A Unified Thai Kingdom

A Unified Thai Kingdom
During the 14th century, a unified Thai kingdom was established. Today it is known as Thailand but up until 1939 it was called Siam. It is the only
Southeast Asian country that has never been under European rule. As archaeology studies suggests, 4000 B.C. was the time period where early bronze
metallurgy centers were thriving. Metallurgy refers to the science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production. This
development along with the cultivation of wet rice gave the motivation for social and political organizations to make an appearance. Also, research
suggests that these new discoveries could have been transmitted to the rest of Asia, including China. The Thai are linguistically related to the Tai
groups in Southern China because migration groups left from China and settled in Southeast Asia. Thai's date the founding of their nation to the 13th
century. According to tradition, in 1238 the Thai chieftains overthrew the Khmer rulers and established a Thai kingdom in its place. This kingdom
soon declined and a new Thai Kingdom emerged in 1350, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya. The first ruler of this kingdom, King Rama Thibodi, made two
very important contributions to Thai history. One was the establishment and promotion of Buddhism as the official religion and the second one was the
compilation of the Dharmashastra, which are laws based on Hindu and traditional Thai customs. The Dharmashastra stayed as a tool of Thai law until
the late 19th century
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Comparison of the British Parliament and the American...
Comparison of the British Parliament and the American Congress
NГ©meth Barbara
Szombathely
2005
Introduction
I write this essay with the aim of comparing the British Parliament with the American Congress. I personally think that everybody should know the
major differences between political system of the US and the UK.
First of all, I would like to describe my technical conception in my essay. I separated it in two columns and on the left side I write about the British
Parliament and on the other side about the American Congress. I tried to draw a parallel between the two systems and the columns, which are next to
each other, examine the two institutes from the same aspect. After each section I summarized what has been written. Of... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The British Parliament is often called the "Mother of Parliaments," as the legislative bodies of many nationsВ—most notably, those of the members of
the CommonwealthВ—are modeled on it. However, it is a misquotation of John Bright, who had actually remarked on 18 January 1865 that "England is
the Mother of Parliaments", in the context of supporting demands for expanded voting rights in a country which had pioneered Parliamentary
government. The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. It is established by
Article One of the Constitution of the United States, which also deliniates its structure and powers. Congress is a bicameral legislature, consisting of
the House of Representatives (the "Lower House") and the Senate (the "Upper House").
The House of Representatives consists of 435 members, each of whom is elected by a congressional district and serves a two–year term. Seats in the
House are divided between the states on the basis of population, but each state is entitled to at least one seat. In the Senate, on the other hand, each
state is represented by two members, regardless of population. As there are fifty states in the Union, the Senate consists of one hundred members. Each
Senator, who is elected by the whole state rather than by a district, serves a six–year term. Senatorial terms are staggered so that approximately
one–third of the terms

Role Of The Security Council And Its Success
The United Nations has a number of different organisations and programmes that operate under the non–governmental organisation. Each of these
organisations works to better the world's population and the environment we live in. The United Nations itself has six main bodies which it is
governed by and each body focuses on a different aspect of international peace and security. This report will be focusing on the role of the Security
Council and its success as a body with regard to maintaining international peace.
The main responsibility of the Security Council is to maintain international peace and security, with responsibility given to the council to determine if
and where a peacekeeping operation should be deployed. The decision of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
VETO power has been criticised by many since it was introduced in 1945, with critics stating that it is the "most undemocratic charter of the UN"
(Ceccarelli, 2015). The designation of VETO power to the five permanent members was based upon historical credit during the creation of the UN.
These credits include the victory of World War 2 which resulted in the five above mentioned nations to be the most powerful nations in the world
allowing them to intervene in any conflicts that did not include themselves. Such a situation would have been useful to prevent another world war,
however is not befitting in today's society. At present other developed nations such as Germany and Japan should have a seat on the Security Council
and be given VETO power. Japan and Germany are major economic powers with Japan becoming the second largest economy globally in 1968
experiencing growth of up to 9% per year between 1955 and 1973 and Germany becoming the second largest economic powerhouse in the 1950s due to
the German "Wirtschaftswunder" economic miracle (AFP–JIJI, 2015). Today, Germany has the lowest unemployment rate of 6% with the fourth
largest economy in the world, whilst Japan is responsible for 20.6% of the United Nations budget, exceeding the cumulative contributions of France,
Russia, United Kingdom and China (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan,

Britain 's Victory Of The Falklands War
Britain's victory in the Falklands War undoubtedly contributed to the Conservative Party's election victory in 1983. However, it should not be
considered essential to this triumph. Historians such as Helmut Norpoth have suggested that the Falklands factor significantly increased the popularity
of the Thatcher administration and resulted in her re–election. Dennis Kavanagh noted the effect on the war on Margaret Thatcher's image and
emphasised the importance of this during the election campaign. Nevertheless, the Conservative success in 1983 must be attributed primarily to the
pre–war circumstances including the poor public perception of the Labour Party following their tenure in office prior to 1979 and Thatcher's social
and economic policies. The Conservative victory was not down to a singular event, but a combination of events that all affected her image and her
perception by the British electorate. Had Labour been a stronger opponent, the Conservatives may not have won in 1983. The most valid conclusion
drawn is that of Peter Riddell; the 1983 election was a result of opposition weaknesses and the dividing role of the Alliance rather than the Falklands
factor.
The Falklands conflict was, in the opinion of both Thatcher and many historians believed to be a key reason for Thatcher's re–election. The fact that
the Conservatives had a jump in support of 11 per cent between February and July 1982 showed that the conflict was beneficial to the party, despite
initial resistance

Vietnam War : A Cold War Era Conflict
Vietnam Conflict
The Vietnam War was a Cold War
–era conflict that started in 1946 and ended in 1974, taking nearly 30 years to resolve. The war was fundamentally a
conflict between North Vietnam and South Vietnam, where the North was communist and South was not. The United States, France, the United
Kingdom and other non–communist allies supported the non–communist South Vietnam. China, Russia (USSR), Cuba, Cambodia and other Communist
allies supported the regime in the north. North Vietnam saw the United States involvement in the North as foreign aggression, so they fought guerilla
wars against the anti–communist forces in the region. Guerilla forces (the Viet Cong) and the regular North Vietnamese Army were responsible for
fighting the anticommunist forces. The conflict mainly consisted of small battles until the onset of air attacks –– part of an overall strategy of massive
bombing and search–and–destroy operations, which South Vietnam and the Americans hoped would win the war.
During the 1950s, US advisors were sent to French Indochina or what is South Vietnam (Eckhardt, 1991:6). Because of many internal conflicts with the
North trying to take over the South, U.S. increased their involvement in Vietnam in the 1960s, nearly quadrupling the number of American troops in
South Vietnam during 1961 and in 1962 (Hayes, 2014). The US continued to deepen its involvement, so that by the end of 1964 the Gulf of Tonkin
resolution gave the President the authority to assign massive

The Election Swept Away Years Of Liberal Government
The 1997 general election swept away eighteen years of Conservative government, replacing it with a Labour majority government – with a majority of
179; their largest majority ever, surpassing even the 145 seat majority won by the party in 1945. Under the Labour landslide, several prominent Tory
MPs and frontbenchers were defeated by Labour, Liberal Democrat and Scottish National candidates, such as Foreign Secretary Malcolm Rifkind,
Scottish Secretary Michael Forsyth, Trade Secretary Ian Lang, former Health Secretary Edwina Currie, former Chancellor of the Exchequer Norman
Lamont, former Minister for 'Fun' (National Heritage) David Mellor, and scandal embroiled former Minister Neil Hamilton (who was defeated by the
Labour and Liberal... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the polls had closed at ten o 'clock, but before the result was formally announced, Portillo was interviewed live by Jeremy Paxman on the BBC
's election programme. By that stage, Portillo was aware of the result in his seat. Portillo was seen to struggle answering Paxman 's first question, "So
Michael, are you going to miss the limo?" or the follow–up, "Are we seeing the end of the Conservative Party as a credible force in British politics?".
[1]
The other candidates knew the result as they walked up onto the stage of the Picketts Lock Leisure Centre in Enfield. Portillo, to a large amount of
muttering had won 19,137; this gained an applause from some Conservative supporters who assumed that Portillo had won. After a minor party
candidate 's result had been declared the returning officer began to announce Twigg 's vote total. There was a loud and prolonged cheer when Twigg's
result of 20,570 was announced.
Portillo, to his credit gave a magnanimous concession speech. Portillo later stated that he was determined to lose with as much dignity as possible,
after having watched the scenes in Putney where David Mellor had attacked Referendum Party founder and leader Sir James Goldsmith.
The episode led to the phrase 'Portillo Moment,' entering into the political lexicon. Many viewers and pundits asked "Were you still up for Portillo,"
asking whether someone had stayed up until after three in the morning to see or hear the

The Effect Of Qualification And Income Levels On The...
Abstract
Topics: Variations in electoral voting patterns and educational attainment/skills.
In this essay, I will be investigating the effects of qualification and income levels on the political status of 6 different Birmingham wards. My research
statement is, 'To what extent does the relationship between levels of qualification and income, influence the political status of different Birmingham
wards? ' I shall compare and contrast several different sources of data, as well as referring to my questionnaire results in my data analysis.
My hypothesis was that wards which had a high level of social class and the majority of their population had level 4 qualifications and above, as well
as a high level of household income; were expected to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, with the aid of questionnaires I was able to understand a variety of reasons as for why people did and did not vote for specific wards, and
whether it was the local or national policies which were having a greater influence on the public's political stance.
Word Count: 298 Introduction
Aim:
With a population in excess of 1,000,000 people and over 40 different wards and constituencies, Birmingham is generally regarded as the second city of
the United Kingdom. Within Birmingham, each ward must vote for their individual party counsellor who may be representing the Labour, Conservative
or Liberal Democrats party . The aim of my investigation is to find out whether the different levels of qualification and household income throughout
Birmingham has any effect on the party counsellor chosen for that specific ward. I will be investigating; what factors have an effect on levels of
qualification and income and how these levels of income and qualification influence the overall political status of a Birmingham ward.
Research Question:
"To what extent does the relationship between levels of qualification and income, influence the political status of different Birmingham wards?"
Hypothesis:
I hypothesise that affluent wards and constituencies such as; Moseley & Kings Heath, Sutton Four Oaks and Edgbaston whose population are of a
high social class (grade C1 and above) and an average of 47% of their population

The New Image Of The Tories
Most importantly, this reform successfully built the new image of the Tories, which humanized Thatcherite ruthless policies and make the Tories
electable for another term. The European issue was the most problematic issue throughout Major's governance. Polarized opinions divided not only the
country, the Tories, but the cabinet itself. Major failed to manage the government to run effectively on European issues as the government motion had
been opposed in parliament (Bale,2011; Cowley and Garry,1998). Yet, he successfully shifted the attitude of United Kingdom towards Europe from
Thatcherite ultra–sceptic perspective or Labour's Europhile perspective to somewhere in–between – while keeping in the European Community in order
to gain... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His premiership style, along with his ability on managing foreign affairs, were highly praised by American President George Bush, as his accountability
and his stress on cabinet consensus (Hennessey,2001, pp.441–443). Without Major's administration, Thatcher may have made the situation worse by
chaotic organization and communication within relative personals. When Major first stepped in as the Prime Minister, the election is only 18 months
ahead. Worse, his predecessor was hugely unpopular with the government, the morale of the Tories was low as losing a bunch of safe seat by–election
and electorates were tired on another term of ruthless Thatcherite rule. To handle that, Major decided to run the electoral campaign in a different way.
He built up a cabinet based on their ability, not ideological preference, which including Hurd and Heseltine, his competitors in leader election, hoping to
unite the 'certain' Conservative voters (Bale,2011). At the same time, Lamont's pre–election budget, which cutting the bottom of the income tax, tried to
pull swing voters to the Conservatives (Marr,2007, pp.484–487). Moreover, he managed to run a negative campaign on Labour's capability on the
economy, while remembering electorates the old labour fantasy – high tax and spending with a socialist ambition. This successfully pushes swing
voters from labour to conservatives. He also invested on campaigning in marginal seats

Politics And The People : Political Culture
EMMANUEL O. (688547)
Po–119
Politics and the people The discussion we start by reasoning the weight of political culture into democracy (freedom), firstly it we define the meaning
of political culture and the types? What the word democracies actually mean and the type's examples of countries that is practicing democracy the
benefits to the country? What are the networks within democracies and political culture, the similarities, differences, gain and harm to the
countries that are or want to practice democracies? It will consider why some humanities have some political values that seem supportive of the
stables democracy while other does not. Culture is the way we live. The clothes we wear, the foods we eat the languages we speak, the story we
tell, and the ways we celebrate. It is the way we show our imaginations through art, music and writing. Is about what do we believe? What makes
our live different from other? (Kalman, 2009) Then what is political culture? Is a way of life to some certain people who exist in a particular
society , the practices held by the people that shapes their political behaviour it include moral judgments, political myths, beliefs, and ideas of what
make a good society. According to Johari (1982, p 224) a political culture 'is the composed of the attitudes belief, emotions and values of society that
relate to political system and to the political issues' political culture exist because people beliefs in one voice, the kind of political culture

Evaluate the Advantages and Disadvantages of an Elected...
"The Preamble to the Parliament Act 1911 envisaged reforming the composition of the House of Lords to create a fully–elected Chamber." To date all
attempts have been unsuccessful. Explain the difficulties entailed in reforming the composition of the Lords and evaluate the advantages and
disadvantages of an elected second chamber.
In the United Kingdom, the Upper House– the House of Lords is currently an unelected chamber. It argues that the House itself is not democratic or
representative at all and this problem has been lasting for a century.
The Preamble of the Parliament Act 1911 says that :
"... whereas it is intended to substitute for the House of Lords as it at present exists a Second Chamber constituted on a popular instead of a ... Show
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The Parliament Acts mitigated the affront of democracy in the hands of unelected chamber and lessen the opportunity to frustrate the will of elected
chamber which is accountable to the electorate.
To make the house more democratic and representative, Life Peerages Act 1958 was passed to transform the House of Lords. The original intention
behind the legislation was to improve the party–political balance in the House. For the first time, this Act allowed the holders of life peerages other
than those appointed as Law Lords to sit in the House. It also allowed women awarded life peerages to sit in the House. This appointment of awards
allowed the House to fill with people with more diverse background and expertise.
To further transform the House, the Peerages Act 1963 was passed. It allowed female hereditary peers and all members of the Scottish peerage to sit
in the House. It also enabled hereditary peerages to be disclaimed for life following the consequence of the Stansgate case of 1960–1961. The Act
allowed the individual to stand for election to the House of Commons and also entitled them to vote.
Attempts at reforming the House did not stop. It was until 1999, the government introduced the House of Lords Act 1999, it was the first measure to
abolish the voting rights of hereditary peers including Royals and only 92 hereditary peers were exempted. This change was made by the

Party Influence on Democratic Elections
According to Merriam–Webster Dictionary, "democracy is a government by the people." Merriam additionally specifies democracy as the "rule of the
majority." In government, this definition may be a contradiction. A classic democratic state is defined as a government in which the supreme power is
invested in the people which is exercised directly or indirectly through the use of elections. However, according to the definition of Merriam–Webster
the power comes from the masses. In the parliamentary democracy of the United Kingdom and Sweden either theory may be applied. In both countries,
the Constitution declares the people as the main source of public power. Nevertheless, voters are hesitant to exercise their right of control through free
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore the opposition party has the chance to participate in legislative decisions before either house votes.
Subsequently, it has been criticized that the electoral system employed in Britain works only to the advantage of large parties, the winning party in
particular. This has in turn led to an over–represented government at the expense of third parties. This can be seen in recent general elections where a
single party emerged with clear majority legislation, then able to form a dominant government. As a result, voter participation has been low. It appears
to citizens that their vote does not have much political weight when electing officials from minority parties. Thus, causes a low percentage of voter
turnouts.
On the contrary, the Sweden Parliament is a unicameral government. The Riksdag is the national legislative assembly of Sweden. The assembly
contains 349 members who are chosen by direct elections based on suffrage for all Swedish citizens aged 18 or over who are residents of Sweden.
Consequently, general elections to the Riksdag are based on proportional representation for a fixed term of four years. The state of Sweden is divided
into constituencies from which seats are distributed between political parties. The numbers of seats assigned to parties corresponds to

Essay about Compulsory Voting
Industrial Countries all over the world have seen a steady decline in voter participation; Great Britain is a great example of this. The country has
witness turnout in elections falling slowly as time pass. However, the election of 2001 dropped the country from their average of 76% voter turnout to
just a 59.4% turnout. Comparatively, Australia, a former colony of Britain, has enjoyed high and steady voter participation since 1924 because of the
implementation of compulsory voting. This system has proven to be not only effective in bring voters to the polls, but also effective in improving
Australia's democracy. By evaluating these two countries with similar political structure; one can see the difference in compulsory voting turnouts...
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However, it is not constitutionally recognized as a legal entity, therefore, giving its decisions no legal force. The main parties of Australia are: the
Labour Party, Liberal Party, National Party, and the Australian Democrats; these parties are voted in through a preferential system of voting
("Australia's Political Structure," 2011). All citizens over the age of 18 are required to vote for these parties because of compulsory voting (adopted in
1924). Australia followed many other democracies on there decision to implement compulsory voting during the 1920s. However, the country
unusually added mandatory voting without other previsions (Birch, 2009). Australia was able to do so because of several strong factors supporting the
measure. The left (the Labour Party) had already used a form of social compulsion through trade unions getting their supporters to the polls. Bring in
compulsory voting would rectify this imbalance between the left and the right votes (Birch, 2009). Furthermore, voters would no longer be in a
position to demand transportation to the polls producing lower party cost. Several other factors include: raising turnout, greatening the legitimacy of
government, enhancing the public education on politics, and the fact that voting is considered a duty–not only a right (Birch, 2009). Since the adoption
the system has widely been supported. At the highest point of support peaked at 73% in favor of compulsory voting

Evaluate the Factors That Influenced the Result of the...
Evaluate the factors that influenced the result of the 2010 UK general Election.
For the purpose of this essay, I will be evaluating the factors that influenced the result of the 2010 UK general election. The general election was held
on Thursday 6th May 2010 and was the first election since 1974 to result in a hung parliament, as no party achieved the 326 seats needed to for an
overall majority.
The three main parties were the Conservatives, whose party leader was and still is David Cameron, Labour, whose party leader was Gordon Brown
and the Liberal Democrats, whose party leader was and still is Nick Clegg. The party with the highest share of seats were the Conservatives, who
achieved 307 seats out of a possible 650. The party with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research by Whiteley and Seyd (2002) backs up this claim as they note that the decline in party membership and party activism has been documented
by grass–roots party members in the UK for over ten years. Whiteley (2006) further supports this claim as he notes that there has been a weakening
of partisan attachments within the electorate, and that over time there has been a long term decline towards party identification. He goes on to note
that in 1964, when surveys first started to be used, almost 50% of the electorate had strong party identification towards a particular political party,
but by 2001 this had reduced to only 13% of the electorate. He concluded by saying that although party identification had clearly declined over the
years, the majority of voters still have some form of partisan attachments, although clearly a lot weaker than it once was. Meaning voters can now be
more easily persuaded to switch parties. Research by Budge, Newton, McKay and Bartle (1998) also show that there has been a decline in party
identification. They state that between the years 1945 to 1970, 44.8% of the electorate described themselves as being Conservative, 46.8% as Labour,
7.1% as Liberal Democrats and only 1.3% identified themselves as having attachments with other smaller parties. However, in 2005 Conservative

The Uk Has a Multi Party System Rather Than a Two Party...
The UK has a multi– party system rather than a two party system. Discuss.
A political two party system is one where two parties have complete dominance over voting, in terms of seats and the general vote. The multi– party
system however describes a system where more than two parties have the ability to win role as government. In this essay I will give a balanced
argument on whether Britain is a two party, or multi– party system.
Throughout a significant period in history, 1945–79, a two party system was obviously predominant; the Labour and Conservative parties being the
only two with the possibility of achieving majority vote and therefore forming a government. People voted for the party which represented their social
class e.g. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This leaves the continuation of two ruling parties.
It could be argued, however, that the two party system which was once in place is declining, meaning more parties have a realistic chance to achieve
role as government. In the last thirty years the support for the Conservative and Labour parties has been gradually decreasing, leaving them with only
67% of the vote at the 2005 general election, which was the smallest percentage they'd gained since 1918. This is an example of partisan dealignment
because the working class started to transfer their party support to Conservative instead of Labour. The Liberal Democrats support was significantly
increasing, leaving them with 22% of the vote in the 2005 election as well as 62 seats. Their seat numbers had been increasing since 1974 when they
only had 14 seats in parliament, suggesting a change in the dominance of only two parties. Today, the Liberal Democrats, who haven't been considered
a main party since, are currently the weaker part of a coalition government, with Labour in opposition. This shows a clear end to the two party system,
with three parties in significant places of power.
Despite the two party voting system which has been practiced in different regions since 1997, a multi–party system still exists in

The Human Rights Act and Anti-Terrorism in the Uk: One...
Public Law
2010
The Human Rights Act and anti–terrorism in the UK: one great leap forward by Parliament, but are the courts able to slow the steady retreat that has
followed?
David McKeever Subject: Human rights. Other related subjects: Administrative law. Criminal law
Keywords: Administrative law; Freedom of expression; Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; Terrorism; Torture
Legislation: Human Rights Act 1998 Counter–Terrorism Act 2008 Terrorism Act 2006 Anti
–terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Terrorism Act 2000
European Convention on Human Rights 1950 art.3, art.10
Cases: A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71; [2006] 2 A.C. 221 (HL) A v Secretary of State for the Home Department
[2004] UKHL 56; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
112 protected domestically under the HRA (as listed in Schedule 1 to that Act), are not identical.7
It is important to keep these initial goals in mind when assessing recent anti–terrorism legislation.
Impact of the Human Rights Act
In terms of substantive law, the HRA has had a significant impact in many areas of English law. One of the more obvious,8 and controversial,9
examples is the law relating to privacy. However the impact of the HRA has not been limited to privacy, criminal law, and immigration/asylum. The
Act is being increasingly invoked in commercial litigation, and was recently relied on by Northern Rock shareholders seeking to challenge the
Government's 2008 compensation scheme.10
Also significant is that the HRA has, in practice, a measure of 'horizontal effect'. Section 6(1) of the Act makes it unlawful for Courts (as public
authorities)11 to act in a manner incompatible with Convention rights, and UK courts are thus obliged to have regard to Convention rights even where
these arise in private disputes.12
In addition, whatever the situation regarding recent anti–terrorism legislation,13 it is generally true that questions of human rights are now considered
in a more systematic manner, and at an earlier stage of the legislative process, than was the case before 1998.14
*P.L. 113 In light of the foregoing, it is incorrect to describe the "continuing futility" of the HRA,15 and is not mere hyperbole to describe the

Voting Behaviour At UK Elections Is Determined More By...
'Voting behaviour at UK elections is determined more by issues of personality and image than on the basis of policies or performance in office'.
Discuss. In recent times it may be argued that personality and image has played a huge part in the voting behaviour of the electorate in the UK. The
personality and image may refer to the personality of the party leader and how they present themselves in their campaign. This is a short–term factor
and in a time where long–term factors are not said to play a huge role, as there is party de–alignment and a change in the class structure, perceptions of
party leadership can play a huge role in determining voting behaviour. It may always have been recognised as a factor but now its influence may have...
In 1997, Labour were very much in touch with the electorate and focused on salient issues, whereas the conservatives focused on issues such as
trade unions and devolution which were not deemed as salient. This benefitted Labour as they gained a huge win at this election and rather than
personality playing a huge part, it may have been their policies. Another contributing factor at this election may have been performance in office,
which in the above statement is not seen as important as personality and image. However, performance in office may have been extremely
detrimental for the conservatives in 1997 because of their crisis in 1992. This focuses on the retrospective model, as people saw the Conservatives
as incompetent in handling the economy because of Black Wednesday in September 1992. The Conservatives and especially Noramnt Lamont,
Chancellor of the Exchequer, were to blame for the crisis that saw the pound forced out of the ERM. This didn't help at the 1997 general election
where they did extremely badly in a huge Labour win. Personality and image does play a huge part in voting behaviour and will continue to do so in
2015, where Ed Milliband's leadership will come into question and could affect Labour's chances a lot. However, it is still not enough to suggest that
personality and image are larger determinants in voting behaviour than on the basis of policies or performance in office. It is difficult to see

The British Voting System, Undemocratic
This essay will be dealing with the question how the British voting system tends to be undemocratic in comparison with two other European voting
systems – the French and German. The United Kingdom counts five distinct types of elections: UK general elections, elections to national/regional
parliaments and assemblies, elections to the European Parliament, local elections and mayoral elections.(wikipedia, 2008).According to the facts and in
comparison with the French and German systems, the British voting system might be undemocratic. Held generally each four years ( in the UK,
Ireland, Norway) or five years( in France), elections suppose a certain democracy. But what is a democracy? Since the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whoever comes in the government reflects the majority's desire. In this point, this system tends to be more democratic than the First Past the
Post–system in the UK and the voters are encouraged to "vote with their hearts" in the first round and then "vote with their heads". ( European
Politics, pp 134) There is in this system more place and chance for big and small parties.
The Federal Republic of Germany, a federal parliamentary republic of sixteen states uses a mixed system. In this system, voters are given two votes.
One to vote for a candidate in their local constituency or district; the other to vote for a list in a multimember constituency. (European Politics, pp 135).
The benefit or advantage of this system is that it ensures, whatever the results of the constituency, the overall result of the election in a more or less
proportionally way. For this reason this list, the list in a multimember constituency, is a compensatory one. As has been demonstrated, voters in
Germany even get 2 votes, which makes this system more democratic than any other. The voters really have the feeling that their voices are
important, that they can decide who they want in the government and there is no feeling of wasted voices. Besides, a chance is also given to all
parties and the fight for power is not only in the hands of a few groups. In this option, the mixed system seems also more democratic than the British
one.
Initially, one of the most widely used system, the

How Is The Defeat Of The Conservative Party In 1945 Best...
How is the defeat of the conservative party in 1945 best explained ?
On the 26th July 1945, Clement Attlee lead the labour party to a landslide victory against the conservative party, represented by wartime hero Winston
Churchill. This came as a shock to the British population, who had not anticipated this outcome. The defeat of the conservative party in 1945 can be best
explained by highlighting the contrast between the people and the conservative party, the conservatives' inability to carry out successful policies, and
the strength of the labour party.
The conservative party had been intent on encouraging the preservation of traditional cultural values, and relied on putting the power in the hands of
elected representatives rather than in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed the labour party had grown stronger during the coalition by promising the people reforms once the war would be over. These ideas were
promoted through effective propaganda, particularly on the home front, which promised the nationalisation of industry, better housing, free medical
services and employment for all. On the other hand, the conservative party was not in favour of these reforms: for instance Churchill completely
ignored the Beveridge Report, a manifesto of social reforms, and focused on conducting the war instead. These promised reforms caused the labour
party's popularity to increase as citizens hoped for a better future which in turn weakened the conservative party. Furthermore, Churchill's confidence
and unawareness of this powerful opposition allowed the labour party to further develop. Churchill had never fallen below 78 per cent in the approval
rating in the opinion polls: consequently the prime minister did not organise his election campaign strategy appropriately which once again allowed the
opposing party to strengthen. Thus the forceful labour party was able to win a landslide victory against the unprepared

The Future Of The European Union
What the framework of our constitution can do is organize the way in which we argue about our future. All of its elaborate machinery – its separation
of powers and checks and balances and federalist principles and Bill of Rights – are designed to force us into a conversation, a "deliberative
democracy" in which all citizens are required to engage in a process of testing their ideas against an external reality, persuading others of their point of
view, and building shifting alliances of consent.
Barack Obama, 2006 1.0Introduction
In the past years, the possible future of the European Union (EU) has been of increasing interest to social and political scientists as well as the public.
Since 2008, the EU has experienced events such as the economic crisis and the 2014 European Parliament election, which have fostered intense debates
around the legitimising basis of the EU (Zielonka, 2014). Furthermore, with the election of David Cameron in the 2015 United Kingdom general
election even the possibility of the United Kingdom leaving the EU has been discussed. Although many social and political scientists do not believe
such a scenario (REFERENCE), one could argue that there is an increasing need for the EU to redefine itself in order not to experience a genuine
'downfall'. Consequently, an alternative theory of EU integration challenging the classical intergovernmental and neofunctional understandings of the
EU has gained increasing support among political scientists.

Contributions Of British Politics And The Liberal...
What have been the major contributions to British politics offered by the Liberal Democrats over the last three decades?
The Liberal Democrats have played an active part in the world of British politics over the last thirty years, in a variety of roles as a third party and as
members of the conservative/liberal coalition. To truly consider the major contributions of such a party it is necessary to consider the variety of
ideological and policy stances taken by the party and their effects on British politics. Stances for consideration in this essay include the Liberal
democrats' strong stance on the protection of civil liberties, internationalism and their approach to community politics.
The party's commitment to internationalism is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Committed efforts to promote the EU by Clegg against the more eurosceptic narrative created by the Conservatives would have contributed far more to
the image of the European Union within British politics, and could have affected the image of Europe during the referendum. This lack of commitment
during the coalition by the Liberal Democrats was heavily criticised by their ex leader Lord Ashdown at the Centre Forum think tank when he
questioned "... why has Britain 's only truly internationalist party ... abandoned our internationalism?" (BBC News, 2012).
The Liberal Democrats are well known for their commitment to community politics, and in a political landscape which is moving further and further
towards a national policy focus this commitment is arguably a major contribution. With many of the strongest periods for the party's local politics
being periods of otherwise decline, notable of which being the 1999 Eastbourne by–election and the recent 22 (at time of writing) council seats gained
under Farron since May, their moves towards community politics could be seen as a ploy, however due to the strong party community campaigning
heritage it is difficult to see this as the case.
Rennard's 'Winning by–elections' is still used as the backbone of the party 's campaigning methodology, showing the consistency of the party

The Valence Theory Of Adaptation In The UK
On 18 September 2014, voters in Scotland rejected proposals for Scotland to become an independent country outside of the United Kingdom (UK)
in a referendum on Scottish independence. (BBC, 2014) The referendum was won by the "No" campaign on a margin of 55.3% No 44.7% Yes on a
record high turnout of 84.59%. (BBC, 2014 / UK Political Info, 2017 / Jeavens, 2014) Substantial electoral gains for the pro–independence Scottish
National Party (SNP) and the more pro–UK Conservative Party in Scotland since the result of the 2014 independence referendum has challenged the
long established dominance of the UK Labour Party in Scotland, (Hassan, 2017: 375) which has in turn begged the question which this essay will
explore on whether the 2014... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Lundberg, 2016: 238) The 2014 independence referendum had unprecedented levels of political engagement, (Mann and Fenton, 2017: 156) and a
very high voter turnout of 84.6%, the highest turnout in a UK election since the 1910 general election, which was held before the expansion of the
franchise in 1918, when less men and no women had the right to vote. (Jeavens, 2014)
Throughout the referendum campaign, there was a shift in support towards Scottish independence, (Mann and Fenton, 2017: 156 / Curtice, 2016: 2)
with "Yes" initially polling on 32–38% of the vote at the start of 2012; (BBC, 2012) starting the campaign polling at under 40% of the vote and
finishing the campaign on 45% of the vote. (What Scotland Thinks, 2014) This shift in support towards independence was particularly prominent
among those living in deprived areas (Mann and Fenton, 2017: 156, 161–162 / Curtice, 2014b) and among Labour voters, (Mann and Fenton, 2017:
157, 160) with around 40% of Labour voters from the 2010 general election in Scotland voting in favour of Scottish independence despite Labour's
constitutional position against independence during the campaign. (Curtice, 2014a) This shift towards independence among Labour voters and those
living in deprived areas can be noted as having had a significant impact on the electoral prospects of the SNP around the Central Belt of Scotland
between Glasgow and

British Electoral System
The maturity of the political system in Britain has gradually shaped the British community. Britain at present is considered to be a Liberal
Democratic state and one main component is the capacity of the government to conduct an election to allow the people to voice their needs in the
national level. Election is the heart or the core of a democratic state , removing this would deprive the people of their right. After five years or if the
Parliament was dissolved by the Queen with of course the Prime Minister's advise, there will be an election using the "First–past–the–post" electoral
system. Here the candidates can win seats in the Parliament by plurality of votes that the candidate received in his or her district. But then this... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Previous writers from the Conservatives said that faith of the members to their party leader would result in a disciplined party. Naturally, members'
of a certain party must agree on recognizing their party leader as a competent being that would be able to guide, unify and bring order to their party,
after all, he or she is a potential Prime Minister in any case their party get the majority of seats in the Parliament. Also, the party leader is the primary
person to represent the party and that he or she must be able to act in accordance with party's image to capture most of the voter's sympathy. As
Graham Wallas, a political scientist and author of Human Nature in Politics, pointed out the significance of "political image" among the voter's
preferences. This is due to the fact that the voters will give support to parties where they can benefit the most and that reflect on their social status,
ethnicity and religion. Just in the case of two dominant party, the Labour Party will most likely get support from the less affluent citizens, those from
Scotland and the North, the working class and those from the public sector. On the other hand those wealthy citizens, coming from the prosperous
South of England and people working in big businesses would most likely be voting for the Conservative Party. The 1997 election was not just a result
of the Labour Party managing to have

Genocide in Chile
ChileFrom 1973 – 1977, there was genocide in Chile. The targets were people who believed in the communist government system. The start of it all
began on September 11th, 1973 when Chilean commander in chief, Augusto Pinochet Ugarte commanded the Chilean army and police force to
overthrow the current president Salvador Allende. The main reason for the overthrow was because of Allende's economic plan. With it, inflation was
rising 1% every day. The only reason the coup was successful at overthrowing the government was because America backed them. With Pinochet in
power, his army removed everyone who they deemed the remotest rick to his new military junta. He is accused of devising the worst concentration
camp regime since Hitler's grand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those numbers show that this time period was genocide. People were "disappearing", being tortured and killed just because they believed in a different
type of political system. An estimated 30,000 Chileans survived imprisonment and severe torture by agents of Pinochet's secret police–electric shock,
beatings, near–drowning, and rape in secret detention facilities. During his seventeen–year rule Chile became a pariah state, internationally condemned
for ongoing, systematic violations of human rights. Pinochet played a leadership role in initiating and overseeing many of these atrocities. One month
after the coup, he authorized a death squad, led by his close associate General Sergio Arellano, to "expedite justice". Using a Puma helicopter, a
five–member military team led by General Arellano flew to various northern cities and, at each stop, selected prisoners and shot or bayoneted them in
the middle of the night. Over a period of four days, sixty–eight civilians were killed, having committed no crime other than serving in local community
leadership roles under the elected Allende government. This series of atrocities became known as "the Caravan of Death." All of this killing was
mostly the work of the army's DirecciГіn de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA). The DINA also killed someone here in the Unites States. In September
1976, the DINA assassinated

New Right Conservatism
n Australia the "New Right" refers to a late 1970s/1980s onward movement both within and outside of the Liberal/National Coalition which advocates
economically liberal and increased socially conservative policies (as opposed to the "old right" which advocated economically conservative policies
and small–l liberals with more socially liberal views). Unlike the United Kingdom and United States, but like neighbouring New Zealand, the 1980s
saw the Australian Labor Party initiate Third Way economic reforms, which bear some familiarity to "New Right" ideology. After the John Howard
Coalition defeated 13–year Labor government at the 1996 federal election, economic reforms were taken further, some examples being wholesale
labour market ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other noted New Right group in Germany is Thule Seminar of Dr. Pierre Krebs .
Netherlands[edit]
The New Right was the name of a far–right/nationalist political party in the Netherlands.
New Zealand[edit]
Ambox current red.svg
This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2009)
In New Zealand, as in Australia, it was the Labour Party that initially adopted "New Right" economic policies, while also pursuing social liberal
stances such as decriminalisation of male homosexuality, pay equity for women and adopting a nuclear–free policy. This meant temporary realignment
within New Zealand politics, as "New Right" middle–class voters voted Labour at the New Zealand general election, 1987 in approval of its economic
policies. At first, Labour corporatised many former government departments and state assets, then emulated the Conservative Thatcher administration
and privatised them altogether during Labour's second term of office. However, recession and privatisation together led to increasing strains within the
Labour Party, which led to schism, and the exit of Jim Anderton and his NewLabour Party, which later formed part of the Alliance Party with the
Greens and other opponents of New Right economics.
However, dissent and schism were not to be limited to the Labour Party and Alliance Party

Thatcherism Research Paper
Ian Duncan Smith took over after Hague and later in 2003 was preceded by Michael Howard. Both of these leaders also had failed terribly with
leadership. In November 2002, Smith said "A small group of my parliamentary colleagues have decided consciously to undermine my leadership"
(Smith, 2002). This was after the vote on gay and unmarried couples to adopt children, in which he expected all members of his party to vote
against. He also told his party to "unite or die" (Smith, 2002). When there is weak collective responsibility within a party it surely indicates that
leadership is under threat and has failed. He eventually resigned after losing a confidence vote from his party and Howard became leader. Howard was
undeniably a good politician... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everything David Cameron did with his One Nation theory demonstrated what needed to happen between 1997 and 2005. With the help of this One
Nation theory he won the 2010 election, though it was won through a coalition. Regardless of this, the party were winning back support from the
public which then later showed in the 2015 election when Cameron won with the vote of the majority. Cameron shifted away from using the term
Thatcherism and gave the party a new brand although, this brand was not any different to before. But it worked very well for him and his party. One
of the changes he portrayed the public was the idea of a big society, in which he wanted claimed to 'giving individuals and communities more control
over their destinies' (BBC, 2010). The intention behind this was to make more sections of society feel represented and not only the far right

Saudi Arabi The Kingdom Of Arabia
Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the Arabian Peninsula and Located in the southwest corner of Asia, with a total Saudi population
as 2010 amounted 29,195,895 million.
The country was established in 1932 by King Abdulaziz Al Saud. The Kingdom is Monarchy under the leadership of Al Saud Family, current monetary
unit is Riyal, the Kingdom is at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Geography
It is surrounded by the Red Sea on the West, by Yemen and Oman on the South, the Arabian Gulf and theUnited Arab Emirates and Qatar on the East,
and Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait on the North. Saudi Arabia 's Red Sea coastline stretches about 1,760 kilometers (1,100 miles) while its Arabian Gulf
coastline roughly 560 kilometers (350 miles).
Economy
Saudi Arabia has an oil–based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. It possesses about 16% of the world 's
proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly
87% of budget revenues, 42% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings.
The Shoura "consultative" Council
The "al–Shoura" council represents one of the ruling methods in the KSA. It acts as a very important decision making body. Despite the system of
monarchy, the authorized persons in the council take into consideration the opinions of many other elite groups.
The council, situated in Riyadh, consists of 150 members appointed by

Similarities And Differences Between United Kingdom And Spain
Adopting a historical comparative perspective, this paper explains the politics structure of the United Kingdom and Spain; two .............I selected these
two countries because these two countries are involved in the same characteristic, as they both are unitary state that consists of monarchy and
parliamentary system. However, with the differences in culture, ideology and history background, making both United Kingdom and Spain have an
outstanding contrasting functions. First and foremost, I'd briefly go through the history of both countries by emphasized on their political institutions
historical. The United Kingdom is considered as the primogenitor of the present–day democracy structure in many democratic countries. United
Kingdom is seemed to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, we call it differently for United Kingdom, The upper house and lower house is house of lord and house of common while in Spain we call
the house of senate and house of deputies. According to the website of congress of Spain, The lower house of Spain consists of 350 members, who
are the representatives of each provinces and has four years term. The method that is used to elect the member of lower house is the proportional
representative method. While, The number of the total seat in house of common in United Kingdom is 650 (UK parliamentary, 2010). The electoral
method that the UK is used to elected the member of the lower house is on the other hand, a plurality or majority vote system. United Kingdom and
Spain choose to use different electoral system to elect the number of the member in the lower house because certain type of electoral system might fit
to the situation of particular country

The Pros And Cons Of The Tory Party
Introduction The Conservative party is the centre right political part in the United Kingdom . It's also the biggest party in the government of the day
with 8296 counsellors involved , and a number of 303 members of parliament in the United Kingdom . The Tory party is the founder of the The
Conservative party in the year of 1834 . With that being in mind , the leader of TheConservative party today in the United Kingdom is David Cameroon
. His appearance in the United Kingdom brought acts like Welfare Reform Act of 2012 , the Educational Act of 2011 , and the Health And Social
Care Act of 2012 . The biggest issue or in another word , the most debated issue in the United Kingdom as for today is the repelling of the Human
Rights Act , an idea which has been brought on by the Tory government . This is mainly because the Tory government is in the opinion that the Human
Rights Act 1998 had allowed the judiciary to undermine the parliament which they plan to replace it with the British Bill of Rights . ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The council of Europe was established in 1949 intention to create fairness across Europe . In 1948 , the council accepted the United Nations of
Declarations of Human Rights . Thus , this will be a concept for a European charter and the European Convention on Human Rights came into force on
3 December 1953. Than , the United Kingdom accepted the right to individual petition in 1965 but the courts were not bound to apply this particular
convention as it was not incorporated into the law by statute . In the 1997 general elections , the Labour Party won by a big margin under Tony Blair
who fulfilled this pledge through parliamentary passage of the Human Rights Act . The human rights act 1998 came into effect on the 2 October 2000 .
Thus having said all this , should the Tory government whom are at force , repeal the Human Rights Act

Canada 's Role As A Major World Player Essay
As time goes on, some countries become more relevant in the global sphere while others start to fade away. Canada is a country that only becomes
more relevant as time goes on. Since being granted full sovereignty, Canada has had a growing role as a major world player. Much of their
international growth has to do with its close ties to the United States and the United Kingdom. However, the country has also undergone huge change
and refocusing on a domestic level. With influence from both Europe and the United States, Canada has a very unique system of governing. This paper
will focus on a few major areas of Canada. It will look into the history of Canada, the structure of its government, its politics, and many of the major
issues it faces today. Similar to the United States, Canada has a significant portion of their population that is native to the land. The indigenous people
that live in Canada have lived there for thousands of years before the colonization of Canada occurred. The major groups of modern indigenous people
are the Inuit and the Metis. The Intuits lived in Canada and Greenland for hundreds of years without European contact. Their first European contact
came from Norse settlers in Greenland; however, these Norse settlers disappeared and left the Inuit mostly isolated until more widespread colonization
in the future. The Metis is a group that refers to people who are descendants from both native people and European settlers. Their history goes back to
the mid

Scottish Devolution Essay examples
Devolution is the transfer of powers from a central body to subordinate regional bodies. In Scotland, Devolution was set up to restore legitimacy to a
system of government that reflected Scottish preferences. The reason behind the demand for Scottish self–government is that Scotland had the historic
status of nationhood before the Union of 1707 and within the Union, has a different set of legal, educational and religious institutions that reinforce a
Scottish identity.
The Scottish National Party (SNP) was founded In 1934 and In 1960 was found oil in the North Sea, what changed the Scottish public opinion about
the Union as the main cause to join it was economical; having oil would suppose economical independence from England.
In 1967 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In October 1974 is was held another elections and the SNP representation in the Parliament raised to 11 seats. The Labour Government became weaker
and started to prepare the legal situation for the incoming Referendum. The Government failed in amend a bill for Scotland and Wales Devolution, but
it was introduced a separate amendment which made necessary the 40% of the eligible Scottish electorate to vote "yes" for the effective devolution of
powers, that was known as the Cunningham Amendment. The 1st of March of 1979 it was held a referendum and "Yes" won but with not enough
representation to reach the 40% needed to start the Scottish devolution.
Scottish devolution was defeated in the referendum and the two biggest parties campaigned for "No". The SNP considered the results as a victory for
devolution but was against the referendum as they were campaigning about the complete independence.
In 1977 a Labour Member of Parliament introduced a important issue, a question that was called "The West Lothian Question" later on and referred to
the ability to vote on matters that only afected people living in England by Members of Parliament from constituencies in Northern Ireland, Scotland
and Wales, as a consequence of the devolution of power from Westminster andScottish parliament, Welsh and Northern Irish Assemblies.
In 1979 it was a motion of no confidence against the Labour Government, that had as a direct consequence the celebration

The Main Disagreements Between the Conservative, Labour...
The Main Disagreements Between the Conservative, Labour and Liberal Democrat Parties
The three main parties in UK politics, Labour, Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, are all based on greatly differing ideologies which can often
lead to them having varying viewpoints on key issues. These differences can often lead to conflicts or disagreements between the parties over which
policy will be most beneficial to the country.
A particularly controversial and fiercely contested issue is the role of the United Kingdom in the future of the European Union. The Labour party are
often considered to be pro–Europe although their policies do tend to keep Britain's interests at heart. Their priorities for Europe ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Like Labour, Liberals argue that the EU must be enlarged to guarantee its future survival although, unlike Labour, they do feel that EU institutions must
be made more efficient.
Another controversial political issue is that of constitutional reform. The Liberal Democrat and Labour policies in this area are very similar in the
way that they both believe in devolution of power away from Westminster through regional assemblies. Both parties feel that many of the current
political systems are outdated and must be modernised if political participation is to rise. The parties do differ however, on taxes. Labour have
always strived to keep taxes as low as possible whilst attempting to strike a balance with good public services. The Liberal Democrats feel this can
only be achieved if taxes are raised, therefore making the public pay for the improvements. As with the EU, Conservatives have greatly differing
policies from the other two parties. They believe in the preservation of national sovereignty and traditional political methods. They are strongly opposed
to the devolution proposed by the other parties and this even extends to Northern Ireland, which the Conservatives believe should be ruled from London.
The whole issue of the welfare state and how much the state should provide for its people has been argued over

Uk Multi-Party System Analysis
Previously the UK has been criticised for having a two party system since the 1990s. This means that the voting system of First Past the Post favours
two parties, these being Labour and Conservatives. However, it has now been challenged that the two party system is in decline and the UK is moving
to a Multi–party system. A multi–party system is a system in which multiple political parties across the political board run for national election, and
all have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition meaning, there is more chance for each party to gain power. The
UK's two party system and its political reign is far from over and it may remain for the next years to come.This essay will discuss the view that the...
This is because Conservative and Labour both have higher percentage of votes meaning the public still think they are the best two parties to vote
for.Both by far have more seats and they both use things like social media, mobile phone apps and television broadcasts to transmit their manifestos.
Both parties execute this better than anyu of the other parties allowing them to be the favourable two parties in the UKs two party system. If the UK
no longer had a two party system then Labour and Conservatives would not have had such a huge influence in the recent general

Why Do Voters Vote The Way They Do?
Why do voters vote the way they do?
A voter can be defined as an individual who votes, or has the right to vote, in elections. Voting behaviour is explained using the concepts of expressive
voting and strategic voting. A rational voter would act more strategically, that is, the voter would vote to produce anelection outcome which is as close
as possible to his or her own policy preferences, rather than voting on the basis of party attachment, ideology, or social group membership
(expressive voting). Strategic voting has become more important than voting on the basis of political cleavages (expressive voting), so voters have
become more rational in their approach, however there is always an element of expressiveness in their behaviour. Political parties were initially
formed to represent the interests of particular groups in society however, as these parties became more universal in the appeal of their policy
programmes, voting behaviour shifted from expressive to strategic. This essay explores the reasons behind the declining importance of political
cleavages, and the rise of strategic voting. "In their seminal study, Lipset and Rokkan (1967) explained how ideological and partisan divisions sprang
from the social cleavages in the nation" (Russell. J. Delton.) An example is the 1966 formation of the Black Panther Party in the United States. It
aimed to represent black interests, and its main objectives were full employment for black people, and securing "overdue debt of

David Cameron's First Speech as Prime Minister
This political speech made by United Kingdom's new prime minister David Cameron in May 2010 could be considered the beginning of a new era
in the politics of the country because, for the first time after World War II, Britain would have a coalition government. David Cameron (born in
London in 1966) was elected leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005. He has modernised his Party, the Conservatives, by introducing new
ideas such as the environmental defence, gay rights and abortion. He has a fresh, young and moderate image. The conservative leader gave this speech
outside No 10 Downing Street right after being appointed Prime Minister. Cameron clearly describes UK's social and economic situation and points out
the main... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Students have reacted by protesting violently in front of the Conservative headquarters. They complain specially about the raise in the tuition fees, that
will be multiplied by three. The spending review is also facing critics of the Institute of Fiscal Studies: the think–thank believes that the poor will be the
most affected by the measures. During the campaign Labour, Liberal and Conservatives agreed on the need to cut spending, but the proposal of
Cameron was the hardest. At the same time, the Tories thought the reforms had to start immediately, while the Labour preferred to wait a year until
the economic recovery was consolidated. Indeed, some fear that the spending review will not help UK to get out of the crisis, and they claim that the
present difficulties are only an excuse to reduce the power of the state (an important principle in the Conservatives' ideology). On the other side,
Conservatives think that the private sector will be able to support the economy and will be reinforced, in spite of the cutback in spending. It is beyond
doubt that the financial crisis has affected deeply all Europe, and that something had to be done to reduce the number of British citizens living on the
governments subsidies. But it is not that clear that such strong measures had to be taken. UK's economic situation is not as bad as other countries in
Europe

The Scottish National Party And Its Effects On Scotland...
The Scottish National Party was formed in 1934 following the merger of the National Party and the Scottish and has had continuous representation at
Westminster since the 1967 Winnie Ewing's victory at the 1967 Hamilton by–election. When the Scottish Parliament was formed in 1999, the SNP
became the second largest party in the Scottish legislature, serving two terms in opposition. Alex Salmond became the leader of the SNP in 1990 and
returned as leader in 2004, leading the party to take the majority in Parliament following the 2011 Scottish Parliament election. This essay will evaluate
the importance Alex Salmond to the rise of the SNP and its effects onScotland and Britain. Alex Salmond first decided to contest for leadership in
1990, following the resignation of Gordon Wilson. Margaret Ewing was his only opponent at the time and his key alley Jim Silarrs decided to
support him, causing a considerable consternation with the SNP left as the two main left leaders opposed each other in the contest. Salmond won
the election by 486 votes against Ewing's 146 (Deacon R., Sandry A., 2007). The first challenges came at the general election in 1992, when the
SNP had hopes of making an electoral breakthrough. The SNP considerately increased its share of the vote, but it failed to win a large number if the
seats. Salmond's former ally Sillarrs lost his seat, leading him to describe the Scottish people as '90–minute patriots'. Sillar's comment ended the
long–lasting political

The Human Rights Act and Anti-Terrorism in the Uk: One...
Public Law 2010 The Human Rights Act and anti–terrorism in the UK: one great leap forward by Parliament, but are the courts able to slow the steady
retreat that has followed? David McKeever Subject: Human rights. Other related subjects: Administrative law. Criminal law Keywords: Administrative
law; Freedom of expression; Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; Terrorism; Torture Legislation: Human Rights Act 1998
Counter–Terrorism Act 2008 Terrorism Act 2006 Anti
–terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Terrorism Act 2000 European Convention on Human
Rights 1950 art.3, art.10 Cases: A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71; [2006] 2 A.C. 221 (HL) A v Secretary of State for
the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56; [2005]... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The international community has largely failed to agree *P.L. 114 on a definition of terrorism which reconciles both the general Page2 abhorrence for
violence which is indiscriminate and/or actively targets civilians, with the acknowledgement that some forms of political oppression may be so unjust
as to legitimate violent action by the oppressed.21 While violent action was necessary to achieve decolonisation in many cases, and widely seen as
legitimate when used for this purpose,22 the legitimacy of the use of violence in many present–day conflicts (Israel/Palestine being one example) is
contested. If the use of violence for political ends is not seen as legitimate, it is frequently identified as "terrorism". Hence the lack of agreement:
whereas a group employing violent means to bring about political change may be seen by some as legitimately struggling against oppression, the same
group can be viewed by others as terrorists.23 To date, the international community has failed to agree upon a definition of "terrorism" which
overcomes this basic obstacle.24 Instead, a range of international conventions have been adopted to criminalise at the international level certain actions
which are often employed by those described as terrorists, rather than criminalising (or defining) "terrorism" per

Prisoners' Right to Vote
Should all prisoners be given the right to vote or should it be limited only to some or to none at all? Provide a reasoned argument for your decision.
Examination Code: R12630
Module Code: 6FFLK020
Date of Submission: 28/03/2013
T he majority of democratic societies recognise the right to vote as an essential human right. Despite this, there are a number of countries where
leaders believe that the disenfranchisement of prisoners, merely as a result of their imprisonment, is a justified and prerequisite manifestation of
punishment. The United Kingdom is one these countries but the case of Hirst in 2005 has forced the UK to revaluate its position, and has seen the
debate of prisoners' right to vote resurface in light of this case. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This creates the core notion that, regardless of the severity of the crime, a person who is sentenced to prison does not cease to be a human being, which
is heralded by the principle that offenders are sent to prison as punishment rather than for punishment.
Noting the compelling nature of this issue, and considering that the right to vote is one of the hallmarks of citizenship and an established human right,
there are still thirteen countries in Europe in which prisoners cannot vote at all. A further thirteen which only allow conditional voting and there are
sixteen countries which permit complete prisoner suffrage. Offenders in Belgium whom are sentenced to five years or more lose the right to vote for
life. On a global context, Japan and Russia also enforce blanket bans on prisoner votingas do 48 states in America where the states of Kentucky and
Virginia impose life–long bans on all citizens with a criminal record. This makes it a difficult claim to prove that prisoners still remain citizens upon
incarceration in countries which prohibit prisoner suffrage.
Consequently, there has been a

Charlie Elphicke Father
Charlie Elphicke was born on March 14, 1971 in Huntingdon, England. Charlie is currently married to his wife Natalie Ross, and they have a total
of two children. Before getting into politics and getting elected into Parliament, Charlie graduated from the University of Nottingham. Charlie was a
partner for the law firm Hunton & Williams, and also was working in the pharmaceutical research business before he pursued politics. Charlie began
his career in politics in 1994, when he was elected to the London Borough Council of Lambeth. As a Conservative, he represented Gipsy Hill, in
which he defeated Labour leader Stephen Whaley for this position. After four years of serving, he stood down and quickly became the chairman of the
Dulwich & West Norwood... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"I have long been fighting for a change in the law when it comes to family policy, so that children have the right to know and have a relationship with
both parents" (elphicke.com). On February 25, 2013 Mr. Elphicke introduced a bill to Parliament which would help support Charlie's goal to put the
children first. Mr. Elphicke told Parliament that around 3 million kids in the United Kingdom are living with separated parents and around 1 million
children do not have contact with either of their parents. The push for this bill by Charlie Elphicke was finally recognized by Parliament on March
13, 2014 when the Children and Families Act was passed by both Houses. Another issue that Charlie Elphicke is trying to get ahold of is the tax
avoidance of big multi–national businesses. "I spoke up for the need to reform our tax law fundamentally. To make sure that tax on profits from
business carried out in the UK is paid" (www.elphicke.com). Mr. Elphicke says that the problem is not the British businesses, but the companies who
are world wide and do not pay the proper corporation tax that they should pay. April 16, 2012 was the first day that the Finance Bill was debated in
Parliament and this is the bill that sets the taxes and the tax law. Charlie set forth a couple of ideas in this Bill about anti–avoidance measures. "The
first principle is that business tax rates should be low, simple and attractive. Britain should be open for business, but open for business on a level
playing field for national and international companies" (www.elphicke.com). After years of continuing to debate and pushing forward the idea, under the
Labour party income tax receipts went up, while the corporation tax stayed the same. To this day, Charlie Elphicke is continuing to call out many
corporations for the continuation of tax avoidance he

Using Data From The British Election Study
This paper is a research project that uses data from the British Election Study. The study has responses from 2987 participants selected at random
for the survey. The survey asks a variety of questions regarding the elections and the perceptions of the participants. The questions include
responses for voting preferences, issues faced in the elections of 2015, inclination of the voter towards left or right, taxation and spending views,
views of respondents regarding immigration, economic status and so forth. The response scales used are close ended with multiple choice and
Likert scale questions on a scale of one to ten being used. Due to the large amount of data and the variety of information asked, this report will
restrict itself to testing a few hypotheses, which will be targeted towards specific areas, and which can be proved or disproved through use of cross
tabulation analysis based on data obtained in the survey. It has been noted that the economic status of a voter tends to impact the political leanings of
the voter. It was noted in a survey carried out in the USA that wage levels were an indicator of voter preferences where people who earned less than
$70,000 noted to lean towards the liberal, Democratic Party, while those who earned more tended to be more conservative in leaning towards the
Republican Party (Thompson, 2012). Another study conducted in Malaysia concluded that voters consider the economic conditions of the country
before voting for a government, and

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