Fossils provide evidence about past life. A fossil forms when a once-living organism is buried and its remains are slowly replaced with minerals over time. Fossils reveal clues about ancient environments and organisms, and help show that evolution has occurred. There are several types of fossils including petrified fossils where minerals completely replace the organism's original materials, and trace fossils which show an organism's activities like footprints.

2. What is a fossil?
• A fossil is the preserved remains of a once-
living organism.
What do fossils tell us?
• Fossils give clues about organisms that lived
long ago. They help to show that evolution
has occurred.
• They also provide evidence about how
Earth’s surface has changed over time.
• Fossils help scientists understand what past
environments may have been like.

3. HOW IS A FOSSIL FORMED?
1. Sediment 2. Layers 3. Movement 4. Erosion
An animal is buried by More sediment layers Movement of tectonic Erosion from rain,
sediment, such as accumulate above the plates, or giant rock rivers, and wind wears
volcanic ash or silt, animal’s remains, and slabs that make up away the remaining
shortly after it dies. Its minerals, such as silica Earth’s surface, lifts rock layers. Eventually,
bones are protected (a compound of silicon up the sediments and erosion or people
from rotting by the and oxygen), slowly pushes the fossil digging for fossils will
layer of sediment. replace the calcium closer to the surface. expose the preserved
phosphate in remains.
the bones.

4. FIVE MAIN TYPES OF FOSSILS
Petrified Molds and Carbon
Fossils Casts Films
Trace Preserved
Fossils Remains

5. PETRIFIED FOSSILS
• The word “petrified” means
“turning into stone.”
• Petrified fossils form when
minerals replace all or part
of an organism.
• Water is full of dissolved
minerals. It seeps through
the layers of sediment to
reach the dead organism.
PETRIFIED FOSSIL
The Field Museum in Chicago
When the water evaporates,
displays a fossil of a only the hardened minerals
Tyrannosaurus rex.
are left behind.

6. MOLDS AND CASTS
• A mold forms when hard parts of an
organism are buried in sediment,
such as sand, silt, or clay.
MOLD FOSSIL • The hard parts completely dissolve
This mold, or imprint, is of over time, leaving behind a hollow
an extinct mollusk called area with the organism’s shape.
an ammonite.
• A cast forms as the result of a mold.
• Water with dissolved minerals and
sediment fills the mold’s empty
spaces.
CAST FOSSIL • Minerals and sediment that are left
This ammonite cast was
in the mold make a cast.
discovered in the United
Kingdom. • A cast is the opposite of its mold.

7. CARBON FILMS
• All living things contain an
element called carbon.
• When an organism dies
and is buried in sediment,
the materials that make up
the organism break down.
• Eventually, only carbon
FERN FOSSIL remains.
This carbon-film fossil of a • The thin layer of carbon
fern is more than left behind can show an
300 million years old.
organism’s delicate parts,
like leaves on a plant.

8. TRACE FOSSILS
• Trace fossils show the
activities of organisms.
• An animal makes a footprint
when it steps in sand or mud.
• Over time the footprint is
buried in layers of sediment.
Then, the sediment becomes
FANCY FOOTWORK
This dinosaur footprint was
solid rock.
found in Namibia, Africa.

9. PRESERVED REMAINS
Some organisms get preserved in or close to their
original states. Here are some ways that can happen.
Amber Tar Ice
An organism, An organism, An organism,
such as an insect, such as a such as a woolly
is trapped in a mammoth, is mammoth, dies in
tree’s sticky resin trapped in a tar pit a very cold region.
and dies. More and dies. The tar Its body is frozen
resin covers it, soaks into its in ice, which
sealing the insect bones and stops preserves the
inside. It hardens the bones from organism—even
into amber. decaying. its hair!

10. For more on fossils visit:
Video: Becoming a Fossil
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/04/3/l_043_01.html
PBS
Article: Major Fossil Find
http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3751945
Scholastic News Online
Online Exhibit: Fossil Halls
http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/fossilhalls
American Museum of Natural History
Interactive Game: Fossil Hunt
http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/dino-death-trap-2998#tab-fossil-hunt
National Geographic
Scholastic Classroom Magazines. www.scholastic.com Photo Credits: PAGE 1: UTAH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY (DINOSAUR); PHOTOTAKE INC./ALAMY (ANT). PAGE
3: 5W INFORGRAPHIC (GRAPHIC). PAGE 4: Jason Lindsey/Alamy (DINOSAUR); Peter Bowater/Alamy (MOLD); David Lyons/Alamy (FERN); Hoberman Collection UK/Alamy (FOOTPRINT); John
Cancalosi/Alamy (MANTIS). PAGE 5: Gary Crabbe/Alamy (DINOSAUR). PAGE 6: Peter Bowater/Alamy (MOLD); Detail Heritage/Alamy (CAST). PAGE 7: David Lyons/Alamy (FERN). PAGE 8: Hoberman
Collection UK/Alamy (FOOTPRINT). PAGE 9: John Cancalosi/Alamy (MANTIS); R1/Alamy (TAR PITS); Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis (MAMMOTH).