Basics and Comparison of Cells in Plants and Animals

1. Biology - Cells
Secondary 1

2. Microscope
 Magnification = Image Size / Actual Size
 Magnification = Eyepiece x Objective Lens
1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm)
• 1 cm = 10 millimeters (mm)
• 1 mm = 1000 micrometers (μm)
• 1 μm = 1000 nanometers (nm)

3. What are Cells
 Life’s Building Blocks
 A cell is a basic building block of life
 Unicellular Organism: Living thing made up of just one cell.
E.g. Amoeba, E.Coli
 Multicellular Organism: Living thing made up of many cells.
E.g. Dog, Fish

4. Animal Cell

5. Plant Cell
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Chromosomes

6. Drawing Cells
•Title
• Use sharp pencil
• Draw LARGE diagram (at least 2/3 of space available)
• Clean, clear, sharp lines
• Label on side, no arrows, use ruler
Note: Lines should not cut across a big part
of the picture.

7. Functions of Cell Organelles
1. Cell/Plasma Membrane
 - Allow some substances to move in and out of the cell
 but not others i.e. Partially Permeable
 - Separates a cell from adjacent cells
 - Control & regulate passage of substances in and out
 of the cell
 e.g. Uptake of nutrients and release of metabolic waste
2. Cytoplasm
 - Jelly-like substance where chemical reactions
 (e.g. metabolic reactions) take place
3. Nucleus
 - Controls activities in the cell
 - Required for cell division

8. 4. Chromosomes
 Controls instructions which controls how the cell functions
5. Vacuoles
 Enclosed compartments filled with water and other substances
such as enzymes, food molecules, air etc.
 Central Vacuole in plant cells makes it firm by taking in water
6. Mitochondria
 Powerhouse of the cell
i.e. Produces energy for the cell to use
7. Cell Wall
 Supports plant cell and gives it a regular shape
8. Chloroplasts
 Found only in green plants
 Contains chlorophyll which trap sunlight for photosynthesis

9. Animal Cell vs Plant Cell

10. Levels of Organisation
1. Cells
2. Tissue cells of the same type, working together, having the
same function.
 Animal Tissue
1. Connective Tissue
2. Muscle Tissue
3. Epithelial Tissue
4. Nerve Tissue
 Plant Tissue
1. Epidermal Tissue
2. Vascular Tissue
3. Supporting Tissue

11. 3. Organs
 Different tissues working together to perform a particular
function
 Animal Organs
1. Brain
2. Stomach
3. Heart
4. Lungs
 Plant Organs
1. Leaves
2. Roots
3. Flowers
4. Systems
 Different organs working together to
perform a particular function
 Animal Systems
1. Nervous
2. Reproductive
 Plant Systems Transport
1. Reproductive

12. Division of Labour
Dividing the work of the organism among cells
 Each type of cell does a particular function well
 More efficient
 Cells may have special adaptive features to do
 these jobs more effectively