The cell

1. Life Science
Chapter 1
Part 1

2. The Cell as the
Basic Unit of Life

3.  All living things are
composed of cells.
 Cells are microscopic &
are the basic unit of
structure.
 Living cells come from
other cells.
Most cells composed of
structures called
“organelles” that have
specific functions
The Cell
Theory

4. Types of Microscopes
 Light Microscope
 Simple: one magnifying lense
 Compound: two or more magnifying lens
 Electron Microscope
 Uses a beam of electrons bounced off of the
specimen to form the image – higher
resolution of image than light microscopes.

5. Parts of a
Microscope
1. Eye piece (ocular)
2. Objective lens
3. Stage
4. Slide
5. Coverslip
6. Diaphragm
7. Base
8. Fine adjustment
9. Coarse Adjustment
10. Stage Clips
11. Arm
How much magnification? Simply multiply the magnification of the ocular
lens (10x) & objective lenses (40x):
10 power x 40 power = 400 power magnification

6. Robert Hooke’s Work
 English Scientist
 In 1663, he used a
compound microscope
 Looked at tree bark –
cork
 Called the structures
“cells”
Hooke’s actual
drawing of “cells”

7. Leeuwenhoek’s Work
 Dutch scientist
 In 1683, he used
Simple microscope
 Looked at pond
water
 He saw single celled
“animals” swimming
in the water and
called them
“animicules”

8. Parts of a typical animal cell
 Cytoplasm – jelly-like
gooey material that
holds all of the cell
structures
 Cell Membrane
Surrounding envelope ,
contains the contents of
the cell.
 Semi permeable – acts
like a gate -allows only
certain things in & out.
 Biphospholipid layer –
 Made of 2 layers of
lipids (fats) w/
embedded proteins.
 Proteins float on lipids
like marshmallow in a
cup of coco.
 Hydrophobic &
hydrophilic ends of lipid
molecule

9. Parts of a typical animal cell
 Nucleus
 the brain – control
center of the cell..
 3 parts
 Chromatin material
(chromosomes)
 Nuclear membrane –
w/ nuclear pores
 Nucleolus – makes
ribosomes
 Chromosomes are
rod-like structures
used to direct the
activity of the cells –
 Chromosomes – are
coiled up very long
strands of DNA

10. Parts of a typical animal cell
 Ribosomes – (the
tiny dots) made in the
nucleolus, move out into
the rough ER and into
the cytoplasm.
 ER - Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 long “tube-like”
highways that transport
materials throughout
the cell
 Two types:
 Rough ER – ER w/
ribosomes attached
 Smooth ER – ER W/out
ribosomes attached

11. Parts of a typical animal cell
 Mitochondria –
“Powerhouse” of
the cell.
 Cristae – the many
folds inside the
mitochondria
Surrounding envelope ,
contains the contents of
the cell.
 Matrix – space
between the cristae
 ATP molecules
(adenosine triphosphate)
store high amounts of
energy that is released to
the cell when needed.

12. Parts of a typical animal cell
 Goli Body, Golgi
Complex Golgi
Apparatus – all 3 are
names for the same
structure.
 The Cellular “Post
Office”
 packages, stores &
transports cellular
materials (proteins)
to areas of the cell.

13. Parts of a typical animal cell
 Centrioles – paired
“churro-like”
structures found
only in animal cells –
used in cell division

14. Parts of a typical animal cell
 Lysosome –
Spherical organelles
that contain digestive
enzymes that
breakdown broken or
damaged structures.
The remaining pieces
can be reused by the
cell.
 Vacuoles
 Cellular containers
 3 types include
 Food vacuoles
 Water vacuoles
 Waste vacuoles

15. Parts of a typical plant cell
 Plant cells have basically
the same types of
organelles as animal cells
EXCEPT for a few.
 Plant cells have….
1. Cell Wall – surrounds
the outside of the
plant’s cell membrane.
A. Usually composed of
cellulose or chitin.
B. Offers protection &
support
2. Huge “Gigundo” Water
Vacuoles – aids in the
transport of water up the
plant
3. Chloroplasts – contain
chlorophyll used to
convert sun’s energy into
chemical energy via
photosynthesis
4. No Centrioles – Plant
cells have no centrioles & do
not use them in cell division.

16. Structures Animal cell Plant cell Bacterial cell
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi bodies

17. Structures Animal cell Plant cell Bacterial cell
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Chromosomes

18. Structures Animal cell Plant cell Bacterial cell
Cell wall √ √ √
Cell membrane √ √ √
Cytoplasm √ √ √
Mitochondria √ √ x
Ribosomes √ √ x
Endoplasmic
reticulum
√ √ x
Golgi bodies √ √ x

19. Structures Animal cell Plant cell Bacterial cell
Lysosomes √ x x
Vacuoles √ √ x
Chloroplasts x √ x
Nucleus √ √ x
Chromosomes √ √ √

20. Drawing Activity
• Individually or in groups, students may be asked to draw a typical plant or animal cell as
seen in
 college textbooks. Drawings should clearly reflect the fine structure of the organelles as
seen in the electron microscope.
 Each structure in #1 above should be labeled properly.

21. Quiz time… fill-in the blanks

22. Quiz time… fill-in the blanks

23. Assignment
 Bring the following:
Flashlight
White paper
Short bond paper
Ruler

24. Quiz No. 2

25. Identification
Part I – The Cell
1. The basic unit of life
2. He used a compound microscope
and looked at a tree bark – cork and
called the structures “cells”
3. He saw single celled “animals”
swimming in the water and called
them “animicules”

26. 4. Jelly-like gooey material that
holds all of the cell structures
5. Surrounding envelope ,
contains the contents of the cell.
6. The brain or control center of
the cell.

27. 7. Rod-like structures used to direct
the activity of the cells.
8. (the tiny dots) made in the
nucleolus, move out into the rough ER
and into the cytoplasm.
9. long “tube-like” highways that
transport materials throughout the cell

28. 10. “Powerhouse” of the cell.
11. packages, stores & transports
cellular materials (proteins) to areas of
the cell.
12. Paired “churro-like” structures
found only in animal cells – used in
cell division

29. 13. Spherical organelles that contain
digestive enzymes that breakdown
broken or damaged structures. The
remaining pieces can be reused by
the cell.
14. Cellular containers
15. Surrounds the outside of the
plant’s cell membrane.

30. Answers
Part I
1. Cell
2. Robert Hooke
3. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
4. Cytoplasm
5. Cell membrane
6. Nucleus

31. 7. Chromosomes
8. Ribosomes
9. Endoplasmic reticulum
10. Mitochondria
11. Golgi apparatus
12. Centrioles
13. Lysosome
14. Vacuoles
15. Cell wall

32. Part II – The Microscope
1. Instruments that are used in science
laboratories to visualize very minute
objects such as cells, and
microorganisms, giving a contrasting
image that is magnified.
2. It acts as microscopes support.

33. 3. It gives support to the head of the
microscope, and it is also used when
carrying the microscope.
4. This is the part used to look through the
microscope.

34. 5. These are the major lenses used for
specimen visualization.
6. Knobs that are used to focus the
microscope.

35. 7. This is the section in which the specimen
is placed for viewing.
8. Hold the specimen slides in place.

36. 9. It’s found under the stage of the
microscope and its primary role is to
control the amount of light that reaches
the specimen.
10. Used to hold objects for examination
under a microscope.

37. Answers Part II
1. Microscope
2. Base
3. Arm
4. Eyepiece
5. Objective Lenses
6. Adjustment Knobs
7. Stage
8. Stage Clip
9. Diaphragm
10. Slide