Carbon Nation

Carbon Nation
Carbon Nation is a film on the solutions to the problem of climate change. The documentary shows
the advantages of tackling climate change, including a healthy and safe environment, an improved
economy and enhanced state and energy defense. The film is meant for those who have over the
years lost interest in matters concerning global warming and its effects on our world. The movie
highlights that climate change is an issue to be deeply concerned about, but at the same time, people
have the necessary tools to improve the situation. It has been noted by scientists and
environmentalists all over the world that the problem of climate change is causing natural disasters
such as hurricanes and tsunamis. If not addressed immediately and solved, the problem of global
warming could catalyze more problems that could render life ... Show more content on
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Going green is now supported by celebrities, for example, Al Gore, and this is creating more
awareness. Films such as Carbon Nation are also helping in alleviating the effects of climate change.
Carbon Nation opens up with what can be done about climate change. It does not dwell on its causes
or its existence. The main topic that has been highlighted in the movie is the fact that it is a time that
we as humans look for alternative renewable energy sources and stop depleting fossil fuels.
Alternatives proposed are such as wind power or solar panels, all of which are renewable. The
movie is especially informative on what we can do to lessen climate change. It provides hope that
there is still a lot that can be done to save our environment. It is not enough to say that there are
climate change and show audiences images of melting
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Carbon is the Basis for Organic Chemistry
Carbon is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. Its name originates from a Latin
word carbo for charcoal. Carbon is a member of group 14 elements on the periodic table and is
nonmetallic and tetravalent (make four bonds available to form covalent chemical bonds). It's the
basis for organic chemistry as it occurs in living organisms also it's the fourth most abundant
element in the universe. The allotropes of carbon are diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
The existence in the same physical state of two or more structural forms of the same element is
known as allotropy. Allotropes of carbon are the ability of carbon to exist in various forms in the
same physical state. Carbon can exist in three different allotropic forms. These are diamond,
graphite, and amorphous or non crystalline. Diamond and graphite form the crystalline carbon.
DIAMOND
Diamond is the hardest known natural mineral, which makes it a good abrasive. It's the purest form
of naturally occurring carbon. It is found as colorless, lusterless solids, which can be transformed
into brilliant gems. It consists of an array of bonded atoms. No discrete molecule can be
distinguished. They are rare and found in volcanic rocks. Industrial use of diamond is in cutting,
drilling, grinding and polishing. Diamonds are fixed in drill tips or saw, blades or ground to powder
for grinding and polishing applications. Diamonds are specially used in laboratories as containment
for high

Carbon Pollution
As of mid–2017 it has been recorded that a concentration 407 parts per million of Carbon Dioxide
are present in the atmosphere. The current Carbon Dioxide concentration in our atmosphere is the
highest recorded in the past 20 million years and it is due to human activities; mainly fossil fuel
consumption and deforestation. This tremendous increase in malicious greenhouse gases in our
atmosphere has started to have a noticeable impact on our earth. These being increases, and
decreases in temperature throughout the planet and more constant and powerful natural disasters.
These effects have mobilized the efforts of governments throughout different continents to start
making significant change in the policies regarding climate change. carbon offsets, carbon trading
and cap and trade are concepts being implemented throughout countries with the intention of
limiting the amount of CO2 major industries are permitted of releasing. Although, these concepts
were created with upright intent, the industries that such concepts were created for have found ways
of corrupting these programs. This is because all three of the previous concepts have loopholes in
which a company can purchase the right to release as much carbon dioxide as they are willing to
spend for it. It is imperative to acknowledge that there are many defects with these concepts,
therefore people need to understand and require for improved guidelines against major companies
and their carbon dioxide footprints. Furthermore,

Carbon Sequestration Essay
Carbon Sequestration The rapid change in our climate due to anthropogenic forces has caused the
Earth's average temperature to rise to an unparalleled level in human history. The amount of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, as well as the cyclical processes of the Earth and Sun, affect the warming
of our oceans and atmosphere. Although processes other than anthropogenic practices modify the
climate, our influence on the climate since the Industrial Revolution has been unmatched. According
to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "Recent climate changes have
widespread impacts on human and natural systems" (IPCC , 2014). The impact that climate change
has on human and natural systems is difficult to quantify, because the effects are complex and slow
moving. Although the magnitude of the impact is challenging to measure, it is quite clear that,
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes
are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts
of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen" (IPCC , 2014). Equally important, carbon
dioxide levels have reached nearly 390 ppm and scientists estimated this number could rise to 500
ppm by 2050 and 800 ppm by 2100 (Hardt & Safina, 2010).
Taking into account the drastic consequences that these findings can have on our planet, it is crucial
that as a species we implement mitigation plans for the short– and long–term

The History of Carbon
The sixth element on the Periodic Table is Carbon. Carbon's name originated from the Latin word
"carbo."This in Latin actually means charcoal, which is the first basic form Carbon was used for.
("History of Carbon")There are many compounds that Carbon is found in our world. Carbon was
first found in prehistoric times and therefore there is no true discoverer. In these times the Egyptians
and Sumerians used charcoal, a form of carbon, to reduce metals to make bronze. ("History of
Carbon") Later, charcoal was used for medicinal uses by the Egyptians. They used charcoal as a
way to absorb odors from wounds that were infected and from inside the digestive system. This
started the use of charcoal more and more for medical purposes. ("History of Carbon") It is recorded
that charcoal started to be used for even epilepsy around 400BC. ("History of Carbon") Scientist
recently have found barrels found in ship wrecks shortly after this time wear charred to help extend
the use of water and it is also reported that filters made of charcoal came to be about around this
time. In the late 1700's carbon was found to have great absorptive powers, mostly in the form of
charcoal. ("History of Carbon") I scientist by the name of Carl Wilhelm Scheele performed a serious
of experiments involving gasses and saw how carbon from different origins would absorb it. Later,
Lowitz another well–known scientist in his time, study in broader terms the same thing as Scheele.
("History of Carbon") He also

Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle involves an arrangement of events that are critical to making Earth fit for
sustaining life.
The recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their nonliving environment is
known as a biogeochemical cycle.
The environment is a major reservoir of carbon, as carbon dioxide is fundamental to the process of
photosynthesis. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is impacted by the reservoir of carbon
in the oceans. The development of carbon through land, water, and air is complex, and it happens
much more gradually geologically than the movement between living organisms. Carbon is stored
for long periods in what are known as carbon reservoirs, which incorporate the environment, ocean
and sea residue, soil, rocks, fossil fuels and Earth's interior. Each one affects the other
correspondingly. The atmosphere breaks down ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these ions join with calcium particles in the seawater to form calcium carbonate. Over
geologic time, the calcium carbonate forms limestone, which involves the largest carbon reservoir
on Earth. In land, carbon is put away in soil as natural carbon because of the disintegration of living
organisms or from weathering of terrestrial rock and minerals. Under the ground are fossil fuels, the
anaerobically decomposed remains of plant organisms that take a million years to form. Fossil fuels
are viewed as a non–renewable resource because their utilization far surpasses their rate of
development. Carbon moves from fossil fuels to the atmosphere when fuels are burned. Carbon
moves from living things to the environment. Each time people breathe out, they are discharging
carbon dioxide gas into the air. Carbon dioxide is additionally added to the atmosphere by the
farming practices of people. The huge number of land animals raised to

How Carbon Is A Remarkable Element
Carbon is a remarkable element.. It happens in more diverse structures than whatever other element
on the periodic table . The periodic table is a diagram that shows how chemical elements are
identified with each other.
2. Describe the appearance of the element
Carbon has two forms, Diamond and Graphite, thus they appear in different colours. Diamond is
transparent and Graphite is black. Diamonds are amongst the hardest of materials and are utilised to
cut glass and steel. Graphite is additionally a type of carbon however it is utilised to make pencil
leads and rubs of effortlessly on paper. On the off chance that Diamonds and graphite are made out
of the same element than what gives them diverse properties. Carbon is usually found in a ... Show
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They centered the sun 's beams on the precious stone with an exceptional giant magnifying glass
and saw the diamond blaze and vanish. Lavoisier noticed the general weight of the container was
unchanged and that when it blazed, the precious stone had joined with oxygen in order to form
carbon dioxide. (1), (2) He reasoned that diamond and graphite were made of the same component –
carbon.
In 1779, Swedish researcher Carl Scheele demonstrated that graphite has to be burned so that carbon
dioxide is formed, thus should be another type of carbon.(3)
In 1796, English scientific expert Smithson Tennant established diamond that jewel was
unadulterated carbon and not a compound of carbon; it blazed to frame just carbon dioxide. Tennant
likewise demonstrated that when equivalent weights of diamonds and charcoal were smoldered,
they created the same measure of carbon dioxide. (4) In 1855, English scientific expert Benjamin
Brodie delivered pure graphite from carbon, demonstrating graphite was also a type of carbon.(4)
In spite of the fact that it had been beforehand endeavored without accomplishment, in 1955
American researcher Francis Bundy and collaborators at General Electric at long last exhibited that
graphite could be changed into precious stone at high temperature and high pressure.(5) In 1985,
Robert Curl, Harry Kroto and Richard Smalley found fullerenes, another type of carbon in which
the molecules are organized in

Carbon Monoxide Chemistry
–Carbon Monoxide gas is odorless, colorless, tasteless
–Carbon Monoxide is often a result of incomplete combustion which occurs when molecules such
as hydrocarbons do not completely undergo combustion due to lack of oxygen.
–Carbon Monoxide poisoning is extremely difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are similar to
other common illnesses such as a common flu and migraines.
–Symptoms following acute exposure include headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and chest pain
–Symptoms following long term exposure include cerebral edema (buildup of excessive fluid
causing swelling in the brain), convulsions (seizures), and difficulty in breathing and coordinating.
–Common Sources of Carbon Monoxide include faulty furnaces, gas stoves, and motor ... Show
–Ligand is an ion or molecule which bonds to the central atom or ion of a compound.
–Pi–backbonding for carbon monoxide is heavily depended on the fact that the carbon in carbon
monoxide has a negative formal charge thus when it bonds with the Fe+2 ion, the negative charge is
relieved.
–Since the formal charges on the oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecules are zero, this makes oxygen
an inferior ligand in comparison to carbon monoxide which is a superior ligand.
–Due to the formal charges of oxygen, pi–backbonding plays a very minor role in the bonding of
oxygen to hemoglobin thus making the bond substantially weaker than that of carbon monoxide and
hemoglobin.
–Essentially, our bodies' inability to break the bond between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide is
what makes it poisonous as it prevents oxygen from functioning in its optimal manner.
–The only known biological process that produces carbon monoxide is when the enzyme Heme
Oxygenase is used to catalyze the breakdown of the heme group in hemoglobin.
–As carbon monoxide (initial reactant) enters the body the concentration of it increases therefore
increasing the rate of reaction and producing more

The Relevence of Carbon-14
A human skeleton is discovered at a new construction site outside a small town in Nebraska. The
remains could be from someone who died within the past 100 years or the past 1000 years or even
longer. An archeologist from a local university is called in to examine the remains. He finds
evidence that the skeleton may indeed be very old. To determine its age, he uses radiometric dating.
Radiometric dating is based on analyzing the amount of carbon–14 in an ancient example of once–
living substantial, related to what is found in a current sample of active material. The important
material on which it is established is that carbon–14 has always been constructed at the same level
in the greater atmosphere for all history.
An element is radioactive if its atomic nuclei are unstable. The nucleus holds neutrons and protons;
the electromagnetic force separates the protons because they have an equivalent charge, but the
strong nuclear force pulls the protons and neutrons closer together. A nucleus is only unchanging if
it has an even balance of protons and neutrons, or also doesn't have any extra energy. Radiocarbon
dating only works on things that were once alive and are now dead.
The level of carbon 14 in an artifact reduces by 50% every 5730 years from the moment that the raw
material from which the artifact is made no longer is exchanging carbon with he atmosphere, in
most cases this is the point of death of the animal or plant.
Carbon–14 is produced naturally in the upper

Essay On Carbon Taxes
III. Implementing Prudent Carbon Taxes and Targeting Social Costs Carbon taxing coal–based
products, in a revenue–neutral way, will help discourage overuse of fossil fuels. The United States
needs to reduce carbon emissions in order to avoid the costs that pollution and climate change inflict
on the general economy and individuals. Carbon, unlike other commodities exchanged and
consumed in the free market, bears unique costs to the general economy that its market price does
not encompass. The pollution we create when we consume carbon contaminates our air, raises
temperatures, and makes severe weather events more frequent. A carbon tax is an economic
mechanism that forces actors in a free market to come face–to–face with the social cost of ... Show
In the past, tax credits have been issued that cover the costs for the poor. For those that do not even
file taxes, special charge cards have been granted that can be used in a variety of establishments,
similar the way food stamps are dispersed nowadays. Precedent exists in British Columbia, where
such methods effectively mitigated regressive impacts. III. Empirical Research on Carbon Tax
Efficacy It's not just speculation–carbon taxes go a long way in empirically curbing carbon
emissions. The benefits can be quite clear. Jonathan Buonocore of Harvard University finds that a
national tax on CO2 emissions achieves a 27% decrease in annual emissions of sulfur dioxide and
mercury, and a 22% cut for nitrogen oxide. The New York Times reports on the carbon tax in
Ireland: With its economy in tatters, Ireland ... charg[ed] households and businesses for the
environmental damage they cause at [20 Euros/ ton of CO2 emissions]... Environmentally and
economically, the new taxes have delivered results. Long one of Europe's highest per–capita
producers of greenhouse gases, with levels nearing those of the United States, Ireland has seen its
emissions drop more than 15 percent since 2008. Australia's carbon tax led to a drop in electricity
sector emissions by as much as 17 million tons (9%). Many contend that the effects would have
been more

Informative Speech On Carbon-14
I will be telling you about Carbon–14. I will be also talking about Carbon–14 Dating (Radiocarbon
Dating), Isotopes/Atomic Mass & Atomic Number. Carbon–14 is an isotope of the element carbon.
All carbon atoms have 6 protons in their nucleus. Most carbon atoms also have 6 neutrons, giving
them an atomic mass of 12 (= 6 protons + 6 neutrons). Carbon–14 atoms have two extra neutrons,
giving them a total of 8 neutrons. Carbon–14 has an atomic mass of 14 (= 6 protons + 8 neutrons).
The extra neutrons make the nucleus of carbon–14 unstable.
Carbon–14 is radioactive! Radioactive carbon–14 (also written as 14C) has a half–life of 5,730
years. 14C is used to determine the ages of artifacts that were once living (such as pieces of wood,
teeth or bones, coral skeletons, etc.) via a technique called "carbon–14 dating" or "radiocarbon
dating". Some of the carbon dioxide gas in Earth's atmosphere contains 14C atoms. The supply of
CO2 molecules which contain carbon–14 is continuously replenished in our atmosphere. Cosmic
rays from space sporadically strike nitrogen atoms, converting some common nitrogen–14 atoms
into radioactive carbon–14 atoms.
Carbon–14 dating (also called "radiocarbon dating") is used to determine the age of materials that
contain carbon that was originally in living things. It is often used in ... Show more content on
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This tells the scientists how long ago the organism died.14C has a half–life of 5,730 years, meaning
that after about five thousand years about half of the 14C will decay and turn into nitrogen. After
several half–lives, too little 14C will remain in a sample for it to be useful for dating. Radiocarbon
dating is therefore only useful for samples with ages of less than about 65,000 to 80,000 years.
Willard Frank Libby was an American physical chemist had development of radiocarbon

Carbon Tax Essay
Carbon Tax Essay
In February 2011, the Australian federal government declared a scheme to implement a Carbon Tax
from July 1, 2012. Implementing this scheme has generated a controversial debate between
Australians. The term "Carbon tax" refers to an environmental tax forcing polluters to pay per ton of
carbon which they release into the atmosphere. This essay will provide the economical, social and
political implication of carbon taxes, also with its introduction who will benefit and who would
suffer.
In managing the emissions of GHGs(Green House Gases), carbon taxes will be imposed mid 2012.
"Economic theory anticipates that with the increased costs of emitting GHGs, drives emitters to
downsize their activities." Salem Press (2009) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Much political discussion has been centred on how the carbon tax will cost jobs and consumers, but
there has been little talk of job generation following the introduction of the policy, and who exactly
– apart from the environment – is likely to benefit from it. Some industries will receive a boost from
the new carbon pricing scheme reports Mike Kermode. Kym Quick, Chief Operating Officer for
Clarius Group as resource of Kermode says that there will be a boost from advisors for research and
development. There will be increase in demand for professional advice from accounts, lawyers and
other professional advisors by businesses as pursue to incorporate their duties with the tax,
decreasing cost and subsidise on the government assistance in which they provide. New
opportunities in IT, manufacturing sector and development will receive a stimulating rise as
businesses will be requesting their service and expertise for a "clean energy future".
Levying carbon taxes would be useless in my opinion. As financial burdens will increase on
Australian families and industries. Look at cigarettes for instance, cigarettes are generally taxed
globally at a huge extent than any other product. However, the amount of cigarettes

Carbon Pollution
Mitigating Carbon Pollution in Texas Paramount to note, Texas is the largest emitter of carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere in America. According to a yearly report by the U.S. Energy
Information Administration, Texas released 652.6 million metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2016
(Leibowicz). The figure represents 10% of the entire country's carbon emission. Markedly, the state
is endowed with natural raw resources that are essential in the production of petrochemicals and
chemical goods. However, exploitation of these natural resources by the power plants and other
manufacturing industries result in carbon pollution. The carbon emissions from the coal, petroleum,
and natural gas sectors are the primary contributors to climate change in the country. For instance,
carbon pollution has resulted in severe storms, floods, wildfires, and heatwaves. In 2011, Texas
experienced the hottest summers in the country with some days experiencing over 100oF
(Leibowicz). Also, in the same year, more than 1500 people in Texas lost their homes due to
destructive wildfires. Additionally, carbon emissions have resulted in an increase of respiratory
infections such as asthma and chest pains. As a result of the adverse effects of carbon pollution, the
Texas Air control board should adopt a clean air program which will ensure decrease of carbon
pollution. To mitigate the effects of carbon pollution, Texas should be ready to adopt a clean air
program that will ensure the amount of carbon released

Carbon Macromolecules Research Paper
Afsheen Mansoori
2a) Many characteristics allows carbon to be the base of biological molecules. Due to the four
valance electrons carbon can bond with up to four other electrons in covalent bonds. This allows
carbon to become the central point for many macromolecules. Carbon is also relatively small in size
and is readily available on Earth. Carbon can also bin to other carbon atoms and can make single,
double, or triple bonds. Due to this, long strings of carbon atoms can be created with seemingly no
limit. The carbon–carbon bonds easily allow similar macromolecules with different functional
groups. The shape of carbon–based macromolecules also easily vary. Shapes such as chains, rings,
and branches are commonplace. With variance of shape, carbon can be the base for isomers;
molecules with the same formula but different structures. Carbon is the only element on the periodic
table that uniquely has all these characteristics. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carbon dioxide which is given off as a byproduct of cellular respiration, carbon monoxide given off
from burning gas for energy, methane given off by livestock and other sources, and
chlorofluorocarbons given off by industrial products and synthetics products all are carbon
containing molecules which contribute to the greenhouse effect. As more excess carbon is given off,
the ozone layer becomes more thin, letting in more of the sun's radiation. Carbon also helps
"insulate" the Earth's atmosphere, trapping heat and reflects the sun's energy back to the earth,
causing it to warm; much like a real

Carbon Dating
The age of an object is determined by measuring the amount of carbon–14, which is a natural
radioactive form of carbon. Radioactive carbon dioxide is formed when carbon–14 reacts with
oxygen. Living plants incorporate in their structure carbon–14 as they absorb carbon dioxide. After
the plant dies, the carbon–14 starts to decays, which lead to a reduction of the amount of radioactive
carbon–14. In a method named carbon dating, the half–live of carbon–14 (5730 yr) is used by
scientists to estimate the length of time since the plant died. For example, if a wooden spoon is
found in an archaeological site, and it is estimated that it might have one–half of carbon–14, this
means that it is 5730 yr. Also, this method can be effective finding ... Show more content on
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Little I knew that something related to the basic fundaments of chemistry as the subatomic particles,
could be so relevant. As I was doing my research, I found it fascinated that radioisotopes are useful
in so many different areas of our lives, and I learned not to take for granted any knowledge even if
they seem small and insignificant. For me chemistry was all about solutions and making new
compound. I knew it was important for the cosmetic, the food and the beverages industries; but I
never thought or imagine they are used in medicine every day for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
Also, they are used by international nuclear safeguards agencies to perceive clandestine nuclear
activities or by archeologist to estimate how old an object is. At the same time, Industries use them
to test the quality of their products and researchers to know more about different vectors and how
they can affect men. Similarly, they are used in dentistry by researchers to study dental materials,
and the different structures of teeth. I think radioisotope are important because they help make the
world a better and safer

Datatable Carbon Cycle
LESSON 1
Lesson 1:
Step 1 Gaseous Carbon Ocean Water Fossil Fuels Biosphere Gaseous Carbon
To Year Atmosphere Ocean Surface Deep Ocean Oil and Gas Coal Soil Terrestrial Plants
2000 700 1000 38000 500 2000 1800+200 700
2050 677 1000+24 38000+17 461 1979 1800+210 732
2100 674 1000+23 38000+38 431 1962 1800+225 747
Lesson 1:
Step 2 Total Carbon Emissions Gaseous Carbon Ocean Water Fossil Fuels Biosphere Gaseous
Carbon
To Year Smokestack Atmosphere Ocean Surface Deep Ocean Oil and Gas Coal Soil Terrestrial
Plants
2000 6.9gt 700 1000 38000 500 2000 2000 700
2010 75 707 1031 38019 452 1974 2004 714
2020 87 737 1039 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What impact could twenty years at this level of consumption have on flora? It raises the carbon
content of the plants which makes them heal their. It could bring a lot of new forests.
5 what is the relationship between an increase in total carbon concentration the smokestack and
increased carbon in the ocean surface how might this change marine life populations? What impact
could fifty years at this level of emissions have on marine fauna on marine flora? They both
increased with each other and it could make the water uninhabitable for some marine life
6 in addition to circulating through the carbon cycle, where else might excess carbon be found? In
fifty years, where would you be most likely to see excess carbon? In the soil.
LESSON 2
Lesson 2:
Step 1 Gaseous Carbon Ocean Water Biosphere Gaseous Carbon
To Year Atmosphere Ocean Surface Deep Ocean Soil Terrestrial Plants

2000
2050
2100
Lesson 2:
Step 2 Gaseous Carbon
To Year Net Def. Rate Fossil Fuel % Increase Atmosphere Deep Ocean
2000
2050
2100
Responses to questions
LESSON 3
Lesson 3:
Step 1 Biosphere Gaseous Carbon
To Year Net Def. Rate Soil Terrestrial Plants
2000
2060
2080
2100
Lesson 3:
Step 2 Tundra
Melt
Rate Gaseous Carbon Ocean Water Fossil Fuels Biosphere Gaseous Carbon
To Year Net Def. Rate 1
––3 1
––
6

What Is Carbon?
Carbon's first known use was by the Egyptians and Sumerians in 3750 B.C. It was not until near the
end of the eighteenth century was carbon an official element. It was "discovered" by A.L. Lavoisier
in France. Carbon can be found in coal deposits, some stars, atmospheres of many planets,
meteorites, fossilized remains, and in all living things. Carbon's name originated from the Greek
word, "carbo", which means "charcoal" or "coal".
The atomic number of carbon is six and the atomic mass is 12.0115. The number of electrons,
protons, and neutrons are all six. One can figure this out because the atomic number, the number of
protons, and the number of electrons are all the same number. The number of neutrons can be found
by subtracting the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neon can be used in neon lighting, the manufacture of lasers, which can be used in industry and
medicine, cryogenic refrigerant, and in television tubes. Neon is important because it is used for
lightning, signs, lasers and refrigeration. It is 40 times more efficient than helium and three times
more efficient than hydrogen. While it is more expensive to isolate than hydrogen or helium, this
efficiency makes it a cost–effective refrigerant. Because it's rare on Earth, it plays no known role in
natural systems or biology. Without neon, there would not be neon signs which would harm both the
public and businesses. Since the majority of neon usage is for neon signs which produces profit for
businesses and save time and money for the consumer. Neon's nonexistence would be hurtful for
both the public and businesses. Indeed, there are many other invaluable uses of neon that are not
usually recognized by society. Neon's contribution in wave meter tubes, television tubes, and
helium–neon lasers would be lost. It's use in specific refrigeration applications in place of the more
pricey liquid helium also would be

The Water Cycle : The Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is very important to human life because humans cant breathe carbon dioxide for
long periods of time. Carbon dioxide is attached to the oxygen and that needs to go away so humans
can breathe it properly. The plant cycle relies heavily on the carbon cycle because plants consume
the carbon dioxide because the carbon dioxide and photosynthesis (light from the sun) helps their
food grow. The plants then lets the oxygen go for animals and humans to breathe. When a plant dies,
it gets buried under the surface and slowly turns into fossil fuels. This process of the fossil fuel takes
millions of years. But when humans burn the fossil fuels (by using cars and other machinery that
uses fossil fuels) it enters the atmosphere as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ions and molecules then incorporate into the DNA. When the plant or animal dies, it decays and
the ions and molecules then go into the soil. "Within the soil, organic forms of phosphate can be
made available to plants by bacteria that break down organic matter to inorganic forms of
phosphorus. This process is known as mineralisation." (Science Learning Hub, 2013).
The nitrogen in the atmosphere goes into the soil. The bacteria surrounding the plants change the
state of the nitrogen so the plants can absorb it. Animals then get their nitrogen from the plants. This
cycle is very important because plant life and wildlife cannot live without it. Its an important part of
cells and processes like amino acids, proteins and DNA. Its also the key ingredient in creating
chlorophyll for plants. Unfortunately humans have been able to alter the cycle. By inserting
fertilizer into the soil, it puts more nitrous oxide gas into the atmosphere. This then upsets the
balance of the cycle.
The carbon cycle plays a large role in sustaining a clean atmosphere for the living organisms to
breathe in. as the oxygen cycle is almost the same, the carbon and oxygen cycle interconnect with
each other to help sustain a clean atmosphere. The water cycle helps the carbon cycle by keeping the
plant life hydrated and alive for the carbon then be absorbed to be turned into oxygen for re–use.
The phosphorus cycle also helps the other cycles because it

Carbon Footprint Synthesis
A carbon footprint is the carbon dioxide production we leave behind due to our daily life activities.
The size of our carbon footprint depends on what people do daily, and can be caused either directly
or indirectly. Thought it is impossible to not have a carbon footprint at all, we can still reduce the
amount of carbon dioxide we produce everyday. (Source 1)
One reason why our carbon footprint plays an important role in the world, is because we can raise
awareness to how much damage and harm we are causing the Earth unintentionally. (Source 1)
Without carbon footprints, we won't be able to tell how much carbon dioxide we are leaving behind
and producing. According to Source 1, "Carbon Dioxide is known as greenhouse gas, which
scientists believe to be one of the contributing factors to the warming of the Earth, or better known
as global warming." This phrase from the text proves how we must be aware of how much damage
we are doing to the world by doing simple things that can change Earth drastically. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Taking simple steps such as these can reduce your carbon footprint and can help make the Earth a
better place." (Source 1) There are many ways to decrease the size of your carbon footrpint, but one
of the main ways is to drive at a steady and constant speed. According to Source 1, "For every
gallon of gasoline that is consumed, 8.7 kg of carbon dioxide is produced." Another way to reduce
your carbon footprint, is to turn off all lights and electronics that are not in use. It is also
recommended to buy things locally instead of online shopping. Source 2, states that "Shipping burns
fuel, every 5 pound package that is shipped across air creates 12 pounds of carbon dioxide. And
every 5–pound package that is shipped by truck creates 3.5 pounds of carbon dioxide." Other
simples things such as recycling can make a great difference in our

Which Carbon Cycle Affects Atmospheric Carbon The Most?
When trees are burned, CO2 is relinquished. The burning of astronomically immense areas of trees
is known as deforestation. Human activities integrate more CO2 into the atmosphere through
activities like the burning of fossil fuels. The guiding question of this investigation is, "Which
carbon cycle process affects atmospheric carbon the most?" The researchers initially wanted to learn
2 things. First, the researchers wanted to learn how much carbon engenderment there would be if
they incremented the amount of fossil fuels burnt by a certain amount. The researchers also wanted
to learn how much carbon engenderment there would be if they incremented the amount of
deforestation. To amass data, in lieu of conducting an experiment the researchers decided to utilize a
simulation. The simulation showed the amount of carbon engenderment there would be ten years
after the amount of burnt fossil fuels and or deforestation was incremented or decremented . The
first test that the researchers conducted was leaving everything the same and running 90 years (See
figure 1). Next, the researchers incremented the amount of burnt fossil fuels only (See figure 2).
Then, the researchers went back and incremented the amount of deforestation only (See figure 3). ...
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The results of the simulation availed to compare the effect of burning fossil fuels on the amount of
atmospheric carbon versus deforestation. Carbon is engendered more by fossil fuels that
deforestation. This is because deforestation is a natural occurring process whereas burning fossil
fuels is a negative type of carbon cycling. Fossil fuels are negative due to the air pollution and it has
a circumscribed

Carbon Naotubes Essay
Carbon Nano is the future of construction and agricultural purposes. The Nano tubing is strong,
versatile and durable. More people in the construction business will use carbon Nano tubing in
buildings plumbing and other things. Inorganic nanotubes have also been synthesized. Nanotubes
have a diameter close to 1 nanometer giving their name nanotubes. Some nanotubes are woven with
one–atom–thick layer of graphite called graphene to the seamless cylinder. History of carbon
nanotubes Carbon nanotubes was discovered in 1991 and it opened up in the new era in materials.
These nanotubes have different properties such as magnetic, mechanical and electronic. It is at least
one–hundred times stronger than steel but it is one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can range from one having one on the outside and one on the inside to having 100 walls or
more. Currently, the most popular use of carbon nanotubes is for structural purposes. The light
weight and the high strength allows it to be rebar to concrete. Also since the nanofibers can absorb
heat better than copper so work is being done to extract power from the sun using carbon fibers.
This Nano fiber can be an effective price cut. Applications Research from the University of
Delaware have demonstrated an increase in energy density for capacitors with the use of carbon
Nano tubing. Also researchers from North Carolina University have demonstrated that silicon
coated carbon Nano tubing in anodes for Li–ion batteries. They are predicting that the use of silicon
can increases the capacity of Li–ion batteries by up to ten times. Making of carbon One of the ways
carbon Nano tubing is made is what called Chemical vapor deposition is and it's the dominant
method of producing high–volume carbon Nano tubing. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) typically
uses fluidized bed reactors that enable uniform gas diffusion and heat transfer metal catalyst
nanoparticles. The second process is the use low–cost feed shocks, yield increase, and reduction of
energy consumption and waste products but the use of this method can influence carbon nanotubes
properties and often require costly thermal annealing and/or chemical treatment for removal.
Different Coatings

Carbon Monoxide
Imagine a killer perfect enough to travel through the corridors of your home completely
undetectable to the eye of its prey. It can't be heard, can't be smelled, and before you or anyone in
your household realizes that something is wrong, it could already be too late. Over ten thousand
people fall victim to carbon monoxide poisoning and over one thousand five hundred die per year of
this gas so deadly, it is referred to as the "silent killer"("What Is Carbon Monoxide?"). Carbon
monoxide, or CO for short, is a flammable, colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is produced during
incomplete combustion of fuel and it's ability to do harm resides within the lack of knowledge and
understanding of this gas by society. To remain safe from carbon ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These cares were equipped with catalytic converters that converted carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide, reducing CO emissions by up to 80 percent. The converters were redesigned again in the
1980s to be even more efficient and thus began the downward trend of CO concentrations in the
environment. Between 1986 and 1995, the national average of CO concentration was reduced by 37
percent, while emissions decreased by 16 percent (Baker).
Home safety is definitely an important approach in protecting against hazardous CO levels. "Every
home should have a carbon monoxide detector," says Ken Giles, spokesman with the U.S.
Consumer Products Safety Commission, "there are many deaths in the country each year from non–
fire–source carbon–monoxide poisoning – most of which could have been prevented with a
detector" ("Experts Weigh In On Carbon–Monoxide Detectors"). As for reliability of the detectors,
Dr. Neil Hampson states, "They're generally quite reliable now." He also recommends getting the
newest in generation detectors with both digital readout and audible alarm meeting the highest
standard set by Underwriters Laboratory and International Approval Services. Here are a few
suggestions given by United States Environmental Protection Agency on how to maintain a healthy
environment at a home ("Carbon Monoxide"):
Keep gas appliances properly adjusted. Consider

Graphene : A Thin Layer Of Pure Carbon
In simple terms, graphene, is a thin layer of pure carbon; it is a single, tightly packed layer of carbon
atoms that are bonded together in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. In more complex terms, it is an
allotrope of carbon in the structure of a plane of sp2 bonded atoms with a molecule bond length of
0.142 nanometres. Layers of graphene stacked on top of each other form graphite, with an
interplanar spacing of 0.335 nanometres. It is the thinnest compound known to man at one atom
thick, the lightest material known (with 1 square meter coming in at around 0.77 milligrams), the
strongest compound discovered (between 100–300 times stronger than steel and with a tensile
stiffness of 150,000,000 psi), the best conductor of heat at room ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, it was previously impossible to grow graphene layers on a large scale using crystalline epitaxy
on anything other than a metallic substrate. This severely limited its use in electronics as it was
difficult, at that time, to separate graphene layers from its metallic substrate without damaging the
graphene. However, studies in 2012 found that by analysing graphene's interfacial adhesive energy,
it is possible to effectually separate graphene from the metallic board on which it is grown, whilst
also being able to reuse the board for future applications theoretically an infinite number of times,
therefore reducing the toxic waste previously created by this process. Furthermore, the quality of the
graphene that was separated by using this method was sufficiently high enough to create molecular
electronic devices successfully. While this research is very highly regarded, the quality of the
graphene produced will still be the limiting factor in technological applications. Once graphene can
be produced on very thin pieces of metal or other arbitrary surfaces (of tens of nanometres thick)
using chemical vapour disposition at low temperatures and then separated in a way that can control
such impurities as ripples, doping levels and domain size whilst also controlling the number and
relative crystallographic orientation of the graphene layers, then we will start to see graphene
become more widely utilized as production

Essay On Carbon Tax
Should the U.S federal government adopt a carbon tax to decrease c02 emissions of public and
private franchises.
Introduction
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution machinery and surface temperatures have been on
the rise. Some may argue that the increasing temperatures are strictly due to the rise of machinery
and less strict efficiency standards. The U.S has been debating what methods are efficient for
combating increasing emissions some argue that a carbon tax has many positive impacts some say if
one were to be adopted they would need reforms. This paper will dive deep into the the effects of
climate of change and whether or not a carbon tax can fully help to decrease these emissions.
Environmental effects of climate change ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this being said the impacts of climate change are current in the status quo the question is what
can the U.S and other countries do to limit the level of these impacts. The second biggest impact
from climate change being seen today is the melting of the glaciers. This plays a huge role in the
environment for three key reasons. First is the change to the e Ecosystem GRUMBINE
Discusses the environmental impact of glaciers melting in the Himalayas. Well in grumbine study he
discusses how the increase in average temperature by even 1 degree Celsius would have a huge
impact on the region. The first thing grumbine discusses is how climate change and melting of
glaciers can sometimes be a good thing. In his research paper he discusses how the excessive
amount of water in the area has contributed to the large amount of biodiversity in the region.
Grumbine later in his study talks about the situation in China where the Melting of glaciers has
come to them as a blessing. Grumbine states that 12% of runoff is glacier discharge which provides
water 25% of the people in western China during the off season.
2. Economical effects of climate change
Along with environmental changes the U.S and other countries have seen major changes to the
economy since sea levels have been on the rise and temperatures have

How Carbon Is Formed
Carbon, this element has a lot of information to offer. By the end of this essay you will only know a
handful of information on carbon. This essay will be talking about where carbon is located on the
table, when and who discovered carbon, and how carbon can be used. Carbon is located in group 14
of the Periodic Table of Elements. The classification of Carbon is a non–metal. The name carbon
comes from the Latin name carbo for coal and charcoal. The heaviest carbon isotope os C–13, this
has seven neutrons. Both C–12 and C–13, these are called stable isotopes, because they do not
decay into other forms or elements over time. The carbon C–14 is a rare isotope that contains eight
neutrons in its nucleus. C–14 is unstable and radioactive unlike C–12 and C–13. The person who
officially discovered carbon is unknown. However, carbon has been around since ancient times. Of
course the people of ancient times did not know that carbon was apart of the Periodic Table of
Elements. The reason why the person who discovered carbon is unknown is, because carbon has
been around for so long that there is no record of who actually discovered carbon. ... Show more
One of the things that carbon has the ability to do is to form strongly linked chains, Impure carbon
can be in the form of charcoal, to help build fires to keep people warm or to cook things. Some
important information that is key to know about carbon is, the abbreviation is C. The atomic number
is 6, classification is non–metal. Atomic mass 12.0107. Carbon is in group 14 of the Periodic Table
of Elements, it is is period 2 in the table. The element Carbon has 6 protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Carbons density is 2.25 grams per cubic centimeter, with a boiling point of 4,287 degrees celsius,
and has a melting point of about 3,500 degrees celsius. Carbon can survive in several different
forms like graphite and diamond. Carbon is black and has an ash kind of look to

Uses And Function Of Carbon Nanotubes
Abstract
This presentation will introduce you to the use and function of Carbon Nanotubes in the delivery of
pharmaceuticals in medicine. Nanotechnology is a developing science that involves the
manipulation of materials. This is executed on the scale of fewer than 100 nanometers. The goal of
this technology is to optimise the utility and therefore increase the control of atoms and molecules.
This presentation will explain what carbon nanotubes are, the purpose of using them in the delivery
of pharmaceuticals in medicine and of course how they have improved scientific research so far.
What are Carbon Nanotubes?
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical in shape and, made up of carbon atoms that have extraordinary
properties. "At a singular level, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This relies on the fact that they are hollow and also quite a lot smaller than blood cells. A few basic
structures of carbon nanotubes is shown in figure three. The diameter of carbon nanotubes can range
between less than 1 nanometer up to 50 nanometers. This sizing could also be shown as less than
1.0E–7 cm to 5.0E–6 cm. Although carbon nanotubes have many great qualities, there is one
property still being researched, and this is the toxicity of carbon nanotubes. This sizing could also be
shown as less than 1.0E–7 cm to 5.0E–6 cm. Researchers believe that the toxicity may be harmful to
patients and thus, the use of carbon nanotubes have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug
Administration.
Purpose of Carbon Nanotubes
One reason for the use of Carbon Nanotubes, as stated earlier, is because of small size. As carbon
nanotubes are extremely small, they are able to move around the blood stream easily. Other uses of
Carbon Nanotubes in the delivery of medicine are their use as channels for biosensors, sheath for
enzymes and transfection in DNA. Carbon nanotubes are said to be the next generation of
technology in drug delivery. This is for many reasons such as its water solubility, it has a highly
stable dispersion and has

Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon is the fundamental element for everything on Earth. All life on Earth depends on carbon.
Carbon has different forms of allotropes including diamond, graphene and charcoal. Carbon is found
in position 12, with 4 colvalent electrons. All the allotropes have different properties nd uses due to
how the carbon atoms are bonded. Carbon is able to single, double and triple bond with other
elements to form complex molecules. Carbon can also use its four electrons to form diamond, where
it is strong and stable, or three electrons to form graphite found in pencils, buckyball or all forms of
nanocarbon including carbon nanotube.
Diamond has a giant molecular structure. Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other
carbon atoms. Since covalent bonds are so strong, a great amount of energy is required to seperate
the atoms in a diamond, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carbon nanotube have many structures, varing in length, thickness, and number of layers. Carbon
nanotubes are graphene that has been rolled up into a tube–shape. Most significant use for carbon
nanotubes is in structural reinforcement. Carbon nanofibres are extremely thin and light weighted,
weighing about twentieth of a gram with one whole kilometer long. However, it was discovered that
nanofibres are the ten times stronger than the strongest material, thus could strengthen almost any
material. One of the significant uses of nanotube is acting as a carrier to transport drugs into the
body. However, the use of nanotube in health care has become a debatable topic in today's society.
Even though a nanotube is able to keep a particaular drug safe in its cage until it reaches a desired
site where it can be released, scientists in Scotland have claimed that inhaling carbon nanotubes
could be just as harmful as breathing in asbestos. They stated that "carbon nanotube can cause
mesothelioma, a deadly cancer of the membrane lining in the body's internal

The Carbon Short Story
The Carbon Story The story starts in the Biosphere–Animal. There is a piece of carbon and lignin
was his name. He had recently embarked on a journey through a deer. Lignin was inside the deer for
twenty hours. Afterword, lignin jumped into what he thought was a pool, which was the dirt. He was
now apart of the biosphere–soil.
While swimming in the soil for fourteen years, Lignin felt something tugging on him. Mr.
mushroom came into sight and Lignin saw him as a fun guy. Mr. mushroom asked Lignin if he
would like to fly. Lignin responded with an excited "Yes". In a short time, Mr. mushroom managed
to turn Lignin into a robot that named CO2. CO2 had then used his newly gained powers to fly into
the Atmosphere.
The great land of the biosphere ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this reason, he stayed there for 40 years. Eventually, he became lonely and decided that he
wanted to swim with the fishes. To do this, he dissolved himself into Lake Powell. CO2 was now
apart of the Hydrosphere.
Consequently, CO2 had been changed by the water into a carbonate ion in the hydrosphere. To adapt
to the new form, he gave himself the name: Carbo. He had stayed there for 24 years. Carbo, had one
day meet a snail named Gary which had a cracked shell. Feeling empathetic, Carbo asked what had
happen with Gary's shell. Gary explained that the current had propelled him right into a rock. Carbo
had now been determined to reinforce Gary's shell. According to plan, Carbo became apart of Gary's
shell. Resulting in Carbo meeting the world of the Lithosphere–Limestone.
After his 24 years in the Hydrosphere, Carbo had become incorporated into limestone. His stay
lasted millions of years inside the sunset quarter. One day he was abruptly caught in a volcanic
eruption. Consequently, his limestone shell was dissolved. However, Carbo had once again been
reborn a CO2. At the time he didn't understand why, but he wanted to leave to the atmosphere once
again. CO2 listened to the voice inside and left to the

Carbon Tax
In 1979, the first World Conference on Climate was held, which included many scientists that
warned about the affects human activity has on climate change (DiMento 35). Climate change is not
only affecting human health but the earth as well, for example; scientists now predict the Artic sea
may be ice–free in the summer between 2030 and 2050, which is decades earlier than predicted
(DiMento 46). Greenhouse gases are warming the earth which the earth's temperature is rising thus
causing not only ice and snow to melt faster, but sever heat waves as well. Other issues with climate
change include, drought, as well as more snow and rain hitting certain areas of North American than
normal. To be able to stop climate change, there needs to be changes made to the way people live
and use fossil fuels. The best place to start a change in the U.S. would be to adopt a carbon tax. A
carbon tax is a pollution tax or a fee for the production, distribution or use of fossil fuels. The
United States should adopt a carbon tax because it would improve the economy, encourage to use
alternative fuels, and reduce the production of carbon dioxide.
Improving the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The poor and middle class will not be harmed with a carbon tax because of profits congress could
use it to lessen the regressive effects of the carbon tax. "An income tax break of $119, $112, $105,
and $76 to individuals ... would balance the burden to about 1 percent of net annual income for each
group, ... or the revenue could alleviate the burden of other regressive taxes, such as the payroll tax"
(Belsie 1). As well as mentioned before this gives many families to try new cleaner energies like
solar panels and smart cars. It is understandable that a new tax can be frightening and nobody likes
change, however a carbon tax will not only benefit Americans health, the earth, but their wallet as

Essay On Carbon Tax
The year 2016 was the warmest year on average in NASA's 136 year record. One main reason this
occurred is the increase in greenhouse gases. To reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the air,
the Canadian government has decided to implement a carbon tax as of 2018. (Canadian Press,
2017). A carbon tax is a "legal binding associated with harmful emissions charge." (Maclean's,
2016). Several provinces have already introduced a carbon tax, including British Columbia, Alberta,
and Quebec. While British Columbia and Alberta have a carbon tax, Quebec uses a cap–and–trade
system instead. The government believes it is important to avoid "economic damage caused by
cross–country carbon price differentials." (Maclean's, 2016). That is why they are ... Show more
Her point is important to note because she emphasizes that although in some cases there are
alternatives to fossil fuels, there are often many limits to their use as often the technology is still in
the early stages of development. The president of Saskatchewan Heavy Construction Association,
Shantel Lipp, has similar concerns. In a recent interview, she also made it known that many
industries do not have access to any alternative fuel sources. She goes on to say that the
Saskatchewan Heavy Construction Association's machines, as well as their crushing and asphalt
plants, are running solely off diesel and propane powers most of the associated workers camps.
(Canadian Press, 2017). There are no reasonable alternative fuel sources available for them to
replace either diesel or propane as their fuel sources. Because of this fact, implementing a carbon
tax will not have the desired effect of reducing the amount of carbon emissions. The only result will
be an increase in the cost of doing business. Michael Fox said that we do need to create alternatives
to fossil fuels. But until then, he added, we need to use fossil fuels to build our economy until we
can afford to develop efficient alternatives. (Fox, 2015). A carbon tax is a tax directed at fossil fuels
and until we have easy access to efficient alternatives, consumers will pay the price. Second,
Canada

Carbon-14 Dating
The key principle behind radiocarbon–14 dating is plants and animals exchange carbon with their
surroundings and thus contain the same ratio of carbon–12 to carbon–14 once an organism dies it no
longer exchanges carbon with its surroundings. The carbon–14 will slowly decay at a known rate
decreasing the ratio of carbon–12 to carbon–14. Since the decay rate and original ratio of carbon–12
to carbon–14 is known we can determine how old a sample is by the amount of carbon–14
remaining. There are two ways to measure the carbon–12 to carbon–14 ratio. The first being beta
counting. Beta counting was the first method used to measure carbon–14 levels in a sample. Two
different type of beta counting were primarily used. The first of those being liquid ... Show more
This then tells us the atmospheric carbon–14 to carbon–12 ratio in the year that tree ring grew in.
Other atmospheric variations include coal

Chemical Reaction On Energy And Carbon
Preliminary Chemistry–Assessment Task 3
Research – Energy and Carbon
Energy:
Photosynthesis can be considered the most important chemical reaction on Earth. Most life on Earth
is maintained using energy stored in the carbohydrate glucose produced by photosynthesis. Green
plants contain chlorophylls, pigments, which have the ability to trap light energy. The trapped light
energy is changed into chemical energy, which is stored in carbohydrates such as glucose
(C6H12O6). Photosynthesis means building up, synthesis, and using light, photo. The raw materials
for this process are carbon dioxide (CO2) gas from the atmosphere, and liquid water (H2O) obtained
through the roots of land plants. A by–product of this process is oxygen (O2) gas, which ... Show
All animals (including us humans) ultimately depend on plant material either directly or indirectly
through their herbivore prey. On top of that, all animals require the oxygen released by plants.
Without continual photosynthesis, the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere would slowly diminish.
How fossil fuels were formed:
Contrary to what many people believe, fossil fuels are not the remains of dead dinosaurs. In fact,
most of the fossil fuels we find today were formed millions of years before the first dinosaurs. Fossil
fuels, however, were once alive. They were formed from prehistoric plants and animals that lived
hundreds of millions of years ago.
Think about what the Earth must have looked like 300 million years or so ago. The land masses we
live on today were just forming. There were swamps and bogs everywhere. The climate was
warmer. Ancient trees and plants grew everywhere. Strange looking animals walked on the land, and
just as weird looking fish swam in the rivers and seas. Tiny one–celled organisms called
protoplankton floated in the ocean.
When these ancient living things died, they decomposed and became buried under layers and layers
of mud, rock, and sand. Eventually, hundreds and sometimes thousands of feet of earth covered
them. In some areas, the decomposing materials were covered by ancient seas, then the seas dried
up and receded.
During the millions of years that passed, the

Remi Carbon Tax
Introduction We have all heard statistics over how unmitigated global warming can lead to rising sea
levels, increased temperatures, lower rates of precipitation. The Congressional Budget Office
recently found that climate change, if unmitigated, would create costly damage not only to the
United States's economy, but also to the world as a whole (source). Despite a scientific and general
consensus that climate change is real and a problem, actual committed action against climate change
has been disappointingly slow, until recently. We also know the cause of climate change. The United
States EPA finds that "Carbon dioxide accounts for most of the nation's emissions and most of the
increase since 1990" (EPA). What we don't know is a solution. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Carbon leakage can be best described as offshoring of carbon emissions. The fear is that if countries
like the United States enact carbon taxes, companies would simply relocate to foreign nations
without carbon taxes to polluting the same amount as before. The truth, as usual isn't so simple. First
of all, in countries that have implemented carbon taxes, there have been no large scale carbon
leakages. The Ecofiscal Commission, a Canadian based think tank, found that a majority of
Canadian businesses would we able to weather a carbon tax and remain within the country (Bakx).
Ecofiscal elaborates on this, saying that Canadian "economy consists of the service sector, things
like financial services, and adding a carbon tax wouldn't make much of a difference". Secondly, the
impact of carbon leakage would be almost nonexistent if all countries, including the United States,
enacted regulations to reduce carbon emissions as well (CBO). That would be the current status quo
assuming that the Paris Climate Deal is faithfully enacted. Finally, even in a worst case scenario, the
impact of carbon leakage is overstated. Analysts have cast a wide net when predicting the impact of
carbon leakage, but the general scientific consensus is that carbon leakage wouldn't be nearly as
aggressive as many people fear. The Congressional Budget Office finds that "in the absence of a

Graphene : A Sheet Of Carbon
Graphene, a sheet of carbon that is a single atom thick, is the strongest material on earth, silicone–
based putty (or silly putty) is the one of the softest, and oddest. When the two got together,
electricity happened.
Approximately two–and–one–half years ago, researchers in Jonathon Coleman's lab combined
broken sheets of graphene with the toy putty and created G–Putty, a super–sensitive material that
detects minuscule changes in pressure to the material. When they placed G–Putty on a lab mate's
skin, and connected it to a monitoring device, they could detect his heart beat and respiration.
Curiosity, not usefulness, drove the team's actions. Prof. Coleman said that his lab at Trinity College
in Ireland routinely practices household science, to help them understand the properties of the two–
dimensional nanosheets they study in the lab.
The lab studies the physical properties of two–dimensional materials that are the width of a single
atom to determine how they can be used to improve our health and our quality of life. It also has a
reputation for using common household items, like kitchen blenders and Silly Putty®, in their
experiments.
"I like the sort of stuff where you can do science at home," Prof. Coleman said.
"Recently we 've shown how you can make graphene a home in a blender using pencils and a
household detergent. The silly putty: we made it ourselves using a homemade recipe of oil and boric
acid. Everything is doable at home," he added.
Graphene is a new

Organic Chemistry : Chemistry Of The Compounds Of Carbon
Chemistry Term 4
Intro:–
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon.
Today, although many compounds of carbon are still most conveniently isolated from plant and
animal sources, most of them are synthesized. They are sometimes synthesized from inorganic
substances like carbonates and cyanides, but more often from other organic compounds. There are
two large reservoirs of organic material from which simple organic compounds can be obtained:
petroleum and coal. (Both of these are "organic" in the old sense, being products of the decay of
plants and animals.) These simple compounds are used as building blocks from which larger and
more complicated compounds can be made.
We recognize petroleum and coal as the fossil fuels, laid down over millennia and non–renewable.
Organic molecules containing thousands of atoms are known, and the arrangement of atoms in
relatively small molecules can be very complicated. One of the major problems in organic chemistry
is to find out how the atoms are arranged in molecules, that is, to determine the structures of
compounds.
There are many ways in which these complicated molecules can break apart, or rearrange
themselves, to form new molecules; there are many ways in which atoms can be added to these
molecules, or new atoms substituted for old ones. Much of organic chemistry is devoted to finding
out what these reactions are, how they take place, and how they can be used to synthesize
compounds we want.
Carbon atoms can attach

Carbon Nanotubes : What Are They?
Carbon Nanotubes, What Are They?
The growth of carbon nanotubes is an intricate process that has many challenges. It is important to
understand what carbon nanotubes are, there history, what their potential applications are and how
they will be able to accomplish these task. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of a multitude of tiny
materials that will help to define the future.
Carbon nanotubes have an unparalleled history. The first publication about these was written in
1952 by Raduskevich and Lukyanovich (Ren 8). These two Russian scientists provided the
scientific community with the first distinct image of carbon nanotubes. Radushkevich and
Lukyanovich 's publication had unobscured images showing multi–walled carbon nanotubes with a
50 nm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tubes that they found have likely been around since the time of Thomas Edison and were
created as he was experimenting with carbon filaments for light bulb, which would eventually be his
defining discovery, or even earlier on during the metal forging process. The reason CNTs would go
unnoticed is do to their microscopic size (Ren . Their diameter can range between 1 and 50nm and
with lengths that can out measure their diameter by 1000 times (Nanocyl). A nanometer is 10–9
meters or .000000001m. Even with the best optical microscopes, which magnify light rays reflected
from objects, it wouldn't have been possible to discern the fact that these cylindrical structures were
hollow, if they could even see them.
Carbon nanotubes get all of their impressive properties from their physical structure. They are
hexagons of covalently bonded carbon atoms. A covalent bond is a bond between two non–metals
atoms. Two of these atoms are bonded to four others and form another hexagon and these other
hexagons exist on all the sides of the first and off of each other. This would look like a sheet of
hexagons that could then be "wrapped" into tubes. These tubes can be single walled (SWCNTs), and
multi–walled (MWCNTs) depending on the number of layers they have. The carbon atoms in these
nanotubes have S2P2 chemical bonds (Zhang 7). This means that the atoms have one

How Carbon Is The Most Abundant Element
Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is the 4th most abundant element
by mass in the universe. It is found in a large majority of organic material on Earth and its ability to
bond in many different ways allows for a large diversity of organic compounds. These organic
compounds that are formed in different shapes and structures are called allotropes. Carbon is a
special element that is the base for almost all organic compounds and since it can form many
allotropes of itself, and its allotropes have many different uses that can be applied to modern
science. The most common allotropes of carbon are: diamonds, amorphous carbon, graphite,
nanotubes, and fullerenes. Some of these allotropes have already made big ... Show more content on
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Diamond is one of the most commonly known carbon allotropes. One of the properties that it is
known for is how hard it is. It is a natural material with the highest reading on the Vickers and Mohs
scale. Diamond also has a very high thermal conductivity. The reason it has these properties is
mainly due how the atoms are structured. This structure is a varied version of a face–centered cubic
and is called a diamond lattice. These two properties are what diamonds are used for in major
industrial application. Since diamonds are always decaying to graphite, the properties vary
depending on the perfection of the crystal lattice and its orientation. Diamonds have other less
important properties when it comes to being used in industry. The difference in colours of diamonds,
depends on impurities in the crystal lattice structure that alters the wavelength of light that is
absorbed. They also have, luster, fluorescence, optical absorption, electrical properties, thermal
conductivity, and thermal stability. Diamonds are known for being used as jewelry, however the
majority of mined diamonds are used for industrial purposes. Since diamonds are super hard, they
can be put into drill bits in order to cut other really hard materials. They can cut other softer
gemstones into a symmetrical or more beautiful shape so they can be sold. Diamonds are used to
conduct heat, they are used to coat microchips to conduct electricity, and they are used in many

Carbon Fiber Essay
INTRODUCTION
Background
Aerospace design applications rely heavily on weight reduction, structural integrity and optimize
performance. Engineers and designers have adopted carbon fiber composite due to its high modulus
reinforcement fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix. Also called graphite fiber or carbon graphite,
carbon fiber consists of very thin strands of the element carbon. Each fiber is 5–10 microns in
diameter as shown on Figure 1, one micron (um) is 0.000039 inches. Carbon fiber composite
material is a special candidate for aerospace applications because of its high tensile strength,
corrosion and fire resistant properties, which provides functional integrity by design, results in high
strength and light weight construction that could be formed into practically any shape or form.
These fibers are constructed with multiple laminate which are bonded together with a matrix or
resin system. When combined with resin and wound or molded to form composite materials, a high
strength–to–weight ratio is achieved.
Figure 1.
Carbon fiber 5 microns
Carbon Composite Materials Under industrial production now, carbon fibers are classified into
PAN–based (polyacrylonitrile based) seen on figure 2, pitch–based (coal tar and petroleum
products) and rayon–based. The manufacturing of carbon fiber involves a chemical and mechanical
process. Mixing the precursor and co–monomer then drawing the fiber out the chemical mixture
then mechanically stretching and coating the fibers. The

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