3. IntroductiоTan Min Chuen 0322938 Soh Young Zhou 0322123 Tan Kah Inn 0322020 Tan Ke Weh 0323799 Sii Siaw Hua 0322608
4. 01
Introduction
The Bank Negara is a 18 storey tower that locates at Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, Jalan Kuching,
within the area of Wilayah Persekutuan Malaysia. It is also surrounded by numerous Kuala
Lumpur historical landmarks. The Bank Negara is designed by Architect Nik Mohamed
Mahmood from the Public Works Department (PWD). It is inspired by the Brutalism
architectural style. The Bank Negara is a interlinked building that connects with the
Numismatic Museum.
The Bank Negara Malaysia is the only and current central bank in Malaysia. It is established
on 26th, January 1959. The Central Bank of Malaysia is governed under the Central Bank
Malaysia Act 2009. The current governor of the Bank Negara Malaysia is Muhammad Bin
Ibrahim. The fundamental purpose of the Bank Negara Malaysia is to promote monetary
and local market financial stability. The aim of the Central Bank Malaysia is to provide a
healthy and conducive environment for local and foreign investors in order to stimulate
Malaysia economy growth.
6. 03
Building Name: Bank Negara Malaysia
Address: Jalan Dato’ Onn, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Year of established: 26, January 1959
Building height: 65 meters
Function: Banking office (Headquarters of Bank Negara Malaysia)
Function of Bank Negara
promote monetary
financial stability
implementing initiatives to deepen and strengthen the financial markets
developing the financial system infrastructure in advancing the financial inclusion
agenda
ensure the efficiency and security of the financial systems
Bank Negara Malaysia’s monetary policy stance is to maintain price stability while remaining
supportive of growth. Bank Negara Malaysia is also responsible for financial system stability.
It also plays an important function in implementing initiatives to deepen and strengthen the
financial markets, including the foreign exchange market
7. 04
HISTORY
The Bank Negara is an 18 storey building that locates at Jalan Sultan Salahudding,
Jalan Kuching, within the area of Wilayah Persekutuan Malaysia. It is also surrounded
by numerous Kuala Lumpur historical landmarks. The Bank Negara Malaysia is
designed by Architect Nik Mohamed Mahmood from the Public Works Department
(PWD). It is inspired by the Brutalism architecture style. The Bank Negara Malaysia is
an interlinked building that connects with the Numismatic Museum.
The Bank Negara Malaysia is the only and current legitimated central bank in
Malaysia. It was established on 26th
, January 1959. The Central Bank of Malaysia is
governed under the Central Bank Act 2009. The current governor of the Bank Negara
Malaysia is Muhammad bin Ibrahim. The fundamental purpose of the Bank Negara
Malaysia is to promote monetary and local market financial stability. The aim of the
Central Bank Malaysia is to provide a healthy and conducive environment for local
and foreign investors in order to stimulate Malaysia economy growth.
8. 05
TheArchitect
Dato Dr. Nik Mohamed Mahmood is a Director of Kumpulan Senireka Sdn. Bhd., which is a
large, well known architecture firm back in 90s in Malaysia. He is also the founder of the
firm after leaving the Public Works Department.
The Bank Negara of Malaysia is the career essence of Dr. Nik Mohamed Mahmood because
it represents his initial architectural philosophy. The Bank Negara of Malaysia is a significant
architectural building that represents the sense and uniqueness of the idea of Brutalism to
date.
He likewise did a portion of the country’s most huge authority mosques and royal
residences which includes the Dayabumi Complex (left) and Putra Mosque (right).
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1.0 SiteContext
Analysis
Location
Bank Negara of Malaysia Address:
Jalan Dato’ Onn, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Contact Info:
Phone Number: 1300-88-5465
Email: bnmtelelink@bnm.gov.my
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1.0SiteContextAnalysis
The Bank Negara of Malaysia is an interlinked
building that connects with the Numismatic
Museum. It is surrounded by buildings and
man-made structures. For instance, interstate
highways can be easily found around the Bank
Negara. There is also a commuter service linked
to the area of the Bank Negara of Malaysia.
1.1Man-MadebuildiongsfoundwithintheBankNegaraofMalaysia
North (Purple) – Bahagian Siasatan Jenayah (Law Enforcement Building)
South (Red) - University of Abdul Razak
East (Blue) – Ibu Pejabat JKR
West (Green) – Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur
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1.2Accessibility
There are several ways and method to approach to the Bank Negara. However, there are only
two entrances found on the site. Visitors have to go through security check due to the
sensitivity of its background.
Vehicle - The roads that surround the Bank Negara Malaysia are mostly one-way route. There
are two routes to head to the Bank Negara Malaysia. The first route is following through Jalan
Parlimen. The second option is heading from the south by taking Jalan Kinabalu (Figure 2.2.0
Accessibility Site Plan)
Commuter - There is a commuter route offer than offers people to go to the Bank Negara
Malaysia from different locations. It takes approximately 15 minutes walking from the
commuter station to the Bank Negara of Malaysia.
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1.3TrafficStatus
The Bank Negara Malaysia is located in an area that could be very busy and jam during certain
rush hours. Due to the routes surrounding the Bank Negara of Malaysia are mostly one way, the
traffic system is not ideally convenient to the people.
7:30a.m. – 9:45a.m. – Like most of the traffic in downtown area, the traffic specifically at the
moment could be tied up (Figure 2.3)
10a.m. – 4.25p.m. – The traffic within this period of time is relatively smoother compare with
the peak period (Figure 2.3.1)
4:25p.m. – 7p.m. – The peak moment where people are rushing off from work (Figure 2.3.2)
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1.4Responsetoclimate
Climate Conditions:
Malaysia is a hot but humid country. However, the climate in Malaysia is extreme even though
Malaysia do not have that much of climate changes. During the hot season, most of the area of
the building is exposed under the direct sunlight that causes pretty high temperature.
- South West Monsoon (late May – September)
- Northeast Monsoon (beginning of October – End of March)
-
Figure 2.4.1 Sun Path
Figure 2.4.2 Wind Direction
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Greenery
Due to the weather conditions of Malaysia, there are numbers of plantations found around the
Bank Negara of Malaysia. Most of the shrubs are planted across the pedestrian walks around
the building. Those shrubs create a comfortable greenery area within a busy, high rise buildings
area.
1.5Relationshipofbuildingtosurroundings
The Bank Negara Malaysia is a highly secured building due to its political and financial role. It is
also located in Malaysia financial district. There are some banking HQ located around the Bank
Negara of Malaysia, one of them is the Menara Maybank. Menara Maybank is approximately
4.5 kilometres away from the Bank Negara Malaysia.
Menara Maybank
Building Name: Menara Maybank/ Maybank Tower
Alternative Name: Melayan Bank Headquarters
Location: 100, Jalan Tun Perak, Pudu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Architect: Hijjas Kasturi Associates
Taisei Construction Co. Ltd.
Function: Banking office
Figure 2.4.3 Greenery Figure 2.4.4 Facade
Figure 2.4.5 Maybank tower
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Similarities
Security level: It only has one entrance and one exit (highly secured) because of its financial
identity, which is similar with the Bank Negara Malaysia.
Response to climate: The Maybank tower is sharing the same climate as the Bank Negara
Malaysia, hence there are numerous of plantations can be found around the Maybank Tower.
Traffic status: The traffic around that area (The Bank Negara Malaysia and The Maybank Tower)
is busy during peak hours. The traffic system without that area is not ideally convenient.
Figure 2.4.6 Maybank tower
entrance
Figure 2.4.7 Plantations
Figure 2.4.8 Traffic status
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Differences
Site Context: Unlike the Bank Negara of Malaysia, Menara Maybank is built on a higher hill.
(Figure 2.4.9) with a shallow slope.
Facilities: There are some facilities provided for pedestrian around Menara Maybank. For
instance, bus stop (Figure 2.4.10) and pedestrian bridge.
Style: Maybank Tower is a 50 storey building. As a comparison, the Bank Negara of Malaysia is
relatively flat.
Figure 2.4.10 Bus Stop Figure 2.4.11 Pedestrian
Bridge
Figure 2.4.9 Site Context
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2.0Architectural
LayoutofBuilding
2.1Plantosection/elevationanalysis
A
D
C
B
E
Pictures above show the top view of the Bank Negara Malaysia in Location and Earth view.
Bank Negara was actually separated into 4 main
parts, which are block A, block B, block C and block
D. The spatial relationship between these spaces is
adjacent space. The adjacent space allows each
space to be clearly defined and to respond, each in
its own way, to specific functional or symbolic
requirements, for example block D serves as public
services and block C as security department.
Legend
Light Blue: Semi Private Area
Dark Blue: Private Area
Blue Arrow: Circulation for Public
Visitors
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Picture (above) shows the spatial relationship between block C and block D where it provides
conveniences for the users to access.
Picture above shows the hierarchy design of the Bank Negara Malaysia and Ibu Pejabat JKR are
completely differs from each other.
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2.2ArchitecturePrinciples
1.) Symmetrically balance
2.) The front elevation of Bank Negara Malaysia is bilateral symmetry. It is because the balanced
arrangement of similar or equivalent elements on opposite sides of a median axis so that
only one plan can divide the whole into essentially identical halves.
1.) Repetition
2.) Rhythm
3.) Doors and windows are repeatedly puncture the surfaces of a building to allow light,
air, views, and people to enter the interior. Spaces often recur to accommodate
similar or repetitive functional requirements in the building program.
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Linear pattern has the ability to focus on the height or length of a form unify its surfaces, and define
its textural quality.
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Spaces that are functionally or symbolically significant to the organization can occur
anywhere along the linear sequence and have their importance articulated by their form as well as
the size. Their importance can also be focused by their location. As Bank Negara Malaysia, the lower
floors are for meant for the public visitors to access whereas the upper floors are dedicated for
private spaces where only particular authorities can access.
Linear organizations express a direction and signify extension, movement and growth. To limit and
control their growth, linear organizations can be terminated by dominant space or form,by elaborate
or articulate the entrance, or by merging with another building form or the topography of its site.
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3.1 ARCHITECTURE STYLEANALYSIS
BRUTALIST MODERNISM ARCHITECTURE STYLE
is a development in architecture that succeeded from the 1950s to the mid-1970s,
descending from the innovator building development of the early 20th century. The
style was popular until the mid-1970s and initially introduced to the world by the
Sultan of Style himself, Le Corbusier.
source:https://www.google.com/search?q=bank+negara+malaysia+images&client=safari&rls=en&source=lnms&t
bm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVvLCOksHQAhXJMI8KHYUhBxsQ_AUICigD&biw=638&bih=712#imgrc=qVHtRL
Vzt9JHtM%3A
Bank Negara Malaysia is one of the structures in Malaysia under the influence of modern
architecture, Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier. And this building represents one
of Malaysia architect Nik Mohamed Mahmood’s initial architectural
rationality that was firmly established in the Brutalist strand of
universal innovation.
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2.3.1Introduction
Post-war architectural style that descended from modernism.
Originates : French
Material : Béton brut(French) = Raw concrete
Adapted : New Brutalism -> Brutalism
Popular : Governmental and Institutional clients
Character : Typically massive & Fortress-like
Favoured : Government Projects, High-Rise Housing, Shopping Centres
Posited : The Expression of an Atmosphere among architects of moral earnestnesss.
A standout amongst the most characterizing components of this look is the use of raw
concrete that makes the building seems like it consists of numerous identical modular
elements. They are unpretentious and often a bit stark in appearance.
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2.3.2History
The best known proto Brutalist design is the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier,
specifically his 1952 Unité d'Habitation and the 1953 Secretariat Building (Palace of
Assembly) in Chandigarh, India.
Brutalism increased impressive momentum in the United Kingdom amid the mid-twentieth
century, as economically discouraged (and World War II-assaulted) groups looked for
economical development and outline techniques for low-cost residential houses, malls, and
government buildings. In any case, numerous architects chose the Brutalist style
notwithstanding when they had large budgets, as they valued the 'honesty', the sculptural
qualities, and maybe, the uncompromising, anti-bourgeois, nature of the style.
2.3.3Characteristic
When used in depicting design, brutalism refers to a dynamic geometric style that is
gigantic, monolithic and blocky in appearance, and typically contains copious amounts of
poured concrete.
Expressionist understanding of the International Style included the use of monumental sculptural
shapes and of raw, unfinished molded concrete.
Blocky Monolithic
Concrete
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source:https://www.google.com/search?q=bank+negara+malaysia+
images&client=safari&rls=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=
0ahUKEwjVvLCOksHQAhXJMI8KHYUhBxsQ_AUICigD&biw=638&bih
=712#imgrc=qVHtRLVzt9JHtM%3A
Brutalism “makes the whole conception of the building plain and understandable. No
mystery, no romanticism, no obscurities about function and circulation.”
Front View
Perspective View Top View
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A form of modernism, it stressed the exposure of a building's fundamental components and
materials. This implied as opposed to covering up the frame, the mechanical systems, and
the support structures, these components were intended to be seen and celebrated
Dynamic geometric style is characterized by change using simple geometric forms such as
squares in design.
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2.3.4Brutalistbuildingmaterials:
is used for its raw and unpretentious honesty
Solid
Strong
Best utilize
Cheap
Abundant
Many Brutalist architects create buildings that look strong and solid.
The second most consumed material in the world, after water.
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Raw concrete is raw concrete. It’s down-to-earth, honest, unpretentious, egalitarian, and
creates buildings rooted in place
Brutalism is sometimes classified as :
distinctive subtype
considered a variant of post-war modernism.
apparently appropriate name
is derived from the French term, beton brut, which translates to “rough concrete”.
the molded and shaped types of concrete, a thick, masonry variation of modernist
architecture
Another common theme :
the exposure of the building's functions—ranging from their structure
administrations to their human use – in the outside of the building
For examples :
source:https://www.google.com/search?q=Boston+City+Hall&client=safari&rls=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ved=0ahUKEwiMvO6Sn8HQAhXEs48KHXxLCgYQ_AUICSgC&biw=638&bih=712#imgdii=If2qNVrEhm1WYM
%3A%3BIf2qNVrEhm1WYM%3A%3B4uixpxgHr_TlvM%3A&imgrc=If2qNVrEhm1WYM%3A
Demonstrate the exceptional way of the rooms behind those dividers, for example, the
chairman’s office or the city committee chambers.
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source:http://www.realclearreligion.org/lists/even_more_ugly_churches/couvent_sainte-
marie_de_la_tourette.html?state=stop
Roman Catholic, developed architectural vocabulary are visible – the vertical brise-soleils
used with effect in India, light-cannons piercing solid masonry walls, and window-openings
separated by Modulor-controlled vertical divisions.
Brutalism is protean, as well. With concrete, anything is possible, and astonishing new ideas
can emerge at any time
Brutalism as an architectural philosophy was regularly also connected with a socialist
utopian ideology, which had a tendency to be supported by its architect.
What to look for in a Brutalist building :
Rough unfinished surfaces
Unusual shapes
Heavy-looking materials
Massive structures
Small windows in connection to alternate parts
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Anthony Daniels, a British author, physician, and political commentator, has written for
City Journal that Brutalist structures represent an artefact of European philosophical
totalitarianism, a :
"spiritual,
intellectual, and
moral deformity."
He called the buildings :
"cold-hearted",
"inhuman",
"hideous", and
"monstrous".
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Instead thousands of much humbler structures, characterized by straightforwardness,
functionality and what-you-see-is-what-you-get directness.
He stated that the reinforced concrete :
"does not age gracefully but instead crumbles, stains, and decays",
which makes the building look great.
Overall, Brutalism follows the modernist cry that form ought to follow function, or that
architects need to give careful consideration to decorative facades and let structures
essentially look like what they are.
Brutalism likewise had the art-historical advantage of fitting effortlessly into a centuries-
long narrative.
Scale was important and the style is characterized by massive concrete shapes colliding
suddenly, while service ducts and ventilation towers are obviously shown.‘
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Brutalism was a response to the glass curtain wall that was overtaking institutional and
commercial architecture in the 1960s.
Concern :
Wind load – resist wind pressure
Thermal load – relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion
Deflection
Strength
Thermal criteria
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IDEOLOGICALLY :
The concept that structural components should be made visible.
AESTHETIC :
Recognizable by the prominence of basic building materials – most notably concrete.
preternatural beauty
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Unlike steel and glass, concrete has terroir: When they’re treated with care and respect,
brutalist structures can become treasured by a city in a way that glass-and-steel towers
seldom are.
Steel & Glass
Concrete
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In spite of the fact that the Brutalist development was to a great extent dead by the
mid-1980s, having generally offered approach to Structural Expressionism and
Deconstructivism, it has encountered an overhauling of sorts as of late. A hefty portion
of the rougher parts of the style have been mellowed in more current structures, with
cement façades frequently being sandblasted to make a stone-like surface, canvassed in
stucco, or made out of designed, pre-thrown components. These components are
likewise found in redesigns of more established brutalist structures, for example, the
redevelopment of Sheffield's Park Hill.
source:https://www.google.com/search?q=Sheffield's+Park+Hill&client=safari&rls=en&source=lnms&tbm=i
sch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwtILz08HQAhWJpo8KHRqCAnkQ_AUICigD&biw=830&bih=712#imgrc=CXQctU
RE2OOIZM%3A
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A few Brutalist structures have been conceded recorded status as notable and others,
for example, Gillespie, Kidd and Coia's St. Subside's Seminary,
named by Prospect magazine's study of draftsmen as Scotland's most prominent post-
war building, have been the subject of protection battles. The Twentieth Century
Society has unsuccessfully battled against the destruction of British structures.
Brutalism today has developed a unique ability to cut across class divides. Blue-collar
laborers and billionaires alike value its charms regardless of the possibility that they are
some of the time disappointed by its resoluteness; are attracted to its plainness while being
inspired by its palpable integrity.
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WHYBANKNEGARAMALAYSIACHOSEBRUTALISTSTYLE?
Its common in 1970
PODIUM BLOCK
THREE HIGH RISE BLOCKS
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4.1 CONSTRUCTION
&StructureAnalysis
Bank Negara Malaysia’s brutalist architecture shows dynamic geometric style that is imposing,
monolithic and appearance with blocks volume, and typically contains copious amounts of poured
concrete referred as brutalism. The building is mainly constructed by using concrete. Hence, the
structural behavior of the building is very heavy and strong and this fully express the strong
characteristic of the brutalist building.
Section drawing of Bank Negara Malaysia
The construction method of Bank Negara Malaysia included,
1. Breton Brut,
2. Precast Concrete System (Frame system)
3. Waffle Slab
4. Roof of Canteen
5. Green roof
2. Precast system
3. Waffle Slab
1. Breton Brut.
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1.Breton Brut
Béton Brut is a French term uses for raw
concrete material. This construction method
is used to enhance the architectural style by
exposing rough and unfinished raw concrete
which the final surface reflects the imprint of
the formwork used for pouring. Since this raw
concrete can be molded and form any desired
volume and shape, it gives an advantage for
the off-form concrete construction method
that uses this material for constructing.
2.Precast Concrete System (Framesystem)
Construction method of Bank Negara is prefabrication by using precast concrete as the main material.
The idea of prefabrication is standardized structural components are produced offsite in the factory, and
the components will be transported from the base to site for assembly. The components that are
manufactured at the factory will have better quality and workmanship compared to construction on site
as quality can be controlled throughout the manufacture process in the factory. The precast system that
Bank Negara used is Frame system.
Figure above shows the components of a precast reinforced concrete frame system
v
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Precast frames are composed of linear structure and spatial beam-column. In Bank Negara Malaysia, the
whole building is supported by this concrete frames and load bearing walls are not as significant as the
frame support, huge imposing columns can be observed around the building. This is clearly shown in the
section of the building.
Section drawing of Bank Negara Malaysia.
Precast frame system in Bank Negara Malaysia included precast reinforced concrete frame with linear
beam and cruciform. The load-bearing structure comprises a precast slabs and precast reinforced
concrete space frame. Two main modular elements are used to constructed the space frame: a
cruciform element and a linear beam element. Overhanging beam and large concrete columns are
spotted in Bank Negara Malaysia.
v
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2.1 OverhangingBeam(Precast)
1. Fix the reinforcement bar for concrete beam.
2. Fix the formwork for the concrete beam
Beams in Bank Negara Malaysia are all reinforced concrete beams. Overhanging beam is spotted in
the building. The concrete beam provide support to the floor slabs and transfer the loads to the
columns.
Overhanging Beam
Wall
3. Pour concrete and remove the formwork after the concrete is cured
Overhang
Overhang
ConstructionMethodofbeam
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2.2PrecastConcreteColumns
Columns in Bank Negara are constructed by using reinforced concrete, Columns on the facade is huge
and large in scale, this shows the huge imposing mass of the building from the façade. The columns
transmit the load from ceiling, roof slabs and beams, including its self-weight to the foundation. The
image below shows the huge columns on the façade of the building.
Construction process of concrete columns
1. Fix the reinforcement
bar for the concrete
column.
2. Fix the formwork for
the concrete column.
3. Pour concrete and
remove the formwork
after the concrete is
cured.
v
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3. WaffleSlab
The most interesting construction method in Bank Negara Malaysia is the concrete waffle slab. The
concrete waffle slabs are reinforced concrete floor or roof with coffered square grid. The form of
construction method is used in Bank Negara Malaysia to increase the stability of the structure by using
lesser materials
The waffle concrete improves the strength-to-weight ratio of the entire structure. The top surface of the
waffle slab is flat and smooth while the underside is modulated with waffle design.
In the waffle slab design, there are straight linear structure running the entire width and length of the
waffle slab and this strengthen the entire structure in perpendicular direction. In order to gain extra
strength, the concrete waffle slabs are reinforced with reinforcement bar.
Apart from that, the usage of concrete and steel can be reduced by applying waffle slab design. It can
save up to 15% of concrete and 10% of steel, due to the coffered design.
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Compared to normal flat slab, waffle slabs can support heavier loads and carry longer span distances
than flat slabs. This is because waffle slabs is constructed with lesser materials due to its coffered
squares design.
Waffle slabs construction requires strict supervision and skilled labour as waffle slab construction is
more complicated than flat slab construction. lustration below shows the formwork of the waffle slab.
Flat Slab Waffle Slab
v
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By implementing the waffle slab in the structure, it is obvious that the headroom of the space will be
decreased if the storey height remain the same as the flat slab structure. Hence, the building height will
be increased in order to maintain the sufficient headroom.
ConstructionDetailsofWaffleSlab
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4.ROOFOFCANTEEN
The roofs of the canteen area are supported by a series of steel structures that combined by ball and
socket joint.
These trusses are used without the need for internal load bearing support. They can also be observed
and used as design elements or artistic accents. The weight of the roof is loaded on the steel post along
the side through the modular steel trusses system.
The steel post is embedded into the ground by the use of concrete, and this provides a strong
foundation for the entire structure.
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Illustration below shows the basic composition of the steel structure that support the canteen roof.
The steel structures are also known as 3D trusses or space trusses. The connection between all these
steel structures are the ball and socket joint, the form of the space trusses is constructed through
repeating the modular member which is the joint and the trusses by joining steel trusses to the ball and
socket joints. The load of the canteen roof is distributed evenly and averagely on the structure due to
the space trusses structure.
These space trusses are constructed through prefabrication, the steel structures and joints are
manufactured in the factory and transported to site for assembly.
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5.GreenRoof
A Green roof is spotted on a roof of the Bank Negara Malaysia. Green roof is a roof designed structurally
to allow vegetation to be planted on the roof. The soil is settled on the roof to allow growth of the
vegetation as well as becoming an insulation blanket, which will able to enhance the thermal
performance of the building. The layer of soil on the roof can prevent direct contact of the sunlight with
the building structure, Besides, the photosynthesis carried out by the vegetation can absorb heat energy
that can prevent heat transmission into the building.
Water is a very important element in the green roof, as vegetation needs water to grow and excess
water may cause many problem to the building, therefore and the waterproofing and drainage system
of the green roof is crucial to prevent leakage of the water into the building. A waterproof membrane
should be installed with a fall toward a roof drain to ensure that as little water as possible is left in the
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roof system.
The drainage is placed on top of the waterproof membrane to discharge the excess water from the roof.
The drainage mat above the drainage act as a soil filter that only allow water to pass through, it holds
soil from flowing into the drainage system. The drainage mat can also prevent the roots of vegetation
from damaging the waterproof membrane.
Illustration above shows the composition of the green roof in bank Negara Malaysia
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4.1.1 CASESTUDY(Construction)
SainteMariedeLaTourette
Construction of Sainte Marie de La Tourette is quite similar as Bank Negara Malaysia as there is a wide
use of concrete in this building. In the section drawing of the building, it is clear that the structural
behavior of Sainte Marie de La Tourette is lighter than Bank Negara Malaysia, as the main load bearing
structure of Sainte Marie de La Tourette is the load bearing wall, therefore, large imposing columns that
consume a lot of space is not required.
Section drawing of Sainte Marie de La Tourette
The construction method of Sainte Marie de La Tourette included
1. Precast Concrete System (Large panel system)
2. Waffle slab
3. Arch (asymmetrical arch)
1. Large panel system
3. Arches
2. Waffle Slab
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1. Precast Concrete System (Large panelsystem)
Precast system in Sainte Marie de La Tourette is large panel system. Large panel system refers to large
concrete panels that connect to each other to form the wall and floor that enclose spaces within the
building. In Sainte Marie de La Tourette, these panels form structure like a box, which act as the load
bearing structure to support the building. The vertical panels form load bearing walls that play an
important role as the main supporting structure of the building.
Connection between the panels is the key component in this system. Methods of attachment of precast
concrete panels are as following.
a.WeldPlates
Steel weld plates are used to keep two panel in place.
The precast concrete members will have embedded
plates, which are used as welding surfaces for loose
connecting plates or angles.
Wall panel
Embedded plate
Loose plate field-welded
to embedded plate
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b.RebarandGrout
Reinforcement bar and grout are used with slabs,
reinforcement bars are spliced into slabs and
grouted in place.
The difference of the precast concrete system of Bank Negara Malaysia and Sainte Marie de La Tourette
can be clearly seen through the floor plans. According to Bank Negara Malaysia’s floor plan, the columns
consumed a lot of space which reduce the usable space, but the strong and heavy impression of
brutalism is expressed. On the other hand, Sainte Marie de La Tourette has a more spacious floor plan
due to the application of large panel system.
Floor plan of Bank Negara Malaysia Floor plan of Sainte Marie de La Tourette
Precast panel
Grout fill
Precast panel
Rebar
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2.Waffleslab
Waffle slab are also spotted in Sainte Marie de La Tourette. This shows that waffle slab is popular among
brutalist building as it can improve the structural behavior of the building and reduce the material usage
at the same time. Waffle slabs in both Bank Negara Malaysia and Sainte Marie de La Tourette are used
in the areas which has huge spans. The only difference of waffle slab between the two building is, in
Bank Negara Malaysia, waffle slab is used in a wide hall area with large and wide span. In Sainte Marie
de La Tourette, waffle slab are used in a long span and linear corridor which will create different
aesthetics and experience within the space.
Wide span waffle slab in Bank Negara Malaysia Linear distribution of waffle slab in
Sainte Marie de La Tourette
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3.Asymmetricalarches
There is a very interesting structure in Sainte Marie de La Tourette, which is the irregular asymmetrical
arches that located at the lower part if the building. The reason why the arches are asymmetrical is
because it is located on the slope, therefore, in order to allow the load to be distributed to the ground
efficiently, the arch is designed in a unique way that is very different with the normal arch.
Wide span of waffle slab Linear distributed waffle slab
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4.2MaterialAnalysis
Concrete
Concrete are the main material used in Bank Negara Malaysia, all the supporting structures such as
beams, columns, load bearing wall are made of concrete. The use of concrete in Bank Negara can be
easily seen as it is exposed. The raw concrete of the building façade is left unfinished to show the
aesthetic of the Brutalist architecture. Besides, the use of concrete to create large imposing structures
gives the building a heavy and strong impression and it shows the position of Bank Negara Malaysia as a
building of higher authority.
Concrete are used to construct different structures in Bank Negara Malaysia including beams, columns,
waffle slab etc.
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Steel
Steel function as a structural component in the building. It is used as the supporting structure for the
roof of the canteen. Besides, steel is also used to construct the gate as well as the fences.
TintedGlass
Tinted glass can block and reflect the sunlight transmission into the building, hence increase the privacy
of the space in the building. Besides, by reflecting sunlight, it can improve the thermal performance of
the building
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Temperedglass
Tempered glass is used as divider to separate spaces within the building, it allows vision and light
penetration, therefore, the transparency of the space is remained although it is separated. On the other
hand, tempered glass is a safe material to use in the public space as it will break into small granules
instead of sharp pieces under pressure.
Mosaictiles
Mosaic tiles are used widely in the outdoor area of Bank Negara Malaysia, including flooring as well as
staircase. It has strong resistant against wear, scratch, chemical and able to withstand the outdoor
environment. Therefore, it is the most popular outdoor material used in Bank Negara Malaysia.
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Granite
Granite flooring is found in the lobby. Granite is a heavy and dense material, its massiveness means that
it is slow to gain and lose heat. The lobby is designed around passive solar strategy by using granite tiles,
that can absorb heat slowly during hot sunny day, making the space cooler and radiate it back during the
cold. Granite is suitable for the lobby because it is durable and can withstand heavy foot traffic. It is also
stain resistant, so its color would not lose easily, which makes it easy for maintenance.
Marble
White marble finishing was used in the lobby to create the sense of elegant and prosperity. White
marble is very durable as it is scratch free, and resistant to most of the things. White marble are made of
composite of calcite, dolomite and serpentine which have low hardness and solubility and relatively high
porosity characteristic makes it resistance to fire and erosion and also less vulnerable to leaching effects
of water.
v
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Carpet
Carpet are mainly used in office floorings. Carpet is fire retardant and a good heat
insulator to keep the room warm. As it is made of synthetic fiber, the carpet is water
repellent and needs low maintenance. The carpet consists of nylon, polyester, olefin,
propylene and acrylic as these materials have good physical properties and come in low
cost and availability.
v
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4.2.1 casestudy(Materialanalysis)
SainteMariedeLaTourette
Concrete
Concrete is also widely used in Sainte Marie de La Tourette, this is very similar with Bank Negara
Malaysia. Breton Brut as well is applied in Sainte Marie de La Tourette, the appearance of Sainte Marie
de La Tourette also show the raw, unfinished concrete as this is the fundamental element of the
brutalist architecture that makes brutalist architecture to stand out.
Besides, with the heavy use of concrete, the form and appearance of Sainte Marie de La Tourette
appear to be monolithic and strong, and this is also a similar part of Sainte Marie de La Tourette and
Bank Negara Malaysia and it clearly shown that Bank Negara Malaysia is prominent brutalist
architecture in Malaysia.
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5.0ARCHITECTURALELEMENT
/COMPONENTSANALYSIS
What is architectural element?
Architectural elements are the unique details and component parts that, together, form
the architectural style of houses, buildings and structures.
Terms for buildings as a whole (e.g. church, mansion)
Names for parts of buildings defined by their function (e.g. kitchen, nave)
The names of styles of buildings or architectural movements (e.g. gothic, Bauhaus)
BankNegaraMalaysia
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5.1 BuildingRoof
The roof planes of Bank Negara are designed in simple geometry shapes. The roof
planes of the main entrance building and the central building are designed in square
shape; as for the two tall administrations building were designed in rectangular form.
The images above identified the types of roof of Bank Negara is flat roof. Flat roof
is one of the element found in brutalist architecture which is a concept of
symbolized the stability of the financial structure system of the country. On
brutalist architecture period, flat roof is highly used in building design as it is fairly
cheaper in initial installation, maintenance and upkeep.
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5.1.1 ComparisonCaseStudies
5.1.2RoofComparison
The building we choose for the comparison case study is Sainte Marie de La Tourette by Le
Corbusier, near Lyon in France, and finish constructed in 1960. It was built as a church
school which the whole design carried out the concept of self-denial and monastic
simplicity which Le Corbusier found himself adhered to in the architectural project.
The Sainte Marie de La Tourette and Bank Negara Malaysia have the similar design on roof. Both
buildings are built from reinforced concrete in flat roof design. Although the two buildings have
common in design and construction material, the structural of the building roof are different.
Roofs of Sainte Marie de La Tourette was constructed in a combination of three rectangular
linear structural flat roofs and a seperated flat roof laid infront of them. Bank Negara Malaysia
has four seperated roof which are two rectangulars and two squares form which all are flat roofs.
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5.2ExternalWallFacade
5.2.1RoughConcreteSurfaceFacade
The external façade of the Bank Negara is constructed in rough surface concrete.
According to the Brutalist architectural style, heavy looking materials especially concrete
with rough brashly surface is the main trend design at that time. The design of the two
towers beside the main entrance were adapted the original rectangular Modernist tower
designed by Nik Mohamed Mahmood.
The rough surface concrete and
smooth surface concrete are
constructed alternatively. Smooth
surface concrete functions as
rainwater drainage while the rough
surface concrete help spreading the
rainwater to side. The purpose of
the design is to avoid channelled
rainwater flow in some areas whilst
shielding others.
Picture showed that rainwater follow the
smooth surface of the concrete flow
Rough concrete surface design only applied on tubular shape building and walls beside the
gates. The surfaces of these building elements are poor at guiding rainwater that will allow
rainwater gathered at whilst shielding areas.
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5.2.2SmoothConcreteSurfaceFacade
5.2.3Facadecomparison
Most of the façades of Bank Negara building are constructed in a smooth architectural
surface made out of concrete which was named as Beton Brut. It is a type of concrete is
left unfinished or roughly unfinished after casting and it remains exposed visually. The
final surface often shows the forms and structures of the formwork. It flourished as a part
of the brutalist architecture which contributed a structural expressionism as steel
structures become more advanced and viable at that period.
The whole building façade of Sainte Marie de La Tourette was constructed in a design of
thick rough surface that made out by reinforced concrete. This is a type of concrete invented
by Le Cobusier – Beton Brut, and construted in a “brutal” way by making it a unfinished
looking at the appearance of the wall. The façade introduced a powerful and massive figure
to the building and bring out a sense of coldness and inhuman.
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5.3Window
5.3.1TowerWindows
Masculine rectilinear structural windows which were constructed in tinted carbon window planes then
lined between the concrete façade. During the Brutalist architecture period, vertical narrow windows
lined between heavy brashly concrete symbolized stoic strength of the financial institution. Masculine
horizontal narrow windows allow less light go through and also control the temperature inside the
building to ensure minimum of cold air which generated by air-conditional exchanges with the hot air
outside the building.
Compare with façade of Sainte Marie de La Tourette, façade of Bank Negara Malaysia has only a few
part of rough surface concrete. The rough surface concrete was designed in narrow semi tubular
structural interlaced with smooth surface concrete amd formed a unique facade design. This type of
design only can be found on building parts that consist of round surface or tubular structural
building.The façade of Bank Negara Malaysia has function as it act as rainwater guiding system; as for
the façade of Sainte Marie de La Tourette is purely for decorations to expressed the design concept.
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5.3.2SideBuildingWindows
Tall rectangular structural windows are found at the side façade of main entrance
building. The windows are constructed with tinted carbon window glass planes and
aluminium structural window frame. The whole structure of the window is built
inner the building that except the window the surrounding wall is cover with
another wall in a distance. A shading partition was constructed in front of the
windows with a distance between two window planes.
A single hung window allows user to push forward to open the window from inside of
the building. Fresh air will flow through the top and below part of the opened space of
the window into the building. The advantages of this type of window are to control the
air ventilation efficiently and make sure the air flow upward and downward.
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5.3.3AdministrationOfficeWindow
These shading partition are located at the
building which windows are facing the East. In
general facts, sun rises from East and the time
of the most intense sunlight will be at same
direction of it. In order to protect users from
scorching sunlight, the shading partitions are
added in a perpendicular way with the windows
by following the afternoon sunlight direction.
This will provide generous shading to the
windows.
A single sliding window that user allows to slides the editable window planar in order to
open the window. This type of window allow big amount of air to ventilate and easy for
user to open but there will be sufficient on control the ventilation of air as the size of
window opener is quite big.
Rows of cluster structural windows are a design element for the administration office
tower. The cluster windows are hidden deeper than the façade and strongly created a
massive structural looking of the office tower. The purpose of this design is to avoid
direct sunlight on the window planes. Tinted carbon window planes and aluminium
window frame are the materials for construction these windows.
A cubical shape fixed window that not allow any air ventilation but only provide views to
the user. The purpose of having fixed window is to ensure the safety of the user as this
kind of fixed window is a compulsory to construct for a requirement of buildings are higher
than or at 8 levels height.
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5.3.4WindowComparisons
Narrow muscular windows are highly adapted on Sainte Marie de La Tourette
architectural design. The windows are designed in a style of separated by Modulor-
controlled vertical divisions then create different vertical and horizontal skinny windows.
The purpose of the window design is to create a whole new perspective of view which
achieve a sense of adaption of monarchy lifestyle.
The figure above showed the left side is window design of Sainte Marie de La Tourette and
the right side is one of the Bank Negara Malayisa window elements. Most of the vertical
windows in Sainte Marie de La Tourette are fixed windows as only horizintal windows are
designed to be movable windows. As for the Bank Negara Malaysia windows, it is the
narrow masculine window from the tower.The design element both windows in common is
narrow vertical form which purposed to control lighting. Compare to Bank Negara Malaysia
moveable window, Sainte Marie de La Tourette located in France, has a large amount of
fixed windows in order to prevent cold air ventilate into the building and the warm inside
flow out.Malaysia is a tropical country which movable windows are the most suitable
window design to adapt the weather, as window openings help air ventilation.
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Although the window design in Sainte Marie de La Tourette is narrow vertically
structure, but windows are highly used in the building.The resaon to have large
amount of windows is the purpose for natural daylight to come into the building. The
warm and gentle sunlight in France is suitable for this purpose.
These are windows elements from Bank Negara Malaysia which all windows are tinted in
carbon sheet. Bank Negara Malaysia has normal amount of windows which mainly
purposed on air ventilation. Windows are tinted or shaded from the scorching sun of
Malaysia in order to prevent direct sunlight and rise the temperature inside the building.
Horizontal structure windows in Sainte Marie de La Tourette which are the only
movable windows that ventilate little amount of fresh cold air. User need to push the
window planes forward in order to open the window. The windows are located at
narrow aisle that barely people will pass by. The purpose of horizontal window is to
prevent the cold air flow in directly from top and the location of the windows is also
prevent cold air get in touch will user directly.
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5.4Door
5.4.1Gate
5.5Celling
5.5.1MainEntranceCelling
There are three gates located at west, south, and north east of the Bank Negara. The
gates are constructed with stainless steel in a simple grill structural design. Grilled
gate is famous for its strong and sturdy properties and their high tensile strength.
A grill structural designed sliding gate which allow user to slide it to both side by manual or
machine. The advantages for this type of designed gate are the gate work more efficiently on
closing and opening and allow controlling the size of anything entering and leaving to
strengthen security and safety.
The celling of the building was constructed in square coffered shape in concrete. The main
purpose of the coffered shape is for lessening the weight load of the celling and also
provides stronger support to the building.
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5.6Fenestration
There are fenestration systems around a few tubular structural building as I considered these as
security houses. The purpose of having fenestration is: allow guard to monitor the surrounding,
the bar of the fenestration act as a protection to the guard, and also allow fresh air to ventilate
inside the guard houses in order to cool down the temperature in it.
The bars allow air ventilate into the
security houses.
Guards are allow to monitoring the
surrounding by viewing through the
bars. The fenestration bars also
provide safety to the guards as it
protect guards from being harmed
from outsiders.
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5.7Column
5.7.1 Column Comparison
The columns and superstructure of the building were constructed in high grade reinforced concrete
which contained hard concrete and steel in order to support the heavy structure of the entire
façade. The resultant effect is a sophisticated and harmonious of new and old structures.
The pictures above show the columns in Sainte Marie de La Tourette. The gemetric form columns
are the support columns that rise the building from the slope; as for the round columns are the
superstructure of the building. The support columns are mainly designed for supporting the building
as geometric form provide larger area to support than round column. The round columns bring out
the sense of hard and massive along with a texture of roughness which showed
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5.8Staircase
5.8.1 Main EntranceStaircase
The main entrance staircase located at the South gate. The staircase is respectively constructed in
three levels; each level consisted of 8 flights with small black and white mosaic tiles in pattern.
Wide spacious and low position of the staircase allows high traffic of people flow in and out the
building efficiently.
The main entrance staircase allows high traffic flow of people to enter and leave the
building on the peak hours smoothly. The mosaic tiles also provide a function of
preventing people from falling. During peak hours people usually rushing up and down, as
the rough surface of ceramic tiles strengthen the fiction of the floor so people will not be
easily fall down from the steps.
The figure shows the left side is Bank
Negara Malaysia column and the right
side is Sainte Marie de La Tourette
column. Both of the columns are made
of reinforced concrete but the texture
of the cloumn are not the same. Bank
Negara Malaysia column is made of
smooth surface concrete; as for the
Sainte Marie de La Tourette coulmns is
made of rough surface concrete with a
sense of movement of unfinished
looking.
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5.8.2StaircaseComparison
Staircases in Sainte Marie de La
Tourette are built interior of the
building. Every staircases are
constructed in rough surface
concrete that blends in with the
interior.The staircases are designed
in a narrow slating style which only
allow only a few people to go
through at the same time. The rough
surface of the steps also provide
great fiction in order to prevent
people falling down as the steps are
steep.
The colours used for the mosaic tiles on
staircase are black and white. The
purpose of using two different colours
of tiles is to help people to have a better
vision to differentiate the steps while
they are walking on it. This also helps
them avoid from falling.
The design of the staircase of Bank Negara
Malaysia has spacious width and flatty
steps with black and white mosaic tiles that
allows high traffic flow. In order to support
the massive weight of people flow, the
staircase is built on a solidary base which
made out of concrete.
Sainte Marie de La Tourette staircase is
built with rough surface concrete in a
narrow and slanting way that only allow
several people to pass through at the
moment. As the staircase only need to
support a light weight of flow, the support
of the staircase is not nessassary to be full
solidary support.
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5.9 Flooring
5.9.1MainEntranceFlooring
The mosaic tiles flooring is found at the main entrance of the building covering a
large amount of area. There are several design patterns of tiles on the flooring
with three different colours.
These are the two repetitive design
patterns of the floor tiles, a square
and a rectangular pattern. In the
middle of each pattern has filled by
black mosaic tiles then surrounded
by brownish- yellow tiles. The white
mosaic tiles act as background for
the patterns.
These are three colours formed the
flooring patterns. The colours
symbolized the logo of Bank Negara
Malaysia.
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5.9.2FlooringComparison
Sainte Marie de La Tourette has no
outdoor flooring but only interior
flooring. Most of the flooring tiles
are made out of Buton Brut, as only
for the tiles on church are made
from black slate. The concrete
flooring also constructed in a rough
surface to cooperate with the
interior design.The black slate used
in church bring out a contradiction
between the building and the space
to express the sacrecity of the
church.
The left side is Sainte Marie de La Tourette flooring pattern; the right side is Bank Negara Malaysia
flooring pattern. Sainte Marie de La Tourette rough concrete flooring tiles have larger area which bring
out a sense of generous, elegant and simple. The Bank Negara Malaysia mosiac tiles show a sense of
complicated and delicacy which perfectly representing the concept of Bank Negara Malaysia. In common,
both of the tiles are in rough surface.
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CONCLUSION
First of all, The Bank Negara is a significant tower because it represents Malaysia financial
status to the world. It is our honor to have the opportunity to learn more and analyze this
beautiful and historical building.
Generally speaking, the Bank Negara Malaysia is a building with very unique architectural style
by comparing with surrounding buildings. (Architectural style summary)
Last but not least, we believe that we have achieved our expectation since Day 1. We enjoy the
moment that we analyzing and site visiting as a group. We appreciate the beauty of the building
and we are amazed by how modernism evolutes and becoming an amazing architectural
references in Malaysia.
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