and
advice as to how to improve our organization. However, it is important to remember that these theories are not perfect. They do not encompass every
organizational situation and there are a lot of circumstantial assumptions made as well. In the following discussion we will analyze the advantages and
disadvantages between these strategic theories. In addition I will reflect on how these approaches may be used in my own real world situation. The...
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Real world application As Hines (2004) points out, real world strategies are "neither purely planned nor purely emergent. Realized strategies are a
combination of both deliberate and emergent strategies" (pg.197). I see benefits in both approaches, with a mix being the most advantageous and
appropriate in my industry/work. Due to the nature of our products and market (games and technology) things are constantly in flux. Having a degree
of planning is necessary to provide focus and direction for the strategy of my organization. This can also assist in the evaluation and analysis of the
decision performance. My organization commonly uses this deliberate strategy in many situations. Most recently when we chose to diversify our
product line by investing in and releasing games for the mobile platform. Most dominant however, is the emergent strategy, which allows us sufficient
flexibity to learn and adapt to changes in our environment. Supported by other approaches, I believe my organization can continue being successful.
These other supports include what Stonehouse (2002) calls a competitive positioning and resources/competence–based strategy. The competitive
positioning approach emphasizes the importance of not only the environment but the need of analyzing your business in the context of its industry. The
last support outlet (resources/competence), focuses on the competitive advantage of your business; what are the company specific resources and how
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Tourism and Destination Management
Tourism and Destination Management Individual Assignment Tourism and Destination Management Individual Assignment Statement of authorship I
certify that this dissertation is my own work and contains no material that has been accepted for the award of any degree or diploma in any institute,
college or university. Moreover, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person,
except where due reference is made in the text of the dissertation. Signed _________________________________________________ Date
___________________________________________________ Introduction The topic of "tourist destination image" and its relevant meaning has been
explored and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
79). Travellers generally have very little understanding of the destination because they haven't been there before. As a result, images that are promote
the country in a strong and recognizable way easily conveys people to choose that destination. Furthermore, after one's vacation, tourists gather their
opinions on the destinations success in providing sensational experiences and whether or not it corresponds to their initial view of the place they got
from consulting images (Danijela KriЕѕman PavloviД‡, 2007, p. 542). The image of a destination according to Reynolds (1965), is defined based on
impressions that are derived from a "flood of information". Promotional items such as adverts and brochures, opinions coming from family members,
friends and travel agents, media reports in newspapers, magazines, television news, and documentaries are all different floods of information that
contribute to the formation of a destinations image. According to Echtner and Ritchie, the image one has of a destination based on first hand
information as well as one's experience can change after having visited the place (Charlotte M. Echtner, 2003). When going on an experience that is
related to tourism, generally customers tend to look for as much information as possible, creating an image or "mental prototype" of that destination.

Disadvantages Of Pro-Poor Tourism
This chapter will present the studies related to growth and development of the tourism industry which is pro–poor tourism. The review of the literature
for this study focuses on benefits, image–building and pro–poor tourism itself. An extensive literature review has been conducted in order to shed some
light on the various sectors and concepts which may influence these phenomena called pro–poor tourism. It discussed recent trends within the pro–poor
that support the growth and development of tourism. This examined the perceived benefits of tourism to the poor community and how image–building
help to give poor communities some benefits.
Pro–poor tourism
As stated by Pulido–Fernandez in 2012, there is a wide–range acknowledgement on the economic connection of tourism (economic regeneration
throughout multiplier, enhancement of balance of payments, employment generation, poverty reduction and etc.), that led on many occasions to
overemphasize its purpose as an instrument of economic development. Tourism is often described as an action in the direction of incrementing
economic assimilation by decreasing natural and human barriers to trade–off and propagates in international capital and labor flows. The profitable
activities and the standard living of the populations can be enhanced by sustainable tourism (Sama, 2011). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jobs generated directly by the tourism industry are created in hotels, travel agencies, airlines, passenger services, restaurants and recreational facilities.
The most direct effect of urban tourism in society is tourism–related employment, which give a means of support for local residents and helps expand
their living. This is the main goal of development of urban tourism plans such as park in Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines. Nonetheless, these positive
impacts of urban tourism on increasing employment opportunities are frequently ignored in tourism research as well as in making a

Cultural Management Issues in the Tourism Industry
Table of Contents Introduction Cross Cultural theorists Discussion/Analysis Conclusions Recommendations References Appendices Introduction In
this briefing new employee human resources, we will be considering cultural management issues in the tourist industry and how they impact upon
our business. Our company, Beach Bum Ltd is a travel consultancy Agency which was recently hired to provide a critical analysis on whether or
not sustainable tours can attract American ecological tourists to travel to countries such as our current target, China. We are a culturally eclectic
group of advisors specialising in all aspects of tourism. Cultural sensitivity is not only our watchword, but our bottom line. Please do not feel
overwhelmed by all of this information. Some of you may feel as though you are back in college. Rest assured, the difference between profit and
bankruptcy in our business is the ability to sell in that person's culture. People like to feel important and an acknowledgement of their importance is
not just being nice. It is also good business sense. There are a number of ways to look at other people's cultures. We will consider several to give you
a variety of approaches to understanding and appreciating other cultures from various parts of the globe. We will be focusing at promoting our
British–based business to the largest country and market in the world–China, as well as promoting tourism in the other direction. As tour guides, it will
necessary for you to

The Carrying Capacity Of A Tourist Resource
.
The carrying caapacity studies began during the 1930's (O'Reilly, 1986; Saveriades, 2000), they were principally developed in the 1960's in the
national parks of the United States of America (McCool and Lime, 2001; Manning et al., 2002).The carrying capacity concept is essentially a decision
making framework informed by the regular measurement of agreed indicators of quality. The concept ofcarrying capacity was derived in the early
1960's from range management and was applied to tourism and hospitality management. It was concluded that carrying capacity is not just one single
notion but an amalgamation of four different carrying capacities which are namely physical, Ecological psychological and Economical. Ecological
carrying capacity relates to the maximum use of a tourist resource without causing any harm to the environment. Social carrying capacity relates to the
reaction of the local people to the tourist development of the place, which should never be negative, Psychological carrying capacity relates to the
quality of visitors' satisfaction with a certain tourist destination, which is not to be decreased; Economic carrying capacity relates to the level of
acceptable dependence between the local economy and the level of the tourist development of a place, which should never become too heavy
"The carrying capacity of any tourist destination, whether it be an historic building, a beach or a dive site, is not a single figure that can be calculated
and fixed. It is a

The Pros And Cons Of Tourism
In the third word, tourism is one of the main economic activity for countries with less natural resources such as timber, oil, and mineral. Britton (1982)
indicates that these countries lack structural economic due to poverty. Today, countries with more money, from the third world, seek to diversify their
economy that has been based on natural resources exploitation. This diversification is based on ecotourism due to scenic and unique natural
biodiversity. This could be part of "tourism gaze" that Urry (1990) presents as "something distinctive to be gazed upon, that the signs collected by
tourists have to be visually extraordinary. This offering should be "visually different and distinguished from otherwise mundane activities. This visual
consumption is attached to the aesthetic appropriation of the environment" that could be characterized by unique flowers, landscapes, or wildlife. As
new third world countries are entering in the market define and control by western people, they have to propose extraordinary and unique landscape to
be gaze, have intense tourism promotion in tourism markets, and all the infrastructure able to attract tourism to them.
Tourism gaze
All the third world countries offer mainly the exploration of their unique natural environment. This follows the myth of unchanged and uncivilized state
by Echtner and Prasar (2003). This new destination proposes "untouched and untamed" landscape (Echtner & Prasad, 2003) because they did not
exploit these sites as

Impact Of Quality Management In Tourism
Paper1:http://www.academia.edu/1160667/Quality_Management_in_Tourism_and_Hospitality_an_Exploratory_Study_among_Tourism_Stakeholders
The investigation has demonstrated that individuals specifically identified with tourism (partners, officials, teachers, and understudies) see quality
administration in an inn as incentive for cash, agreeable room, cordial staff and great nourishment. Additionally, the study demonstrates that the lion's
share of lodgings in Thessaloniki and Chalkidiki offer great administrations. Regardless of this reality, there is dependably space for advance change
and brilliance of the cordiality administrations. Different aftereffects of the overview uncover that the most imperative components for an inn's future
visitor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Along these lines, the quality administration can recognize and comprehend the buyer's prerequisites continuously, creating benefits on the association
by diminishing costs, enhancing forms and accomplishing upper hand, and on the clients who pick up thusly certainty that tourism items bought to meet
particular inclinations.
Paper 3: http://www.amadeus.com/documents/reports/what–if–imagining–the–future–of–the–travel–industry.pdf
A practically bewildering pace of mechanical advancement has delivered an abundance of new business openings in the worldwide travel biological
system, both enhancing and extending the universe of travel. The race to build up a driverless auto, bring computerized colleagues into our homes, or
understand our online information all guarantee to change the way we travel. Be that as it may, in the meantime, features are loaded with terrible
signs. From fear monger assaults crosswise over Europe and heightening strains in the South China Sea to the protectionist senses of another US
organization and the unknown domain of Brexit, our recognizable world, for good or awful, is unraveling. "Technology has never held more
guarantee for the travel business," says Alex Luzarraga, VP of Corporate Strategy at Amadeus. "By the by, there is a feeling of social orders being
broken, of shamefulness and imbalance, and an absence of chances for some individuals. As innovation progresses, the norm is being overturned.

The Impact of Tourist on Local people in Chiang Rai
Tourism is the most interesting and growing faster and faster in service industry in the world. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council
(WTTC), tourism in 2005 changed to be the 2nd largest industry, accounted for 3.8 percent of global Gross Domestic Product – GDP (Rosli & Azhar,
2007). From it growth, there are a lot of impact that came from tourism affect many countries. In Chiang Rai, Thailand, the province where located in
the northern Thailand and near by the border of neighbor country that have a lot of tourist come in every season. So, it made the impact to local
people Therefore, This research is the study of the impact of tourism in Chiang rai.
–Research problems
How tourism impact to Chiang Rai ? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As well, many attitude or perception surveys undertaken in a variety of international destinations have included questions specific to residents' leisure.
However, there has been little published in the way of detailed case studies or longitudinal changes, from which causal relationships might be
identified. This paper describes a framework which has been designed for a comparative study of the social impacts of tourism on community in three
paper following; Economic and Social Impact of Tourism on a Small Town, The Impacts of Tourism and Environmental Effects Of Tourism. The
information will provide in four part of comparison between. First is comparison about objective of each paper. Then, compare information about the
Methodology. Finally will conclusion. The key questions or objective of three papers are to investigate the impact of tourism on community, but
different context. In paper one the objective is to identify the economic impact of tourism on community. Methodology, Tsundoda & Mendlinger, 2009,
used interviews and study locals in the small town. Interviews of seven categories used to break them. The goal of this study is to investigate how
local people perceived impact of tourism. Both positive and negative economic and social. That these people are responding to this, however. Have
found that these groups are interested in the development of their city. At the

Hotel Literature Review
2. Literature Review
2.1 Why the hotel industry
The focus is on the hotel industry because; the geographical location of a hotel has a major impact on its operations and profitability (Namasivayam,
K., Enz, C. A., &
Siguaw, J. A. (2000). Furthermore geographical location of a hotel greatly determines the profile of its visitors, the size of its market and the level of
competition that it has to face. These three variables also have a strong impact on the ICT adoption tendency of a hotel. This is because the ICT
adoption tendency of a hotel can be linked mainly to its expectations about the value addition that ICTs can provide to its customers, as well as the
belief about the expansion of its target market through ICTs. A hotel will therefore be more inclined to adopt ICTs if it... Show more content on
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Some of the world's largest GDS (Global Distribution
System) namely Sabre, Galileo, Amadeus and Worldspsan are examined. Besides analyzing the telecommunication technologies in the industry, the
hospitality sector, entertainment sector, transport sector, management sector and other intermediaries have been diligently explored.
2.5 ICT in Tourism and Hospitality Sector
Parsons and Oja (2013) mention online reservations systems as one of the greatest impacts of ICT on tourism and hospitality sector. Major travel
companies such as
Expedia, Orbitz, and Thomas Cook, as well as, medium and even small sized tourism and hospitality firms have online reservation functionalities on
official company website. Online reservation capabilities provide substantial cost saving opportunities for businesses in tourism and hospitality sector
that otherwise would have been spent on human resources making reservations in a manual manner.
Moreover, according to Mihalic and Buhalis (2013), while the majority of businesses in tourism and hospitality sector have adopted various
components of ICT to

BX2091 Field Trip Report Example Essay
BX2091 Tourism & Leisure Management – Field Trip Report | Pulau Ubin
BX2091 – Tourism & Leisure Management
List of Contents
1. Introduction to Pulau Ubin
2. Leisure industries obligations and operations towards sustainable tourism and leisure activities
2.1. Commercial (Private) sector
2.2. Government (Public) sector
3. Sustainability management issues – Pollution (Environmental)
3.1. Water pollution– Oil leakage
3.2. Improper disposal of waste
3.3. Carbon emission
4. Sustainability management issues – Displacement (Socio–cultural)
5. Recommendations for Sustainable Management (Tactics)
5.1. Pollution (Environmental)
5.1.1. Water pollution– Oil leakage
5.1.2. Improper disposal of waste
5.1.3. Carbon emission
5.2. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.1. Water pollution– Oil leakage
Pulau Ubin is only accessible via a 10 minutes bumboat ride from Changi Point Ferry Terminal. These bumboats may dispose excess oil into the sea

and with this inconsiderate act; it pollutes the marine habitat as they are not able to retrieve sunlight to produce food as the layer of oil hinders them
from doing so.
3.2. Improper disposal of waste
With the increase of tourist activities in Pulau Ubin, improper disposal of waste has seen a rise.
Walking on the coastal boardwalk of Chek Jawa, items such as bottles and plastics bags were spotted. It is an alarming issue of pollution as not only it
is unsightly to tourists but it may be harmful to living organisms as they could not produce food from the sunlight as these plastic pollutants impede
their food making process.
3.3. Carbon emission
Mode of transportation within the island is limited. Tourists either rent bicycles or rent a van for touring purposes. As the island is abundant with
natural habitats and living organisms, these carbon emissions from the van is a source of pollutant.
Not only if may affect the livelihood of flora and fauna, the quality of air for the locals will be compromised. Cases of respiratory–related problems
will be on a rise due to constant exhalation of this poor air quality.
4. Sustainability management issues – Displacement (Socio–cultural)
Next, Displacement would be the second sustainability management issue that I will be

Case Study : Hotel Management And Tourism
Whenever you are planning to take a vacation, need to take a pit stop on the way to your next destination, or attending a special event because your
boss required you to, you will be sure to encounter those of us who have chosen the hospitality field as a career. Within this industry, there are so many
options to choose from including the culinary arts, hotel management and housekeeping, event planning, and travel agent and the main goal of those
who work within these fields is to ensure you feel comfortable while you are traveling or staying close to home. Although hospitality is a broad major,
they all require the same basic skills. The branches I want to explore are hotel management and tourism. I have a brief background in the field of
hospitality, both as a student of Culinary Arts for two years in high school and as an officer of my high school's chapter of FHA–HERO. FHA–HERO
is an acronym for Future Homemakers of America– Home Economics Related Occupations which, essentially, is a leadership organization geared
towards the hospitality and home economics career fields. I was a competitor in a regional competition while in the program and placed first. Also,
while attending high school I supervised and assisted in catering for various events. This program and my experience helped me realize my potential
for success as well as my interest in the field of hospitality and tourism. The FHA–HERO advisor for my high school, Elizabeth Williams, previously
attended

Tourism, Leisure And Event Management The South Bank
Due to the importance of tourism to the economy of Australia, it is essential that the stakeholders ensure sustainability in tourism, leisure and event
management to promote the sector. Good tourism policies, efficient relationship between the sector and the local community as well as environment
conservation policies should be enhanced to boost this vital sector. This report aims at highlighting the need for sustainability in tourism, leisure and
event management the South Bank in Australia.
Introduction
Foreign and domestic tourism is an important component contributing to Australia's economy. The major tourist attraction sites in Australia include the
coastal towns of Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. The nation is known worldwide for beautiful tourist attraction sites such as the
Great Barrier Reef, the Sydney Opera House, Outback– a vast interior wilderness desert and wild sanctuaries like kangaroos and duck–billed
platypuses (Buckley, etal, 2000, pp.27–45).
This is a research report of a field trip carried out in the city of Brisbane to conduct a sustainability audit on tourism at the Brisbane River to evaluate the
current practices employed towards achieving tourism sustainability, leisure and event management. The report also highlights areas that need
improvement in terms of management and sustainability in order to boost tourism.
Sustainable tourism, leisure and event management (TLE)
Sustainable tourism, leisure and event management (TLE) are

Tourism in the Lake District and Management Strategies
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Tourism in the Lake District Attracts hundreds of visitors daily meaning the main attractions can gain a vast income to improve.
Cat Bells is an easy climb so a lot of tourists choose to climb this small mountain. This is causing footpath erosion because of the constant use of the
same path.
The constant use of certain areas cause landscape scarring
20% of Lake District homes are second homes or holiday homes to let
Locals earn a lot from renting out their homes in summer to tourists
Holiday cottages, flats and second homes are not occupied all year
Holiday makers don't always support local businesses because they do their food shopping at there home supermarkets before they go to the Lake ...
Dirt fills the holes and grass grows. This means the aesthetics still fits in with the surroundings yet still are effective against vast amounts of erosion.

Litter:
в—Џ Bins should be located all around the key attractions and should be emptied regularly to prevent overflowing bins.
в—Џ Designated picnic areas mean litter is in a controlled point
в—Џ Signs to encourage people to think about the litter that they are dropping
в—Џ CafГ©s and tea shops to have less packaging to decrease the amount of litter on the floor and in the bins. Employment The majority impact on
employment from tourism is beneficial to the local's. Many businesses thrive and make a really good profit from the tourism meaning they can grow
and expand.
However, most tourists come in summer time meaning in the winter times can be hard and less pay for the workers. Visitor numbers can be

A SWOT Analysis of the Changing Industry Marketplace
1.0Introduction
The purpose of this report is to develop and understanding of the changing tourism marketplace and alternatives to mass tourism and the different
problems associated with the delivery of different types of TL activities. Flowing from task 1, a Mystery Shop was completed on Skydive Ramblers
Caboolture and a case study has been developed based on the special interest activity undertaken.
The report has two parts; Part A, which is based on special interest tourism and management and marketing implications that may be present, and Part
B, which consists of the analysis of the data found through using the mystery shopping instrument. 2.0Part A
2.1Background
2.1.1Definition and Criteria
Adventure tourism has grown rapidly in the recent years and has become increasingly commercialised. It can be defined multiple ways including when
a participant is involved in an outdoor activity and confronts nature in order to experience risk (Walle, 1997), or where the principle attraction is an
outdoor activity using specialised equipment (Swarbrooke et al.)
However, not all activities that occur in an outdoor setting constitute as adventure and adventurous behaviour does not necessarily mean visiting
exciting places.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Maslow, 1954), people seek higher needs of risk only after lower level needs have been satisfied and are
no longer a source of motivation. This means that adventurers are predicted to willingly 'abandon

Sustainable Development Conceptual Framework in Tourism...
Conference of the International Journal of Arts and Sciences 2(1): 1–11 (2009) CD–ROM. ISSN: 1943–6114 © InternationalJournal.org
Sustainable Development Conceptual Framework in Tourism Industry Context in Taiwan: Resource Based View
Chih–Wen Wu , National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to develop and test a conceptual framework for sustainable development in tourism industry context to
address the integration of social, economic, and ecological elements of sustainable development and the contextual nature of sustainable development.
Resource–based view theory was used to model the driving force, state and response indicators of sustainability development for tourism industry. Data
was collected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The concept grew out of dissatisfaction with entrenched policies of continuous economic growth and unequal distribution of benefits and costs (
Bramwell and Lane, 1993; Hardy, Beeton, and Pearson,2002). Similarly, sustainable development for tourism industry is found to be difficult to define(
Swarbrooke,1999), The term could be defined as a form of tourism sustained over a period time(Butler,1999). Accordingly, tourism industry that meets
the needs of today's tourists without taking away from the future generations the resource necessary to fulfill their own needs. Thus, the controversy
exists over a definition for sustainable tourism development.
The most widely quoted definition of sustainable development is the one provided by the Brundtland Report, the report says that "sustainable
development is development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs," ( World
Commission on Environment and Development,1987,p.43). According to Wall(1997) and Hunter(1995), two important ingredients are included in this
statement: human needs and environmental limitations. For the World Commission, the major objective of development is to satisfy human needs and
aspirations for a better quality of life for all people. In other words, sustainable development means long term economic sustainability within a
framework of long term ecological sustainability plus

Tourism Management Issues
TOURISM MANAGEMENT ISSUES: DARK TOURISM Discuss the tourism management issues generated by the growth of dark tourism. Abstract:
The aim of this research is to consider dark tourism and discuss what are the tourism management issues generated by the growth of this phenomenon.
To clarify this concept, the report will also include a definition of dark tourism, a brief background of why this type of tourism is continuously
increasing, and finally conclusions will be drawn. Keywords: culture management, visitor number management, safeguard, vandalism, conservation
Introduction: Dark tourism has been defined as encompassing the visitation to any site associated with death, disaster and tragedy in the twentieth
century for remembrance,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Auschwitz camp is a perfect example for this. It is in the process of continual erosion; the growth of vegetation and foliage– coverage has to be
managed and controlled. As Lennon and Foley (2004) further suggest, there should be management rather than restoration. This dark attraction has
swelled visitor number and catalysed economic activity. A very important issue also identified is that of culture management. Tourist must be given a
code of conduct and be educated to behave in a certain way when visiting particular sites as to conform and integrate with the local community to avoid
conflict. Tourist themselves have, or should have, an obligation to observe codes of behaviour and be aware of cultural norms in the destination they
are visiting (Howie, 2003). Some behaviour such as alcohol abuse, shouting, fighting should not be permitted as these might insult the local community
and lack of respect needed in these tragedy sites. While at Auschwitz–Birkenau, groups of schoolchildren were taking photographs of each other,
parents were photographing their children at the gates of Birkenau and indeed, school parties were sitting on the ruins of the crematorium eating
sandwiches(Lennon and Foley, 2004). Furthermore funds required to conserve sites will also be of consideration. The two options that

Buencamino
It is an international phenomenon that travelling is more and more popular due to the high speed development of economy and conveniences of
transportation. People choose to travel as a way to relax, to improve life quality and to broaden their horizon. The government encourages the
development of tourism because it is not only provides employment opportunities but also promote local economy. The global scale of interests in
travel leads tourism becomes one of the most prosperous industry in the world. Therefore, this essay will give an introduction to tourism management
in hospitality management and will focus on aspects of accommodation and marketing in tourism management.
The notion of tourism is complex and tourism management covers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Kotler,2003 cited in Cooper,Fletcher,Fyall,Gilbert,Wanhill,2005). Market management is to–3– choose a target market, then keeping the customer
and making more customers by sending them product they want. The product of tourism and hospitality industry is different from other product. It is
called service product. The characteristics of the service product determine that the marketing for tourism will face more difficulties than others.
Intangibility is the first feature of the service product. It means that the product can not be seen, assessed and showed before buying it. To attract
customer, the marketer could print brochures, make videos, broadcast advertisement to make the product more concrete. Perishability is the second
feature. It means that the product in tourism such as accommodation can not be stored like other items. The product needs to be sold as soon as
possible because it can not be used for future sale. Therefore, marketers devise pricing policy to promote the product. For example, in peak season, the
hotel increase room charge to gain more profit,while in off–season, discount should be offered to attract more customers. The marketing activity for
perishability is to make the turnover stable, avoid huge ups and

Empowerment Is The Decision Making Process Essay
Introduction The empowerment in query can describe to the employees, the front–line managers and supervisors, or to the association as a being, the
empowered organization. These alternative revolve around unitary eloquence for integrating the interests and efforts of both employers and employees
with the impersonation that low–level employees can contribute to management decisions and in so doing improve the performance of the organization.
In the past decade, business practitioners and organizational researchers have attached concept of empowerment in the workplace. Even, until at
present, the literature has lacked unity on a definition or operationalization of empowerment in the workplace. In summary, empowerment is the
management behavior where managers share with the rest of the organizational members their impact in the decision–making procedure that is to say,
the cooperation in the decision making process is not whereabouts to the position with formal capacity with particular characteristics such as
information systems, training, rewarding, power sharing, leadership style and organizational culture are concerned. Empowerment is an aspect, a
technic and an appeal which mark more contribution of labors. Empowerment appeal in hotel enterprises are a weighty method to increase personnel
productivity, which make them realize esteemed by the management by with the employees in decisional activities by asking them to participate in the
planning period, and by return and

Describe and Evaluate the Negative Social, Cultural or...
Describe and evaluate the negative social, cultural or environmental impact caused by tourism in a destination of your choice. Analyse the causes of
this impact and judge to what extent sustainable tourism strategies and methods could eliminate or ameliorate them and thereby secure the long term
future of the destination.
The negative effects of tourism are widely publicised in a number of destinations worldwide; however it is often underdeveloped nations that are home
to natural wonders of the world which attract huge tourism levels. This is significant as these underdeveloped nations often rely on the tourist industry
as a main source of income and therefore a source of economic development. Increasing tourism levels often requires ... Show more content on
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Accessed March 22 2010).
The environmental, cultural impact in the shape of damage to the temples can be explained by the way the tourist experience is consumed in Angkor.
The wearing of shoes and touching of the sculptures by millions of tourists is causing huge erosion problems. "We are very concerned by this
unprecedented, uncontrolled acceleration, which is damaging the monuments and the local environment." Teruo Jinnai, UNESCO's top official in
Cambodia ( Justine Smith (25th Feb 2007) Tourism invasion threatens to ruin Angkor Wat, The Guardian, Accessed March 23).Passes to the ancient
sites are sold in one–day ($20), three–day ($40) and seven–day ($60) blocks, and visiting hours are 5:00am to 6.00pm (Angkor Archaeological Park
(n.d) Accessed March 25). Visible damage to the temples has arisen from large numbers of daily visitors or short stays include congestion of facilities in
and around the temples. It can be argued that the cause of erosion and damage to the temples lies in economic and political motivation of the
Cambodian government to maintain and increase tourist revenue. The consideration of thresholds and carrying capacity could to a great extent reduce
such negative impacts as over and consequent negative social and cultural impacts on the Angkor temples. Carrying capacity can be defined as" the
maximum number of people who can use a site without an unacceptable alteration in the physical environment and without an

Environmental And Social Sustainability Tourism Management...
1. Executive Summary
The purpose of this report was to investigate and critically review the environmental and social sustainability tourism management practices in the
Philippines.
All the information provided in this report involves secondary market research method, which was acquired from the internet, academic journals and
books.
2. Introduction
Tourism is one of the biggest industrial sectors in the world and has been growing rapidly during the last half a century. Currently travel and
tourism has reached a considerable level in terms of profits, number of tourists at varying destinations. According to UNWTO (2015) "International
tourism receipts reached US$ 1245 billion worldwide in 2014." The Philippines are the world 's second largest archipelago with 7100 islands. They
are known as one of the best destinations for tropical islands, adventure travel, diving, beautiful sand beaches, Volcano, waterfalls and exotic food.
Luxury resorts attracting a lot of visitors from all over the world. Their culture is rich in festivals, parade and fairs. The tourism industry is an
important sector of the Philippines and play a crucial role in a country economic policy and development. The country experienced the growth in the
tourist industry, both inbound international and domestic tourism from the middle until the end of the past decade. During the year 2015 from January
to December Philippines was visited by more than 5.36 million visitors. (Ffcccii.org, 2016) WTTC report

Six Elements Of A Literature Review On Tourism And Human...
1. Introduction
A literature review is a body of text that determines the aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well
as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. The review of relevant literature is nearly always a standard chapter of a thesis
or dissertation. The review forms an important chapter in a thesis where its purpose is to provide the background to and justification for the research
undertaken. Bruce , who has published widely on the topic of the literature review, has identified six elements of a literature review. These elements
comprise a list; a search; a survey; a vehicle for learning; a research facilitator; and a report.
According to Cooper 'a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paper supplied an overview of literature and then the research that related specifically to work life balance in the tourism industry.
Julia Christensen Hughes and Evelina Rog clarified the concept of talent management and its importance within hospitality organizations. Moreover,
authors have identified factors that are critical in effective implementation of talent management. The findings of the study revealed that an effectively
implemented talent management strategy include improved employee recruitment and retention rates, and enhanced employee engagement.
Levent Altinay, Eser Altinay and Judie Gannon evaluated and reported the relationship between the institutional growth and the human resource
management practices of small service organizations in catering to professional services and the retailing sectors in the UK. The findings of the study
reported that employee empowerment contributes to the sales growth of small organizations in the diversified sectors of the service industry.
Moreover, study also reported that employee training and recruitment through recognized channels contribute to the sales growth of organizations in
service in the catering

Ethics And Ethics In The Ancient Theatre Of Dionysus
There is a growing interest in ethics in all industries. All managers face ethical dilemmas and the visitor attraction sector is not an exception. In
particular the ethical challenges that refer to the archaeological site management involve the concept of cultural tourism. Indeed, cultural tourism has
been recognized as a distinct type of tourism during the 1970s when it became apparent that some tourists have been motivated to travel by their desire
to better understand the culture and the heritage of a touristic destination. Cultural tourism differentiates form the typical sea, sand and sun tourism.
The growing importance of cultural tourism and its ability to attract tourists makes destination to try to promote their cultural and heritage assets in ...
Thus, the theatre of Dionysus is regarded to be the birthplace of ancient drama. It is the prototype of all of Greek theatres and it is the place that
classical Greek plays have been first presented to the audience. The first part of the theatre that has been built is the orchestra, namely a 60 feet
circular floor (Moretti 2000, 392–395). Afterwards, in the 5th century B. C. the theatre served as the center of the plays' contests and hence a wooden
benches auditorium has been constructed, whereas behind the orchestra a scene has been set. During the 4th century B. C. wooden benches had been
replaced by stone seats and the theatre could accommodate 17,000 spectators, whereas a stone scene has been constructed. In the period of the
Roman Empire a number of revisions took place (Travlos 1971, 537), but in the following years the theatre of Dionysus fell into disuse and gradually
it has been abandoned. In 1765 it has been rediscovered and during the 19th century German archaeologists undertook a significant archaeological
restoration (Bieber 1961, 54–55,

Base On Stakeholder Participation And Tourism...
5. Recommendations
5.1 Issues review
Base on stakeholder participation and tourism sustainability analysis, the main problems current exists can be concluded. Initially, low level local
business operators and residents' participation in decision making process. Secondly, over commercialization and transformation of culture, architecture
pollution. Then, in terms of environment, key concerns remain on fishery resource protection and cultivation, without compromise benefits of local
residents. In the next section, several recommendations are provided for inspiration, while the feasibility and effectiveness should be further analyzed.
5.2 Enhancing Stakeholder involvement:
Building and empower a collaborative policy making committee,
Building and empower a policy making collaborative committee, involved multi stakeholders that represent for the voice of local resident, local
business operators, tourists, external investors, public officers, specialist (environment, tourism, cultural, urban development, marketing, legal). More
transparency information and making decision at optimal one.
Establish Tourism Industry Association of Zhou Shan
Learn the successful experience from Canada, the Association of Canada (TIAC), which on behalf of Canadian tourism businesses and promotes
positive measures that will benefit the sector's growth and development, membership including government departments, trades, industry advocacy
groups and destination marketing organizations. The

Hotel and Tourism Management
The author would like to carry out the primary research of this study at the Hotel and Tourism Management Institute, Switzerland which is a well
renowned institute and is one of the leading hotel management schools in the country. It is also known for its high quality and globally recognized
masters, degree and diploma courses. HTMi caters to over 200 students every year, providing them with world class education while encompassing a
strong family environment amongst students from varied walks of life.
O'Mahony et al., (2001) and Purcell and Quinn, (1996) state that students that enlist in hospitality degree programs are mostly inspired by the
anticipation of vocational and career outcomes. Connolly, P. and McGing, G. (2006) mentions that designing significant educational programs for the
hospitality industry is not a simple and easy task, as there are continually unresolved debates between scholars and practitioners about the suitable
balance between academics and profession.
Hospitality management vocational degree programs aim at satisfying a common need in the industry for skilled future employees and hence, it is
required by educational institutions to ensure the academic curriculum not only meets educational epecations but also student and industry
expectations (O'Mahony, et al. 2001). Raybould, M. and Wilkins, H. (2005) examine that the educators in the hospitality industry have for a while now,
recognized the significance of matching the program outcomes with needs

Business Management For Travel And Tourism
LONDON COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANADEMENT AND INFORMATION TECHONOLGY
ATHE Level 5 Diploma in Management for Travel and Tourism
Name : Waqas Pervaiz
Student ID: 12131
Assignment Tasks– Wyndham Hotels Group
Topic: Finance and Funding Executive Summary
In the modern era, travel and tourism industries seem to go beyond the mere need of attracting sizable visitors by incorporating macroeconomic and
non–customary variables to earn monetary and non–monetary benefits. Cost is an important aspect of growth and profitability in an organization.
Organizations lose money because of heavy costs and they require decreasing the cost for better profits. Sale and cost has direct relation because as
the sales volume increases, total cost of the entire production also increases. However, at the same time, as the quantity of sales increases, cost of
production decreases so as to achieve economies of scale. In addition, the assignment elaborated three key pricing strategies including rack rate,
seasonal pricing and Last minute pricing that seemed appropriate for WHG. Moreover, management accounting information is a process through which
an organization forecasts to improve business decision making. Management accounting information helps to advice the business ways of moving
forward, for example, whether an organization should buy a new plant or land or invest in company stocks.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary2
TASK 14
Cost4
Importance of costs4
Volume4
Importance of volume

Critically Analyse and Evaluate the Relationship Between...
Critically analyse and evaluate the relationship between tourism and development & illustrate your arguments with practical examples from a variety
of destination areas.
In order to be able to understand the relationship that exists between tourism and development, it is important primarily to understand what is meant by
the term 'development'. One important point is that if development is linked to economic progress, then the majority of third world countries are
currently not in a developmental stage at all. Sharpley et al (2002:25) state therefore that development should be classified as "the reduction of
widespread poverty and unemployment". However, this solely relates to third world countries, as poverty, whilst existing to some ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The core issue of modernisation is that all societies follow an evolutionary path to development, and, according to their stage of development, societies
can be located at different positions on a path from traditional to modern (Sharpley, 2002:247). Economic growth can result in a variety of methods of
development, such as the balanced 'big push' approach (Harrison, 1995), which results in the destination being built up at a steady rate. This rational
and logical method of development, though, is not being used in Goa, India, where western based organisations are continuously developing the region,
with little idea of the impact on rural life. Tourism is Goa's primary industry, handling 12% of all foreign tourist arrivals in India (WTO, 2004).
Wilson (1997:53) reinforces the reality of how successful tourism has become in Goa by stating that "available accommodation in Goa has doubled
over the last couple of years". Conversely, whilst clearly providing the region with a sustainable industry, the reality is that 80% of hotel chains
operating in Goa are run by western owned companies (Mintel, 2008). As a result, the majority of the money that is being generated through tourism is
ending up back in the western world, rather than being used to help support local communities. In other words, within the single,

Disadvantages Of Volunteer Tourism
Brown (2008) states that volunteer tourism includes different aspects and environmental protection is a kind of volunteer tourism. According to Brown
(2008), volunteer tourism, or voluntourism, refers to the tours which provide travelers opportunities to participate in voluntary activities and enable
them to communicate with local people. The participants have different mindsets on voluntourism (Brown, 2008), some of them is volunteer–minded
while the others are vacation–minded. The main reasons for the participants to participate in this type of tourism are cultural immersion, to help the less
privileged and seeking friendship and educational opportunity for children. It is generally accepted that voluntourism brings some benefits to the
participants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the organization make decision on the destination, what factors do you measure? Do you consider the statistics from international organization
to measure the need of different region? Do you offer programme in case there are emergency need in a specific region (such as tsunami in 2004 in
Southeast Asia)?
Interviews are two–way communication, which enable the investigation to understand the exact thought of different organizations and their opinion
would be useful to generate an accurate conclusion. Besides interviewing management from organizations, the investigation also includes the
quantitative approach to understand the mentality of the participants to join volunteer tourism. Snowball sampling will be used so that the sample size
will gradually increase. This sampling method is chosen because it is not easy to access to the participants. Questionnaire will be conducted for
quantitative research. It enables the investigation to understand the mainstream of thought of participating in volunteer tourism. Measure of central
tendency is used as the research investigates the most typical response to a question. This facilitates the research to collect the opinion from many
participants and understand the mainstream of thought. Exact questions cannot be presented at this stage; however, the interview will consists of
questions such

Tourist Popular Destination: The Kangaroo Island Essay
Introduction
Listed as one of the 1000 places to see before you die , Kangaroo Island is a premier tourist destination located off the coast of South Australia. It
attracts mostly tourists from South Australia as it is an easily accessible destination to get to. A short ferry trip across Backstairs Passage on the Sea
Link ferry will bring you to the town of Penneshaw. The island "...has become a sought–after tourism destination due to its national parks and the
wildlife that exists within them." The main industry on the island is agriculture but it also has a flourishing food and wine industry.
When considering the success of primarily a nature based destination, the costs must be considered in order to determine its success. The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"One of South Australia's premier nature–based attractions is Seal Bay Conservation Park" . It is a beach where the seals wander freely as tourists
watch on from a boardwalk. As a result of tourism, the management of the area has changed significantly over time. Tours are available with a guide
to walk onto the beach and get up closer with the seals, which was not always provided. The guides are there to control the tourists and protect the
seals from any harm being done to them. The boardwalks have been added to protect the area and minimise the disturbance to the seals. This is a direct
environmental impact that tourism has had on Seal Bay. To minimise any more tourism related destruction to the island's environment, made up of over
half "native 'old –growth' bushland" , conservation parks are scattered over the island, as seen in figure 1.
Being primarily a nature based destination, there are different ways to explore the natural attractions that the island has to offer. Swimming,
snorkelling, kayaking, surfing, caving, bushwalking, quad biking and sand boarding are all activities offered on the island. Most of these have a
different environmental cost and all occur primarily because of tourism. Quad biking would be degrading the environment of the site that it takes place
in. The trails that it is conducted on would be directly impacted as a result of this

Culture and Heritage Value in Switzerland, Lucerne
Influence on lucerne and to what extent has it succeeded in achieving its goal as a major tourism destination of this region?
Introduction
Following the famous and multitudinously citied definition of sustainable development of the Brundtland Report (World Commission on Environment
and Development, 1987) as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs", sustainable tourism can be defined as tourism that вЂ•meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing
opportunities for the future. In this case therefore, the success of Lucerne in becoming a world renowned tourist spot is rooted in the fact that it has
envisaged the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, as Sandbrook concluded (2010), 'Within a smaller region, the production possibilities are limited. In this sense, relatively high leakage rates are
not a major problem, since they are (economically) justifiable and mostly the result of geographic scale.' Therefore, even if there were higher leakage
rates in terms of importing products such as German beer, Lucerne can offset these by ensuring that the concentration of tourist revenue is collected
from the service industry and the cultural experiences provided to tourists.
Frommer (2012) expands on this argument by stating Lucerne has managed to create a successful economic environment that has built the foundation
for its success in tourism by developing an "extension of the regional value–added chain" which is used to describe the intensification of the integration
of a specific sector, e.g. tourism, into the other sectors of the economy. This means that local suppliers of intermediate products or services are favoured
over non–local suppliers. For example, a restaurant should use predominantly locally cultivated food from producers who use locally produced
intermediate goods (e.g. fertilizer) and employ locals. Or a main contractor should prefer local building firms that use e.g. local timber to non–local
firm or firms that use timber from other regions or countries. If the required intermediate goods or services are not yet

Enhancing the Tourist Destination: An analysis of the...
B.Literature Review
1.Tourism Discourse
Tourism is a movement which comprises the straight interaction between cultures and all that this conception consist of namely culture and heritage,
folklore, customs, gastronomy, dancing, rules, etc. The relationship between language and tourism has been paid attention by some scholars such as
MacCannell (1976) and Urry (1990) who argue the tourism development depends on language use and how to construct and define the tourist
experience and destination images. As Boyer and Viallon (1994) discovered that it is not so many destinations which is integrally touristic but rather
the language use creates them be touristic. This concept was then developed by Graham Dann (1996) who was one of the first ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Tourism has gradually converted dependent on image (Tasci & Gartner, 2007). Contrasting typical products, prospective tourists are obtaining an
intangible product, and experience. Therefore, a study from Hudson and Ritchie (2006) examined the role of promotional media in portraying
destinations and concluded that tourism promotion has significant impact in persuading potential tourist. However, there are only few research
concerned with how the language and images enhance the tourist destination (Salim, Ibrahim & Hanita, 2102). Debatably, both language and image
aspects have important functions in valuing the destination such as, to persuade and to attract potential tourists. Consequently, both language and
image in tourism promotional media play an important role to lure and persuade potential tourists to make a decision (Thurlow and Jaworski, 2010;
Mocini, 2005; Morgan & Arnette, 1989). Moreover,
Furthermore, Choi, Xinvan, & Alastair (2007) carried out a study on tourism promotional media and state that promotional media provide the
significant knowledge of tourist destinations and product. Most prominently, the studies showed that promotional media such as advertisement,
booklet, websites, brochures, magazines and tourist guide or other promotions related media are broadly recognized as an essential and powerful part
of traveller decision making. For instance, the role of visual images in the tourism media has been shown as an important aspect in

Tourism As A Source Of Revenue Managing Destinations Essay
In today's competitive economies and with growth of tourism as a source of revenue managing destinations is an important and integral part of
controlling tourism's environmental impacts and promoting sustainable tourism in the region. Destination management includes planned business
permits to organizations, land use planning, environmental and other regulations and various other methods for the development and operations of
activities related to tourism. According to UNWTO "The programme for "Destination Management" is committed to respond positively to the growing
need for systematic, multidisciplinary and intersectoral strategies for tourism at local, regional and national level and in particular to provide strategic
guidance in destination management which is a recent conceptualization of a micro–level activity at national, regional and/or local level in which the
tourism stakeholders carry out their individual and organizational responsibilities in a coordinated manner aiming to achieve the macro–level policies."
(United Nations World Tourism Organization)
The term destination is given to an area where tourism is of significant importance and economy is highly influenced by tourism. UNWTO defines
destinations as "A local tourism destination is a physical space in which a visitor spends at least one overnight. It includes tourism products such as
support services and attractions, and tourism resources within one dayВґs return travel time. It has physical and

Marketing Management For Tourism And Hospitality
Student Submission Form
School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors
Student Name(s): Sasha Stimpson
Student ID Number(s): 20609477
Student UCLan Email: SStimpson@uclan.ac.uk
Assignment Due Date: 08th February 2015
Course / Subject: Marketing Management for Tourism and Hospitality
Year: 2
Module Code: TL2008
Semester: 2
Module Title: Marketing Management for Tourism & Hospitality
Assessment No: 1 (resubmission)
Module Tutor: Dr. Philip Stone
Student Declaration in Respect of Plagiarism:–
'In submitting this form, I confirm that this assignment which I have submitted is all my own work and the source of any information or material I

have used (including the internet) has been fully identified and properly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the terms of producers marketing is about what services and products to produce, when and why to introduce new offers. It is also about
determining the volume of supply, the correct price, and when and where to make products available to buyers.
"The marketing concept holds that the key to achieving organisational goals consists in determining the desired satisfactions more effectively and
efficiently than competitors, in a way that preserves or enhances the customers' and the society's well–being." Kotler (1991:16 & 26) this identifies that
it is important for businesses to determine customer satisfactions more efficiently and effectively to gain a competitive advantage and help reach
organisational goals.
Demand are supply relationships are used between consumers and suppliers and are vital for the marketing economy as stated by Heakal (2015)
states: "supply and demand is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of economics and it is the backbone of the market economy".
The main aim of this marketing method is to accomplish something called equilibrium, this is when demand and supply meet in the middle. For
businesses to be able to accomplish this, it is vital to fully understand the behaviours of customers, also their wants and needs. Businesses should use the
information of customer behaviour to

Motivation Statement For Tourism
When I was younger, 10 years old, I remember the first time I found out that the world is much bigger than I thought. There was a question that always
appeared in my mind: Could I explore this world and that question has become my dream. Today, tourism industry is on the rise, I decide to study it
thoroughly. I had almost three years to study in International Studies Department. This offers me a bridge to touch international cultures and brings me
lots of opportunities and experiences. Because tourism always links to exploring not only the places but also the different cultures and customs. As
studying international issues, I am better equipped in terms of cultures, economics, political system, even gender equality. Such knowledge gained is ...
Studying BA International Tourism and Leisure Industries will help me to improve my ability in tourism planning and management. It can help me to
acquire deep knowledge about tourism, leisure industries to have better preparation for the future. It also helps me to be able to work in tourism
enterprises then thinking of the way to promote Vietnam tourism industry. I think this chosen course will challenge, stimulate me and help me to reach
my dream. I want to succeed, I want to go extra mile. I know Bologna University is one of the oldest university in Italy with high standard of
education. Italy is also one of the leading countries developing tourism industry in the world. I understand the fact that tourism industry is always
changing and diversifying and I feel that attending a university in Italy allows me abilities to be successful within the

Internship In Nepal Essay
An internship is a position that offers hands on practical experience."Internship program is one of the ways of putting our theoretical knowledge into
the practical work place, which is being the important roadmap for the students before entering into any jobs." The delegation of internship program
has always been prioritized by the Tribhuvan University (TU). Internship is very helpful to students to apply theory and skills learnt in College for
personal development. Internship is also helpful to realize the real world before making any commitment, outline the specific career, work environment
and work to be handled.
Intern choose Intertours Nepal for internship, as are specialization in Travel, Tour and Treks inTourism sectors. Our enthusiasm ... Show more content
Travel agency is an axis of the tourism. The tourism is the result of the movement of the people from one place to another and travel agencies
generate the movement. So the travel agency is the generator or a creator of the tourism. It plays a crucial role in the tourism as a brain in human
body. Without travel agency tourism will have no joint effort, no planning, and no programming. Without travel agency a travel is possible but there
may not be tourism. Agency create the trust, security, confident in the mind of the tourist then only tourist travel for pleasure or they are able to
enjoy during the travel which is the basic principle of tourism. They "push" for the market and "pull" at destination. A travel agency main function
is to make an arrangement for a people who want to travel. It works as a retailer basis that provides travel and tourism related services to the public.
Agencies coordinate with all different service agents, hospitality industry and make a full package and sell to the people as per their wants. A travel
agent is supposed to offer impartial travel advice to the customer, as well as coordinating travel details and assisting the customer in booking

The Issues Of Jeju Tourism
Currently, the issues of Jeju tourism arise by the internal and external factors. The external factor is the massive Chinese tourists. As after the Korea
government offer the visa–free access the Jeju Island for chinese tourists, it brings some issues for Jeju. The massive Chinese tourists bring some
benefit on Jeju economy, but soon there arise some issues, such as crowded transport, depletion resource and local resident's unsatisfied. The Jing Daily
(2015) has posted an article 'Tension Mounts as Chinese Tourists overtake Jeju Island'. In this article, it mentioned the issues arise by the mass Chinese
tourists, related to economic, social and local cultural. The Chinese travelers have become the most profitable tourists in the world and some countries
start to change their tourism regulation and policies to Chinese, such as Emirate allowed the extra baggage for Chinese tourists to shop (Ryan 2014).
The South Korean government found the way to increase their tourism industry and grow their economy. They offer the visa–free access to Jeju Island
for Chinese tourists which has an obvious benefit after this policy start. The Jeju provincial government director–Kim Nam–sun said that the increasing
Chinese tourists help them raise tax revenue and built a world resort destination brand for Jeju (Nam 2015). However, as more Chinese tourists visit
Jeju and more investment in Jeju, this lead to some Jeju residents worried about their local environment. As new casinos, hotels,

Difficulty Of Measuring Social Carrying Capacity
Difficulty in Measuring Social Carrying Capacity Introduction
The growing interest in sustainable development in the tourism industry has accelerated the experts' concern about the social and biophysical effects of
tourism. In this context, the carrying capacity is deemed to evaluate how the tourism development sustains local communities and their cultural and
environmental circumstance at a specific tourism site. This evaluation is getting more and more importance, as the researchers, or perhaps the planners
and executors of tourism development fear the committing resources to specific uses in the modern world of growing scarcity.
Defining Social Carrying Capacity
Social carrying capacity has been defined as "... the maximum visitor density at which recreationists still feel comfortable and uncrowded" (Weaver &
Lawton, 2014). It also involves the reaction of the local people to the tourist development of the place. Thus, it must be a measure of crowding
tolerance. It implies that if no additional changes or improvements in the tourism facility are made, the visitor numbers start to decline beyond the
density a site can afford. It means that this measure should never be negative. Mostly the social carrying capacity is influenced by factors such as the
recreational infrastructure, visitor attitudes, and socio–cultural norms (MacLeod & Cooper, 2005).
Difficulty faced in Measuring Social Carrying Capacity
Saveriades (2000) stated that among all the types of carrying

1.Shopping and Tourist Night Markets in Taiwan
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Tourism Management 27 (2006) 138–145 www.elsevier.com/locate/tourman
Shopping and Tourist Night Markets in Taiwan
An–Tien Hsieha, Janet Changb,Гѓ b School of Management, Da–Yeh University, Chang–hua, Taiwan Department and Graduate School of Tourism
Management, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan Received 29 January 2004; accepted 28 June 2004
a
Abstract From theoretical viewpoints, analyses of consumer motivation have been applied to the shopping and the tourism industry for decades.
However, little research has been done on night markets or street vendors. According to the Statistical Information of Taiwan Tourism Bureau (2002
annual survey report on R.O.C. inbound travelers, Taipei, Tourism Bureau, 2003),... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three purposes for setting up Tourist Night Markets: 1. To stimulate local business trade and to increase regional economic beneп¬Ѓts. 2. To
provide an evening venue for the local people to shop. 3. To convert some illegal vendors into legal ones. In addition, from a shopper's perspective, it is
expected that the establishment of Tourist Night Markets can reduce some unpleasant shopping experiences often encountered when visiting the
regular hawkers. From the traditional perspective of marketing's 4P's (McCarthy, 1960), the characteristics of Tourist Night Markets are as follows: (1)
Product– the variety of goods and services is wide in Tourist Night Markets. According to the Taipei City Government's Market Committee (Wang,
2000, as cited in Yang, 2000), over 60% of the vendors sell food and drinks. The majority of others sell groceries and garments. (2) Price–the pricing of
each vendor in the Tourist Night Market is reasonable and allows shoppers to bargain no matter whether with stationary vendors or stores. (3)
Place–like the formal traders, vendors in Tourist Night Market can be found in a п¬Ѓxed location where shoppers must go to buy. Thus, contrary to
Arellano's research (1994), high mobility is not a primary characteristic of Tourist Night Markets' vendors. All the vendors or operators have a п¬Ѓxed
space to conduct their business. Location–wise, it is mandatory that a huge

The Tourism Industry In Queensland
1.0 Introduction
Tourism is a key player in the development of any nation because of the revenue that the industry accrues as well as the exchange of social and
political ideologies between the tourists and the populace. As such, tourism in the Queensland has been a major player in the economic, social and
political development of the nation (Schaffer 2010). The tourism industry has set up measures to meet the increasing and sophisticated needs of tourists
in all tourism sectors through identification of niche markets then developed best tourism products for such markets (Hayes 2010). This paper therefore
identifies a tourism sector in the Queensland hospitality industry and explores the market coverage, challenges and solutions that ... Show more content
This group handles over half a million tourists per year with 20 per cent of them being sport tourists. The AOT branch that deals with sports tourists in
Queensland is located in Brisbane, the capital of Queensland. AOT has its own accommodation resorts in many sport resorts that are fully equipped
with all tours products and services. However, the increasing number of sports tourists in Queensland has been a challenge to AOT in trying to service
all of them. This increase in market segment has strained the management of the tours company leading to outsourcing some of the services such as
accommodation and travel agents.
3.2 Australia Online Tour Operator
This is another inbound tour operator in both Australia and neighboring New Zealand. This tour operator has a firm value for quality and customer
satisfaction which has placed it in a very competitive position in the tourism industry. It has vibrant network of travel agents and accommodation hotels
throughout the two countries that pursues its purpose of customer satisfaction. Australia online has been receiving a lot of cricket and skiing tourists
from different areas in the world through its wide range of accommodation for all budgets in different parts of Queensland that include lodges, hotels,
island resorts, guest houses, apartments and farm stays. Like many other sport tourism operators, Australian online has an increasing number of visitors
every year which puts pressure on the available

Strategic Management For Travel And Tourism

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