1. A Brief Note On The Water Treatment Systems
Water treatment systems The groundwater source is from GoldCentury gold mine, whereby excess groundwater is pumped out of mine at a maximum
volumetric flow rate of 477L/s. It contains contaminants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metal impurities, sulphates, bicarbonates,
microorganisms, dissolved minerals and objectionable gases, but focuses on the removal of dissolved inorganic contaminants such as calcium and iron.
The most prevalent dissolved minerals which are Calcium and Magnesium, also known as hardness, can be removed by precipitation, requiring
softening steps. The purification system designed is based more on efficiency over cost effectiveness. The purpose of treating the groundwater in this
assignment, is to purify it to drinking standards to hydrate mineworkers underground during heated, intense mine–work operations, and for operating
certain equipment and tools. Figure 1: Mine groundwater treatment plant schematic Figure 1 shows the following unit operations: A settling tank is
installed to allow large particles such as to settle so that they can easily be removed. The retention time is around 30 minutes or 0.5 hours. Aeration
removes excess and objectable gases. A packed tower stripping system is used which removes 99.95% (or 179.91mg/L) of VOCs. This process also
reduces the pH of the water and has a retention time of 22.716 minutes (0.3786hr). Chemical precipitation is performed on larger molecules which
make up the suspended solids
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
2. Marine Environment Essay
Introduction
Australia is one of the main coal producing countries in the world, ranking the first in coal export and the fourth in the coal production in 2012
(International Energy Agency 2012). On global scale, coal accounted for a third of primary energy needs and 41.1% of electricity generation in 2014,
when its production reached 8022.5 Mt (WorldCoal Association 2015).
Steps involved in coal industry have shown to pollute the marine environment by various means. Unburnt coal may escape into marine environment
during natural erosion of coal seams, slumping and runoff from storage areas, spills and accidents during loading and transport (Achten and Hofmann
2009; Gibson, Atkinson, and Gordon 2005) affecting marine life physically and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, coal spills are not rare (Queensland Government 2017a,b,c; Willacy 2017; NSW Environment Protection Authority 2017, 2015, 2014). The
Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development (IESC) focuses on impacts of coal seam gas and
coal mining development on aquatic ecosystems (Commonwealth of Australia 2017), while impacts on marine ecosystems receive little attention.
Therefore, this study could enhance our understanding of impacts of coal industry on marine organisms and provide scientific support for future
environmental impact assessments.
Aims
1. To understand effects of coal particles on shellfish survival and growth rates
2. To compare effects of different concentration of coal on shellfish survival and growth rates
3. To understand the accumulation rate of PAHs from coal particles into shellfish
Methods
We will set up four tanks, each with 10 Plebidonax deltoides and 10 Vasticardium vertebratum on sandy sediment with continuous seawater flow. We
will add thermal coal particles of different amounts into three tanks to simulate coal spill and leave the remaining tank as a control.
Before the experiment, we will measure PAHs concentrations in shellfish samples, weight and length of each individual, and the total suspended solids
in water. During the experiment, we will measure the weight and dimension of each individual and the total
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
3. The Waste Water Treatment Process Essay
Without treatment waste water from both municipal and industrial sources would have a significant impact on the environment, to protect the water
environment the waste water must first be appropriately treated and processed. Water comes from many various sources and therefore the pollutants
found in the water include a wide array of chemicals and pathogens, that all come with different physical chemistries (Rao, Senthilkumar, et al., 2016, p.
2). Eutrophication is the process in which waters experience excessive inputs of nutrients, namely nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater discharges.
Waste water treatment does focus on reducing the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus present in their effluent, as these contribute to nutrient loading in
the environment. The combinations of tertiary treatments needed depends on the uses of the water the effluent is discharged into and how sensitive
this area is deemed. The municipal waste water treatment process does vary slightly depending on many factors but it is essentially a three stage
treatment process (Anand, 2011). The primary treatment stage objectives are to remove organic and inorganic solids through sedimentation and the
skimming of materials floating on the surface of the effluent. During the primary treatment some organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus that are
associated with solids can be removed (Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations, 1992). Secondary treatment involves bacterial
decomposition of both
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
4. Disadvantages Of Refractometer
INTRODUCTION
A refractometer is aneoptical device that takes advantage of the fact that light passing through a liquid bends or refracts. The refractometer is a tool. It
is used to help you select higher quality of foods containing more vitamins and minerals. They are also used to determine the concentration of
dissolved solids in a solution. Cooking oil, molasses, syrup, and other thick liquids require a refractometerqcalibrated to read 30–90 Brix.
Refractometer also is used in wine making. (Harrill, 1998) refractometer is also used to test to quality of fruits and vegetables.
A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the density of a liquid as compared to that of water. Hydrometers usually consist of a calibrated glass
tube ending in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why?
Temperature is an essential parameter because the index of refraction is affected by temperature. The speed of light in a liquid will increase when the
temperature increases. For instance, according to Hanson (2006), when there is 1В°C increasing in temperature, many organic liquids the index of
refraction decreases by nearly %0.05
What are the advantages and disadvantages of both instruments in measuring total soluble solid content? Refractometer advantages: Д°nexpensive
instrument
Refractometer disadvantages: Tedious calibration No instrument protocol Operator dependent readings( limited accuracy) Long and difficult
thermosetting (water bath is required after each experiment)
Hydrometer advantages: Quick instrument Simple method Inexpensive instrument
Hydrometer disadvantages; Breakable glassware especially be careful when it is dropped into solution Difficult to clean and dry it needs to be sure
that it is cleaned well because not enough to clean can cause measurement mistake Operator dependent readings Large sample volume required
("Comparision of different measuring techniques for density and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
5. The Water Quality Of South Creek
Geography Internal Assessment
How does the water quality of South Creek in the Narrabeen catchment vary downstream and what do these variations infer about human influences?
Candidate Number: 003047 0022
Word Count:
Table of Contents
Fieldwork Question and Geographical Context3
Nature and Purpose of this Investigation3
Location of this Investigation 4
Hypothesis5
Methods of Investigation6
Method of Measurement7
The Water Quality Index8
Treatment of Information Collected and Written Analysis 10
Data Collection and Processing–The Headwaters–Point A14
Testing Conditions and Results15
Qualitative Observations15
Interpretation of Results16
Data Collection and Processing–The Midpoint–Point B17
Testing Conditions and Results18 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This investigation is derived from:
Part 1. Patterns and change
1.3 Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability
3. Water and Change
Concerned with both environmental and human factors affecting water quality.
Part 2. Optional themes
6. Option A: Freshwater issues and conflicts
Which focusses on both the physical geography of freshwater and human impacts on water quality.
Location of this Investigation
South Creek is located in Narrabeen, New South Whales, Australia, within the Warringah area. The Narrabeen basin is approximately 7km from
north to south and 7km from east to west (Entrance from Narrabean Lakes, Forest Way) (Mona Vale at Tumbledown Dick to Warringah road ). South
Creek flows through Oxford falls, Beacon Hill, Cromer, Narraweena, Wheeler Heights before flowing into Narrabeen Lakes. The landscape of the
area is dissected sandstone plateau with some areas of flat land at height, such as Collaroy Plateau with an average height of 42 metres above sea level.
Figure 1.1 Location of South Creek
Figure 1.2 Annoyed Location map of South Creek
Hypothesis
South Creek will start off with good water quality, but the water quality will degrade downstream due to proximity to human influences.
Although South Creek begins adjacent to residential infrastructure, since it is the beginning of the stream, I suspect the stream won't be that polluted
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
7. Water Quality Of The Thames River
The purpose of this proposal is to promote the restructuring and upgrade of the existing Springbank Dam that sits on the Thames River to the City of
London as well as the Department of Environment and Climate Change Canada.
The following issues in London will be addressed:
Water Pollution in the Thames River
Controversy of the malfunctioning Springbank Dam The Thames River is located in southwestern Ontario that flows west through the City of London.
(Figure 1) The river is mainly used for recreational purposes such as boating, canoeing and fishing by the people of London. However, the river is
currently heavily polluted, posing public health risks as well as damaging the fragile ecosystems that exist within and around the Thames ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
(London 4) Too much phosphorous promotes excessive algae and plant growth, leading to harming the water quality, as well as decreasing the amount
of oxygen in the water that many aquatic lifeforms need to survive. Algal blooms, excessive algae growth, will cause deaths to large amounts of fish
and also harm humans if they come into contact with the polluted water or consume the affected organisms living in the algae–infested water. (United
States Environmental Protection Agency) An example of widespread algal blooms is shown in Figure 2 where much of the visible water is covered in
algae, slowly suffocating the life that lives within the water.
Bacteriological quality standards are used to prevent diseases and sicknesses that can be contracted through the uses of the river's water, such as
swimming. Escherichia Coli (E. coli), a harmful group of bacteria commonly found in the intestine of animals and humans, is used as an indicator of
pathogens. (Figure 3) Another indicator is the Total Coliform quality which is the total number of Coliform bacteria, such as E. coli, which exist in the
river. Coliform bacteria is used as an indicator because they usually exist where other pathogens of fecal origins exists. Although disinfection periods
try to clean the water, the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
8. Project Management Consultancy Services ( A2z )
1.0Background
David Haka, owner of Haka Chips NZ Limited (Haka Chips), is looking for consistent and focused business sustainability, both short–term and
long–term.
New Zealand, the domestic frontier of his "kumara growing and chip factory," is being considered for operational upgrade to improve efficiency and
further boost in the revenues. One evident solution is the upgrade of the mechanical system of the new factory that will materially save energy and cut
gas expenses through proper utilization of energy.
Aside from this, David is also thinking international, maximizing economies of scale by tapping a new segment of consumers in other Asian countries
through exportation of his products.
We, the A2Z Project Management Consultancy Services (A2Z), hereby present our proposal for the setup of the new factory that includes the purchase
and installation of high end equipment and operational training for the staff.
2.0 Project Rationale
2.1 Financial Viability
It is forecasted that year one's contribution margin will be $55,000 and will have a stable annual growth of $15,000 in contribution margin for the next
four years. The return of investment period will be at year three of its operation.
2.2 Commercial Viability
The kumara chips market is estimated to grow by 5% per annum due to the increase demand for healthier eating alternatives. Haka Chips is hoping to
be available on both the physical and the virtual markets through advance technology, media, and internet
10. Methods for Testing Water Quality
This report shows in details different methods that may be conducted in order to test the quality of the water. First of all, the water quality is defined
by its characteristics. They may be biological, chemical, and physical. The water quality standards differ due to several environmental impacts.
Physically, the first tested impact is temperature. It has a high influence on the quality since it may cause different type of pollution and will also have
a high influence on biological activities. When the temperature of water will become very far from its acceptable range, there will have a direct
negative impact on species and living organisms. The water temperature is inversely proportional to the dissolved oxygen level. The second factor that
affects the water quality is the potential of hydrogen 'pH'. Many organisms are affected by their medians' pH. If the pH gets outside of its
acceptable range, plants and animals die. It is divided into three categories: acidic (< 7), neutral (= 7), basic (> 7). When the median is acidic, it
causes corrosion for the pipes and aesthetic problems. When the median is alkaline, the water will become bitter. Solids are divided into two
categories: suspended and dissolved. They are present in lakes and streams. Suspended solids are particles that will be retained by filtering. It
includes silts and sediments. Aquatic life is negatively affected when the level of TDS is high. They are mostly found in acidic rainfall like H+ and
hard water like
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
11. Methodology For Environmental Assessment Used Here Is Life...
Our aim was to perform a holistic assessment including technical, economic and environmental aspects, in order to assess the overall sustainability of
SBT plant. The methodology for environmental assessment used here is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is a useful tool for investigating
environmental impacts associated with a product, service or process from cradle–to–grave perspective. It is becoming increasingly popular amongst
researchers in wastewater treatment field nowadays because of its holistic approach. It has been proved as a useful tool for computation of
environmental impacts of a given wastewater treatment technology (Hospido et al., 2004; Gallego et al., 2008; Li et al., 2013). Table 1 shows review
of studies on CSF technology and table 2 shows literature review on application of LCA to natural wastewater treatment technologies. Only Worli SBT
is monitored and studied in detail i.e. in–depth evaluation for physicochemical parameters, microbial parameters, socio economic aspects and LCA was
carried out. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Soil Biotechnology plant performance (physicochemical and microbial performance) To evaluate
performance of SBT plant we monitored the plant for 24 months (July 2013–April 2015). Samples of raw sewage and treated effluent were collected
from the respective site and analysed during the period from July 2013 to April 2015. Samples were analysed for various physicochemical properties
such as pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
12. Evaluation Of The Treatment Of Wastewater Essay
The disposal of untreated wastewater coming from the industries into the water bodies will pollute the water bodies because of its high concentrations.
So, the wastewater produced from the industry should be treated properly to meet the permissible limits given by central and state pollution control
boards. Therefore it is necessary to treat the wastewater properly with the help of an appropriate treatment plant. However, the treatment plant even
though properly planned may not work satisfactory because of several reasons. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the treatment plant considering
individual treatment unit in the entire treatment flow. In the present work emphasis has been given to the study of the performance of treatment
facilities because of its importance in the conventional treatment of wastewater. Hence, the literature review related to the evaluation of the entire
treatment process along with biological treatment process particularly suspended growth process Activated Sludge Process (ASP), attached growth
process Trickling Filter (TF) and a combination of the both suspended and attached growth process Hybrid Reactor (HR) is presented in the following
sections of this chapter.
2.2 REVIEWED OF LITERATURE ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
In suspended growth processes, the microorganisms responsible for the treatment of wastewater are maintained in liquid suspension by appropriate
mixing methods. Many suspended growth process used in municipal and industrial wastewater
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
13. Sodium Thiosulfate Lab Report
Sample calculations:
The way we measured the amount of DO depended on the amount of drops it took to make our yellow water sample(as seen in Section 3) clear using
the Sodium Thiosulfate Solution. One drop was equal to one ppm, so if it took 5 drops of the Sodium Thiosulfate Solution to turn the water sample
clear, the amount of dissolved oxygen in it was 5 ppm.
Likewise, to gather averages, we used data from day 1 and day 2. Combine the average results by adding all them and dividing by the amount of
times the tests were performed, we found the average of the dissolved oxygen at each site in Barker Lake and Salt Creek.
Data summary:
Additional dissolved oxygen(in ppm) information.
Sites
1
2
3
4
5
Mean
4.19 ppm
4.36 ppm
7.45 ppm
7.48 ppm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, we only measured the amount of dissolved oxygen on the perimeter of Barker lake. Thus, we are assuming that it is the same as the
amount of dissolved oxygen in the middle of the lake. It affects are data because we do not have complete details about one of the most important
parts of the lake so, if we did attempted to test hypotheses, they could be wrong. But, this was a systematic error because we did not have the
equipment to collect water from the center. I think to fix this problem, we could've, though unlikely, used some sort of drone to collect a water sample
from the center as it could easily traverse to it.
Also, 2 examples of human(random) error are the amounts of oxygen reagent we added to each sample and how we added the Sodium Thiosulfate
Solution. In adding the oxygen reagents, we might not have added all of it and some of the chemical itself usualy stuck to the sides of the top of
14. the glassware. Thus, would lead to inaccurate results because not all of said reagent would be added. To add all of the packets, I would suggest we
use a funnel that is dry. The sides of the glassware were usually wet so the reagent would stick. But in using a dry funnel, it guarantees that the
chemicals go in the DO
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
15. Reverse Osmosis for Wastewater Recycling
Reverse Osmosis For Wastewater Recycling
Reusing treated wastewater for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, or groundwater
basin replenishment, is growing in response to environmental and economic concerns.
One of the key factors involved in recycling wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent for another use is the need to reduce total dissolved solids
(TDS). This is often done by using a reverse osmosis (RO) system, which relies on pressure differential to force a solution (in this case, water) through
a membrane that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side.
While extremely effective on biologically treated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, upsets in the secondary clarifier can lead to effluent with higher levels of TSS and BOD, causing plugging of the brine spacer with
suspended solids and organic fouling. Also, power consumption for RO systems with this type of pretreatment tends to be high, and membrane life is
often quite short.
Lime–softening has been somewhat more successful in protecting the RO membranes, but this increases operating costs and does not totally prevent
fouling of RO membranes. |
Ultrafiltration Improves Suspended Solids Removal As RO Pretreatment
Many of today's water reuse systems use an ultrafiltration (UF) pretreatment step to remove suspended solids. These systems typically use hollow
fiber UF membranes, which do an excellent job of providing water with low suspended solids to feed the RO system. However, the UF system is an
extra treatment step, requiring additional footprint, and adding to operating costs. The UF system may also be susceptible to upsets from a
conventional WWTP, which can further increase its operating costs.
Membrane Bioreactor As RO Pretreatment
With an MBR, the UF membranes are submerged in the activated sludge to combine the biological step and the solid–liquid separation into a single
process. The membrane acts as a barrier, which improves the effluent quality. The MBR eliminates the secondary clarifier and does not rely on gravity
for liquid–solids separation and so allows the activated sludge to operate with a
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
16. Water Mifflin Hall, Well Water Wyckoff And Stream Water...
The data from the TDS analysis (table 2) show that tap water Mifflin hall, well water Wyckoff and stream water Raleigh has a higher amount of total
dissolved solid compared to tap water Harleysville and Tap water Yosemite that have a low amount of total dissolved solid. From these observations,
we can conclude that tap water Harleysville and tap water are softer than Yosemite tap water Mifflin Hall, well water Wyckoff andstream Water
Raleigh.The Results from ETDA (table 7) show that tap water Mifflin Hall (400 ppm) is hardest than the four other water samples. It is followed by
tap water Harleysville (340 ppm), well Water Wyckoff (320 ppm), Stream Water Raleigh (110 ppm) and Tap water Yosemite (80 ppm). This order
supports my hypothesis. Tap water Yosemite is relatively soft compared to the other water samples. I have predicted my sample to be thehardness and
tap water Yosemite to be the softest. Also, these results support my hypothesis in the assumption that they show that stream water Raleigh is
moderately hard as expected. Nevertheless, I expected tap water Yosemite to be relatively soft but the data show that it is moderately hard. In fact, I
assumed that tap water Yosemite would be slightly hard because in California ground water is stored in alluvium. They are made up of loose gravel,
sands, and silts and they contain a very low concentration of divalent cations. Maybe the fact that rocks vary from the state of California due to the
difference in geology might
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
17. Lake Tarpon's Water Quality: Change over an Eight Year Span
IV.Introduction: The purpose of this research is to determine whether there has been a change in the overall water quality of the Lake Tarpon Basin,
and if so, whether the quality has improved or worsened. The variables that will determine whether the quality has changed are: nutrients (phosphates
and nitrates) and dissolved oxygen (DO). The expected changes are lower dissolved oxygen levels (from the already low levels), higher nitrogen
levels (from the already high nitrogen levels), and the state qualifications still are not met for nutrients and dissolved oxygen (Levy, Flock, Burnes,
Myers, Weed, River 2010). This topic relates to environmental management because the changes in water quality would be due to pollution, which
relates to the question "How does human activity lead to the pollution of water stores?" The hypothesis that will be tested is that Lake Tarpon's water
quality will have worsened since the last measurements by Levy, Flock, Burnes, Myers, Weed, and Rivera in 2010.
V.Methodology: The water samples will be collected utilizing sterile plastic water bottles from Lake Tarpon. The location the samples will be
collected from is Anderson Park, by the boat docks, located at 39669 U.S. 19, Tarpon Springs, FL 34689. The water samples will be brought to
Tarpon Springs High School to be tested, located at 1411 Gulf Rd, Tarpon Springs, FL 34689. The phosphate,nitrate, and dissolved oxygen levels will
be tested utilizing various LaMotte water testing kits,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
18. Sedimentation: Tangent and Concentration
SEDIMENTATION
ABSTRACT
Sedimentation is the process of separating a liquid mixture of suspended particles into clear supernatant liquid and denser slurry having a higher
concentration of solids. This is usually accomplished by allowing the particles to settle through the force of gravity, mechanically using centrifugal
force, or electrostatically using an electric current. Continuous sedimentation tanks are usually used in wastewater treatment facilities to separate
suspended particles from wastewater.
This experiment aims to determine the effect of initial concentration and initial height of the slurry on its settling characteristics. Using a set of data
obtained from the experiment, a continuous thickener or clarifier must then be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Otherwise, a milky interface is formed. B is a suspended mixture of solids and liquid and has uniform concentration. Between B and C is a distinct
transition zone. This zone is due to the rising liquid as the highly concentrated sludge D compacts. Zone c, unlike B, is a region of variable
concentration. Note that regions A and D grow larger at the expense of B and C until such a point where maximum compaction of D is obtained. This
point is called the critical settling point. At his point, only a single, distinct interface is formed between the concentrated sludge and the clear liquid.
To determine the effect of concentration or height on the settling characteristics of asuspension, batch sedimentation experiments are conducted. The
data from these experiments can be used to design a continuous thickener.
Continuous thickeners consist of zones similar to a batch sedimentation process except that these zones are of constant height when steady state is
achieved. The design of these thickeners s based on the identification of the concentration of the rate limiting layer.
First, batch settling data is obtained by plotting the height of the interface (between the clear liquid and slurry), z versus time. Please refer to the figure
below. This uses the Talmadge and Fitch method.
пїЅ
19. A tangent line is drawn at the beginning (line B) and at the end (line D). The portions from which these tangent lines are drawn
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
20. Case Study On Ground Water Analysis
We are doing work on our topic named "A Case Study Report on Ground Water Analysis (G.I.D.C sanala road Morbi)". We have gone step by step; our
1st stage was DESIGN THINKING with mind mapping. Design thinking means thinking of all advantageous angles and aspects for the optimum
solution of the product problem. In this stage we can understand actually what design is; its importance and socio–economical relevance. At that time
we converted our design thinking to the foster innovation by application of Relevance of Design and Design Thinking in engineering.
Here, we have discussed 1st AEIOU Summary & Mind mapping canvas
1.1AEIOU SUMMARY & MIND MAPPING CANVAS
AEIOU frame work is briefly able to give idea of our user, pollution, communication for our product, required parts, activities ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Activities:–
Main activity: – Water Testing
Sub Activity: – DO (Dissolved Oxygen) measurements TDS (Total Dissolved solids) Hardness Measurements (Ca2+, mg2+) Conductivity
2.Environment:–
Table Water Condition:– The Condition exist at ground level for water.
Hygienic Conditions: – Water's effect on Human health
Stable Testing Environment: – Water parameters changes by the span of time thus stable Condition is to be maintained.
3.Interaction:–
Interaction between: – People–––––––пѓ with Analyzer
Test Procedure–––––––пѓ with Standards by Government.
Lab Technician–––––––пѓ with Instruments
Special notes: – Interactions in this case is carried out from living person to non–living object.
4.Object:–
Testing Kit: – Water analyzing kit
Apparatus: – Burette, pipette, flask, beakers, etc.
Chemicals: – Titration Chemicals, indicator, buffers
5.Users:–
Table 2.1.1: Role and responsibilities of present user.
Sr. No.RoleResponsibilities
22. The Observation Of Five Years
Results and discussion The observation of five years (From January, 2007 to December, 2011) of the biomanipulation work done in the lake Nainital for
its ecosystem restoration is presented in this paper. In this approach we attempted to manipulate various levels of the food chain, assuming that the
nutrient input is stable and cannot be reduced to limit the primary production. At the start of the work important physico– chemical and biological
parameters were measured to know the present scenario of the lake. Among physico– chemical parameters the water temperature, transparency, total
dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, pH, nitrate and phosphate were taken into consideration while in biotic factors, the qualitative and
quantitative estimation of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fishes was made. The water temperature varied from 10.0 0C in January, 2007 to 23.4 0C
in June, 2011. The Secchy transparency ranged between 35.0 cm during January 2007 and 410 cm during December, 2011. The total dissolved
solids varied between 160 mg/ l in April, 2007 and 536 mg/ l in June, 2008. The dissolved oxygen concentration at water surface varied from 3.0
mg/ l during January, 2007 to 12.5 mg/ l during May, 2009 throughout the experiment period. The total alkalinity of lake water was found between
102 mg/ l during January, 2008 and 240 mg/ l during June, 2011. The pH of lake water varied from 6.9 in April, 2008 to 9.8 July, 2011. The nitrate was
found between 0.12 mg/l
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
23. Design The Program Planning, Timeline And Other Tools
5.Design the program planning, timeline and other tools
6.Make the timeline and deadline to the program
7.Assess the resource availability
8.Visit the area and get into contact with local government bodies and other stakeholders
9.Rent and manage an office to handle program administrative and other activities
10.Make arrangements to execute the program
11.Educate the paddy farmers about causes and effects of chronic kidney disease, how to prevent and overcome the disease, usage of agrochemicals,
introduction of environmental friendly fertilizers, and provide necessary instructions to increase the living standard with the help of public health
inspectors and plantation instructors
12.Educate the families of paddy farmers especially their wives about the methods of safe and clean water usage for cooking, drinking and so on
13.During the workshop, distribute chorine tablets, water quality measurement tool kits, clay pots and pans
14.Monitor and evaluate the status of target population whether they practice the learned methods and if not, make changes
6. Timeline
Months
Description of activity 123456789
Identify the area and why the program is needed
Advertise and recruit the staff
Inform and educate the staff of the program
Collect and analyse data and determine the target population
Design the program
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
24. The Influence of Macroinvertebrates Communities in Water...
Structure of macroinvertebrates communities may change with seasons because most environmental factors change with seasons. This process can
directly influence water quality parameters such as Dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, temperature, nutrients, and pH. (McCulloch, 2009).These
parameters appears to have direct influence on the macroinvertebrate life cycles (Sporka et al. 2006). In other words physical and chemical parameters
of a catchment will ultimately determine what breed should live in it (ANZECC & ARMCANZ 2000) for example in the figure 1,2,3 and 5 that three
higher taxa Cnidaria, Nematoda ,Turbellaria were instinct or either in very low abundance in most of the sampling site during summer and spring
season. In nature these taxa commonly occur in similar habitats at stream sites throughout the region (Dostine, 2014).
The examination of model macroinvertebrate for all sampling round shows that in summer there is always less diversity and abundance among key
higher taxa of the wetland as compared to early spring. This is because of suitable temperature, water chemistry and flow. Similarly according to a
study conducted by Leigh( 2012) in dry summer water level or depth may decrease which is worst situation for most surface dwelling species of
macroinvertebrates(for example in summer sampling round 1 only five tax were recorded). Higher temperature has several effects on
macroinvertebrates such as the less availability of oxygen for respiration,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
25. How The Quality Of Water Affected By The Parameter
necessary to compact decay scale formation, and fouling of heat transfer surfaces throughout the reactor facility and support system [3].
The most common step in water treatment process includes; пѓ COAGULATION/FLOCCULATION пѓ SEDIMENTATION пѓ FILTRATION
пѓ DISINFECTION пѓ SLUDGE DRYING пѓ FLUORIDATION пѓ PH CORRECTION 5.0 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
In this paper we are going to analyze the quality of water affected by the parameter. The quality of water is not equal and constant. Water quality is
affected by different type of parameters such as Colour, Turbidity, Total dissolved solids, Taste and odour, PH is the physical parameters. Chloride,
calcium, magnesium, sulphate, total hardness is the chemical parameters.
5.1 Colour
Colour is measured in Hazen units. Colour can originate from organic matter in the soil through or over, which the water has passed. It is optimal
parameter consisting in absorbing of a part of spectrum of visible radiation by substances in dissolved in water, colloidal substances, and suspended
particles present in water.
5.2 Turbidity
Turbidity is dirtiness of water and is measured by a light scattering technique. Turbidity is a measure of how particles suspended in water affect water
clarity.
5.3 PH
PH is a measure of a solution 's acidity. In water, small numbers of water molecules (H2O) will break apart or disassociate into hydrogen ions (H+) and
hydroxide ions (OH–). Other compounds entering the water may react with these, leaving an imbalance in the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
26. The Effect Of Gamma Ray Irradiation On Sludge Settleability
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Physical characteristics 3.1.1. Effect of gamma–ray irradiation on sludge settleability In static sedimentation tests, a
distinct sedimentation interface between the supernatant and sludge was observed for all samples with different irradiation doses, whereas the
expected rapid improvement of the irradiated sedimentation rate was not observed (Fig. 1). These trends agreed with the results of Meeroff et al
(2004). According to the sedimentation curves, there are two periods during static sedimentation process: (1) the initial hindered settling period, in
which the interface between the supernatant and sludge decreases at a constant velocity (u0) relying on the sludge concentration; (2) the succedent
sludge compression period, in which the settling velocity of the interface gradually declines (Wu et al., 2009; Iritani et al., 2015). For the untreated
sludge, u0 is 10.36 mmВ·hв€’1 and SV720 is 37.1%, as shown in Fig. 2. For irradiated sludge, the sedimentation velocity was slightly increased to
11.55 mmВ·h–1 at doses up to 15 kGy. SV was continuously decreased with the increasing dose and a 19.4% reduction rate was achieved at 15 kGy.
According to the Stokes Law, the observed changes in u0 and SV were probably due to particle size decrease and sludge density increase after
irradiation (Yu et al., 2010). In addition, a portion of solid matter was dissolved by irradiation, which could promote SV decrease. The improved
settleability demonstrated that
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
27. The Effect Of Phosphorus On Health And Aquatic Life Essay
Total suspended solids refer to solids that can be retained by a filter. It includes a wide variety of materials such as silt, decaying plant and animal
matter, industrial wastes, and sewage. High levels can be detrimental to river health and aquatic life. Total suspended solids (TSS) is often associated
with turbidity.
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant life, but when in excess, it can enhance eutrophication of rivers and lakes (Hem, 1985; Muelle and Helsel,
1996). Phosphorus exists in two main forms in water: soluble and particulate. Total phosphorus includes the soluble and particulate forms. Phosphorus
can enter a water body through various means including from point sources such as a waste–water discharge and non–point sources such as agricultural
runoff or erosion. Phosphorus has the ability to attach to soil particles (Phillips et al. 2012). Thus, when the soil ends up in a water body as sediment it
contains additional phosphorus, which ultimately settles. The sediment now has the potential of acting as a 'sink' for phosphorus, and holds it until it
is disrupted by certain activities.
Phosphorus is often associated with suspended solids, which have a significant relationship with turbidity. Strong relationship has been reported
between turbidity and suspended solids, where turbidity has been used as a surrogate measure for total suspended solids (Acheampong et al. 2012;
Packman et al. 1999). A consistent relationship has also been reported between total
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
28. Q Value Experiment
Starting November 3rd, samples were collected from Lake Storey Park in Galesburg, IL. Samples were taken weekly from various locations in the
water as to achieve a complete depiction of the entire body of water. The first sample provided evidence that the water was of "Average" quality. The
dissolved oxygen was measured 100.6 % saturated by a Vernier Optical Dissolved Oxygen Probe, a fairly normal level for water. Using the Water
Quality Value Charts provided by the Georgia Virtual School, the measurement of dissolved oxygen was correlated on the chart with a "Q
–Value" of
100. Since the Q–Value was discovered, determining the Subtotal of the test was the next step. To determine the Subtotal, the Q–Value of the given
measurement must be multiplied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dissolved oxygen level reached its highest levels in week 3 at a percent saturation of 102.7. While the dissolved oxygen increased, the pH dropped
to 6.96, the temperature changed dropped to 8.1oC, and the total phosphate levels declined to –.02 mg/L PO4–. Even though the dissolved oxygen
levels increased during week 3, the Q–Value was still at 100, just like all of the previous weeks, which indicates that the dissolved oxygen levels were
not affected during and after the harvest. The pH value from week 3 has declined to a Q–Value of 88, the lowest of all three samples. Beings that the
pH levels were at a Q–Value of 90 the first week, the week of the harvest, 95 Q–Value the next week, and 88 the final week, it seems as if the pH levels
were stable before and after the harvest. Appropriately, the data could represent the fact that more chemicals were released during the harvest,
increasing the pH levels than in the other two
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
29. Flavus Preparation Lab Report
3.3.1 Aspergillus flavus Preparation
A. flavus was grown on Potato Agar Dextrose (PDA) media on Petri dishes at optimum growth temperature of 25 to 30В°C for seven days. Before
that, 39g of PDA was dissolve in 1 Litre of distilled water and poured into half of the petri dish. There are 5 Petri dishes that are needed for this fungi
preparation. Then, the culture was maintained at 4В°C and subculture every 30 to 40 days. Then, the Petri dishes were sealed with paraffin film and
kept in a box in order to make sure the fungi grow perfectly. Noted that all the steps above are done in the laminar flow to avoid contamination that
might stunt the growth of A. flavus.
3.3.2 Spores Suspension Inoculum Preparation
A. flavus from Petri dish was transferred ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5mL of water sample was filtered and the filter paper was put into oven (MMM Medcenter GmbH, Germany) operating at 100В°C for one hour. The
last step before final weighing, the filter paper was put back into desiccator about half an hour to normalize the temperature and the filter paper was
re–weighed. Total solid suspended can be determined by using formula below:
Total Suspended Solid (mg/l)=((A–B))/(sample volume,ml) Г—1000 (3)
Where,
A = weight of filter paper + dried residue, mg
B = weight of filter paper, mg
3.8.5 pH
Measurement of pH is one of the most important and always used test in water chemistry. For this work, the pH was measured by using pH meter
(Crison pH 25). For turbid water, the pH of water samples are adjusted from 2 to 8 using 1M NaOH and 1M HCl. The initial turbidity of turbid water
used were 150, 100 and 50 NTU while the dosage used were 10, 30 and 50 v/v. The pH changes before and after undergo Jar Test were
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
30. Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants ( Uwtps ) Essay
Abstract:
Visakhapatnam city has two Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants (UWTPs) in the city, located at 1 town and Mudasarlova (Arilova) village, Andhra
Pradesh, India. These plants are planned and built with an intend to oversee wastewater in order to minimize and/or expel organic matter, solids,
nutrients, disease–causing organisms, pollutants and different toxins, before it re–enters a water body. The concentrations were assessed from two
sewage treatment units; the largest STP situated at 1 Town with handling capacity of 38 MLD took after by Arilova STP of 13MLD capacity. It was
uncovered from the execution, examine that effectiveness of the two treatment plants was poor concerning expulsion of total dissolved solids as
rather than the evacuation in different parameters like total suspended solids, BOD and COD. In 1 Town STP,TDS, TSS, BOD and COD removal
efficiency was 2.6, 97.71, 95.18, 80.54 % and respectively, while in Mudasarlova STP,TDS, TSS, BOD and COD removal efficiency was 1.0, 90.89,
89.5, 75.18 % and respectively. The order of decrease efficiency was TDS < COD < BOD< TSS and TDS < COD < BOD < TSS respectively in
1Town STP and Mudasarlova STP. Furthermore, the issues connected with the operation and support ofwastewater treatment plants is examined.
Keywords: Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids, Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical oxygen demand, Mixed liquor suspended solids,
Sludge volume index
INTRODUCTION
One–fourth of the world 's population is
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
31. Effect Of A Riparian Buffer Zone Essay
Introduction For our project this semester my team studied the effects that a riparian buffer zone had on both Adams Lake and Chapman Pond. We
also looked at how climate change effects Adams Lake and Chapman Pond. A riparian buffer zone is where vegetation is grown around a water
source to help keep sediment, phosphorous, pesticides, and other harmful things from getting into the water systems (Correll, 2016). The affects that
riparian buffer zones have on our water systems and the change in climate is extremely important. My team believed that the water quality would be
better in a body of water that had a riparian buffer zone (Chapman Pond) than a body water without a riparian buffer zone (Adams Lake). Methods
The study took place on Adams Lake and Chapman Pond on the Ferrum College campus in Ferrum, Virginia from October to November, 2016. Adams
Lake served as the study site without a riparian buffer zone, and Chapman Pond was the site with an established riparian buffer zone. The
measurements on Adams Lake were taken in the section of the bank with the least amount of vegetation present. On Chapman Pond, the measurements
were taken in the most heavily wooded section, in order to get an accurate estimate of the effects of an established riparian buffer zone. Total
suspended solids, total dissolved solids, bacteria levels, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were the parameters examined. The parameters
were measured on two different occasions, and data was
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
32. Local Drinking Water Case Study
Introduction The purpose of this study is to learn about what substances are in local drinking water. There are many things that can be found in
drinking water that can be beneficial, harmful, or even neutral in some cases. These substances can change how the water tastes, such as copper, how it
smells, like total dissolved solids, and there minerals like iron that can change the water's color. The tests that this study will cover will help determine
the different substances found in water from different sources, like city water or well–water. Then after recording the amount of specific substances,
one can look at EPA's standard for drinking water and learn if the water that people are consuming in the surrounding area is healthy or not. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Environmental Protection Agency has an action plan for when there a problem with drinking water, such as there being hazardous materials
being introduced. The EPA will urge all branches of government, state, and other organizations to help insure the safety of drinking water by all
working together (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017b). EPA action level depends on the contaminant involved. For example, copper has
an action level 1.3ppm and if the level exceeds this amount there must be steps to control corrosion in pipes (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
2017d). Furthermore, it depending on the lethality of the contaminant will determine how much the EPA will step in to help protect the water quality
standards. Even though the EPA has taken steps to ensure the action levels are always in check outside sources sometimes prevent them from doing
so. Almost all substances that the EPA regulates in drinking water have some type of regulations in order to ensure that the water is safe for people
to consume. The Secondary Drinking Water Standards is what the EPA uses as a guide in order to regulate these substances. For iron in drinking
water the maximum amount is 0.3 mg/L. Chlorine in drinking water should not succeed 250 mg/L. The copper level in drinking water should not rise
above 1.0 mg/L. The pH level in drinking water should fall between 6.5 and 8.5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009).
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
33. The Assessment Of Water Quality Essay
Assessment of Water Quality in relation to some Physico–chemical parameters in Araga pond of Thirthahalli Taluk, Shivamogga, Karnataka.
Dr. Nagaraj Parisara – Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous) , Shivamogga–577201,
Karnataka.
Prof. J.Narayana – Professor & Chairman, Department of P.G.Studies and Research in Environmental Science, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta–
577 451, Karnataka, India.
Dr.B.R.Kiran – Research & Teaching Assistant, Department of Environmental Science, DDE, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta
– 577 451,
Karnataka, India.
Abstract
The seasonal variations in the physico–chemical parameters of Araga pond of Thirthahalli taluk, located in Shivamogga district of Karnataka state was
studied from June 2001 to May 2003. The parameters that were determined included; temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), free
carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate,
sulphate , total dissolved solids (TDS) and nitrate . The study revealed that, pond water was not much polluted. In the light of standards of water
quality recommended by WHO and BIS , the pond water should be used for drinking and cooking after proper treatment.
Keywords: Water, Physico–chemical parameters, Araga pond, Thirthahalli,
Introduction
Due to over expanding population and industrial settlements, the demand for fresh water
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
34. Evaluation Of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Facility For...
Evaluation of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Facility for Sand Valley, Nevada
Prepared for:
Clark County Sanitation Department
Prepared by:
Ahmad Jumah
May Alnagi
Sulaiman Alkhalfan
On behalf of:
Youbetcha Environmental Systems, Inc.
November 7, 2014
Executive Summary
This report provides analysis and evaluation of a newly designed wastewater treatment facility for Sand Valley, Nevada. Analysis will include Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD) along with total, volatile, and fixed suspended solids. Methods for analysis will include the Winkler Test for BOD and a
Hatch test for the suspend solids.
The report finds BOD levels meet the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit renewal standards. Results for suspended
solids shows an opposite trend. Suspended solids increase throughout the course of the water treatment. This does not meet NPDES standards. Further
suspended solids test will be needed to insure a minimal amount of error. If the same trend continues, the facility may need to be redesigned to meet
NPDES standards.
Contents
Executive Summaryi
List of Figuresii
35. List of Tablesii
Introduction1
Procedures2
BOD2
Solids3
Results and Discussion3
BOD3
Solids4
Conclusion6
Works Cited7
Appendix A– Figures8
Appendix B – Raw10
Appendix C – Calculation12
List of Figures
Figure 1. Schematic of Proposed Waste Treatment System for Sand Valley1
Figure 2. Vacuum Filter Apparatus8
Figure 3. Drying Oven8
Figure
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
36. Stoney Creek Stream Analysis
Stoney creek is a salmon spawning stream located on Burnaby Mountain, British Columbia, Canada (The City of Burnaby, 2016). However, the site is
constantly being threatened by nearby urban constructions and development (Stoney Creek Environment Committee, n.d.). Thus, organizations were
created to protect, maintain and monitor this important salmon rearing stream (Stoney Creek Environment Committee, n.d.). A few methods that the
organizations utilize to analyse Stoney Creek, is to survey its habitat conditions and test the water quality and quantity (Taccogna et al., 1995). This
will require the assessment of vegetation availability, flow velocity, volume, discharge, water chemistry and conditions (Taccogna et al., 1995).
Compiling and documenting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These characteristics involve streambed material, embeddedness, pool habtat percentage, off–channel habitat, bank stability, bank vegetation
percentage, overhead canopy and riparian zone. Certain points to note is that there is an abundant variety and amount of vegetation (such as conifers
and shrubs) surrounding the creek which provides shade, protection and their roots provide bank stability (Taccogna et al., 1995). Another point to
consider is that undisturbed streams will have little to no embeddedness (Taccogna et al., 1995). Unfortunately, our results from the 25 streambed
samples suggests 41% embeddedness of gravel and rock, meaning there was some stream disturbance. Coniferous trees are also present which may
increase the streams acidity (Taccogna et al., 1995). Again, plentiful vegetation also increases bank stability and decrease risks of erosion which could
disturb many sensitive aquatic creatures (Taccogna et al., 1995). For that reason, destruction on its environmental surroundings should be avoided at all
costs. Overall, with a score of 90, the habitat quality of Stoney Creek is in the acceptable
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
37. Water Quality Data ( Fixed Interval Sampling )
Water quality data (fixed–interval sample) collected bi–monthly from 1999–2008 and monthly from 2009–2013 for all 18 monitoring sites within the
Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins over a 15–year period was obtained from The City of Greensboro Stormwater Division, North Carolina. The
sampled data were grouped in ranges of years from 1999–2002, 2003–2008, 2009–2010 and 2011–2013 so as to obtain a detailed analysis on the data.
The sampling sites in the study area were numbered for simplicity of result presentation. Sites 1 to 6 were located at the highly sub–urban and
agricultural area and sites 7 to 18 were located in the highly urbanized area of Greensboro. This sites include; Bluff Run (1), Fleming (2),
Friendship Church Rd (3), Old Oak Ridge Rd. (4), Pleasant Ridge (5) and Battleground Ave. (6), are located in the Reedy Fork Creek basin (Figure
1). Whereas Aycock (7), North Church St. (8), Fieldcrest Dr. (9), McConnell (10), Merritt Dr. (11), 16th St. (12), Randleman Rd (13), Rankin Mills
Rd. (14) West JJ (15), White St. (16), Mcleansville (17), and Summit Ave. (18) sites are located in the Buffalo Creek basin. Twelve water quality
parameters were selected for statistical analysis (Total suspended solids (TSS, mg/L), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN, m/L), chemical oxygen demand
(COD, mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5, mg/L), total dissolved solids (TDS, mg/L), total Phosphorus (TPhos, mg/L),Turbidity (TURB,
NTU) nitrite nitrogen (NO2–N, mg/L), nitrate nitrogen (NO3–N,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
38. Water Quality Lab
Water Quality Lab Reports: "Water Quality Lab Report– First and Last Name."
Before you begin writing, make a copy of this document and rename it this
Share your document with me, allow editing, UNCHECK "notify people via email," and fill out the Submission Form to share your link with me.
After you copy, share, and submit your Lab Report: Write your lab report in complete sentences and use paragraphs to organize your ideas. Use your
lab handout guide and the Water Quality lab report questions to help you as you write your lab report.
Proofread your work carefully! Check for misspelled words, fragments, and clearly written sentences.
Delete these instructions once you have finished your lab report.
Purpose
The purpose of this lab ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Almost every experiment had good results. The only to bad results were the pH– using strips and the turbidity. The pH – using trips was a 4 but doing
the pH – using tablets had a 7. So it can go either way. Turbidity was 20 but that isn't that high. The DO was 4ppm and that is almost perfect. That
means that it has plants, but not a lot of them. The temperature of the pond was not cold and not warm. The temperature varies though throughout the
seasons. There were 0 ppm results for the nitrates. That is very good. It doesn't increase the plant growth but also doesn't decrease the plant growth.
The ammonia levels were also 0ppm. That means that the insects and animals don't get sick by drinking the water or swimming in it. There were
many bioindicators in the pond. There were water striders, tadpoles, grass, flowers, algae, gnats, and cat tails. The Voyager pond is very healthy and it
should stay
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
39. Physics Of A Food Manufacturer For The Following Reasons...
1 ABSTRACT
In this lab exercise, different approaches, Hydrometer, Pycnometer and refractometer, were used to determine the total solids or concentration of two
unknown samples. Standard curve of density vs concentration and standard curve of specific gravity vs concentration were drawn with a series of
known concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30% sugar solution by weight. With the standard curve and the specific gravity and refractive index of samples we
obtained from the determination, we can calculate the total solids of the samples:
2 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
Total solids or concentration of a particular food is referred as the amount of solid concentrated component present after removal of water (S. Suzanne
Nielsen, 2010). This analytical value is of great economic importance to a food manufacturer for the following reasons: economics consideration (water
is an inexpensive filler); solidcontent is often specified in compositional standards and can be used as standard identification; computations of
nutritional values of foods require the determination of total solids (S. Suzanne Nielsen, 2010).
When different solutes are dissolved in a solution, the density change can be used to determine the concentration of the solute. Since the direct
measurement is difficult, the measurements use specific gravity to determine the density of the liquid.
Specific gravity = (weight of x ml solution)/(weight of x ml of water)
Specific gravity is a relative value usually determined by the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
40. Conductivity In Ivy Creek
Conductivity is the measure of how well water can conduct an electrical current (Shahady, 2010). At each creek cite the conductivity varied, at Claytor
– Big Otter was record to be at 57.5 Вµs/cm, making it the lowest record for the whole study. Peaksview – Ivy Creek was record at 108 Вµs/cm and
Target – Rock Castle Creek at 285 Вµs/cm, the highest recorded. The term pH is used to indicate how alkaline or acidic water is determined on a
scale from 1.0 to 14.0 (Shahady, 2010). The pH at each different creek seemed to be around the number. At Claytor– Big Otter it was record to be 7.0
and at Target – Rock Castle Creek was 7.65, this means that the water is alkaline, meaning there are more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. Claytor –
Big Otter
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
41. Accounting Procedures For Problem Evaluation Essay
2.4 PROCEDURES FOR PROBLEM EVALUATION In general, the problems detailed in the EPA manual are those most commonly encountered.
However, the procedures mentioned in the EPA manual can be used for any type of problem evaluation. The first step in problem evaluation is to
determine if the plant is meeting design performance standards by comparing its effluent quality and overall removal efficiencies with those
specified by the design. If the plant does not routinely meet performance specifications, it will be necessary to determine whether the deficiency is
due to problems which fall into either problem defined or problem unspecified (EPA). Problem Defined: If the treatment plant operator has defined
the problem then: (a) Verify general area of problems, such as related to process, maintenance or design, sampling, etc; (b) For common process
problems, refer to that section of the manual dealing with the problem and (c) Develop sampling and testing program to provide additional data.
Problem Unspecified– If effluent discharge does not meet required standards and no definite problem area has been established then (a) Review flow
and process records again in greater detail; (b) Recheck sampling and testing procedures required; (c) Compare sampling and testing program against
recommended program in the manual; (d) Recommend a modified testing and sampling program to furnish additional data for evaluation; (e) Compare
the data with the problem indicators detailed in the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
42. What Is The Operation Of The High Rate Activated Sludge (...
Three main experimental activities have been conducted during this research. Operation of the High Rate Activated Sludge (HRAS) Process, analysis
of relevant parameters and Biochemical Methane Potential tests for different Solids Retention Times (SRT's). The research methodology implemented
in these activities is described and summarized in this chapter.
4.1 Influent Wastewater
In this investigation, the influent is domestic wastewater collected and treated at the Luggage Point (LP) Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP),
Brisbane – Australia. Experimental trials are conducting with a stream of raw sewage, which is passing through a common inlet works where
screening and coarse solids reduction occurs before treatment distribution. The inlet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Bio– P is an anaerobic pre–reactor tank installed prior to the HRAS with the purpose to remove biologically the incoming phosphorus from the
wastewater (See Figure 2). It has approximately a capacity of 65 Liters.
The (HRAS) reactor is a cylinder tank with a volume capacity of 250 Liters (See Figure 3). This aeration reactor is fitted with two aeration blowers,
which are providing fine (0 – 3 mm) and coarse (3 – 50 mm) aeration. The fine aeration maintains aerobic stable conditions; meanwhile, the coarse
aeration delivers the adequate mixing to avoid a possible vertical stratification into the system. The total air supplied per m3 of the tank is 3 m3/m3.d.
A DO6441/ T membrane probe measures the dissolved oxygen levels in the bioreactor and assist to control the airflow to the bioreactor.
In addition, pH has also been monitored into the reactor using a glass body pH probe (SP 8000 CD, Sensorex, Australia).
4.2.2 The Settling Tank
The settling tank is a tilted plate clarifier with a volume capacity of 800 Liters. Its structure has a diagonally modified bottom (See Figure 4). An
internal Return Activated Sludge (RAS) recirculation has being installed to facilitate the settleability of the Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS)
in the process. Moreover, it assist the prevention of growth bacteria on the sidewalls of the clarifier. In order to impart little mixing in the clarifier due
to the recirculation, a timer was installed and set to turn on the motor
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
43. The Effect Of Water On The Concentration Of Water
Water is a "polar" molecule, meaning that there is an uneven distribution of electron density. Water is a hydrogen bonding compound as it has a
partially negative charge near the oxygen atom due the unshared pairs of electrons and has a partially positive charge near the hydrogen atoms; it is
because of these "polar bonds" that contribute to water's many properties. Water is generally is referred to as a universal solvent because more
substances dissolve in water than any other chemical due to the polarity of its molecule. So where is the water?
Water is of great abundance on Earth; however of that abundance about 97% of it is practically unusable, undrinkableseawater. On average, seawater in
the world 's oceans has a salinity level ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without fresh water, the internal organs such as the brain start to shut down, if the cycle continues death will eventually occur as a result of drinking
too much water with a high salt content, this process is similar to plants, however it more so acts as a poison, killing the plant. However this salty
water can be made drinkable and usable through means of desalination methods in order to lower the salt content of the water and in return make it
safe to drink and safe for agricultural us (ie. irrigation). In order for water to be physically safe to be drinkable by humans or for use of irrigation etc.,
it must have a salt content of less than 0.05%. There are three main methods used for determining the salt content in water; Gravimetric (measuring
total dissolved solids), Conductivity (measuring conductivity of saltwater) and titration.
Gravimetric Method:
Gravimetric or total dissolved salts, is measured by evaporating a known volume of substance, then weighing the solid residue remaining, to
determine the salt concentration of the known substance. This Method is extremely accurate as all the salts (ie NaCl, NaBr, KI, etc.) can be
measured to a 10,000th of a gram making it a precise form of measuring salinity. However if the solution contains other solids such as sand, seaweed
etc. then the results may become skewed (however this problem can be easy avoided by finely filtering the solution before testing). The other downfall
to this method is that it
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
44. Essay On Effluent Discharge Requirements
3.0EFFLUENT DISCHARGE REQUIREMENTS
The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 specifies two standards for effluent discharge: Standard A for discharge upstream of any raw water intake,
and Standard B for discharge downstream of any raw water intake. The current Third Schedule of the Environmental Quality Act 1974, under the
Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations, 1979, regulations 8 (1), 8 (2) and 8 (3) has been revisited and the Department
of Environment has proposed 8th Schedule for the Act which stipulate effluent discharge limits for parameters specific to domestic wastewater. The
effluent discharge limits in 8th Schedule are summarised in Table 3.1. Therefore, allsewage treatment plants design shall ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Based on standard BOD measurement, the oxygen demand measured is usually influenced by the following three (3) phenomena:
I.Oxygen demand by breakdown of soluble carbonaceous matter.
II.Oxygen demand by breakdown of suspended particulate carbonaceous matter.
III.Oxygen demand by oxidation of ammonia to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria present in the effluent sample.
After undergoing biological treatment in the secondary reactor, residual soluble carbonaceous BOD matter present in the effluent reduces in
concentration to below 15 mg/L. Subsequently, nitrifying bacteria populations tend to grow rapidly feeding on ammonia which is present in the
partially treated sewage. Nitrification may not be complete at levels of 5 mg/l of residual soluble carbonaceous biodegradable matter. It depends on
whether sufficient oxygen is available for the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. Hence, all BOD5 measurements shall adopt nitrification inhibition step
to ensure that the carbonaceous oxygen demand is reflected accurately in the overall BOD measurement.
3.3HEAVY METALS (AAS) The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous
at low concentrations. In this experiment, copper (Cu) and ferum (Fe) were tested. In this context, copper is an essential substance to human life, but in
high doses it can cause anaemia, liver and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
45. Nitrate Test Lab Report
The Stream Team tested the nitrate levels, air temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and phosphate in the stream. The Nitrate test the
average of all the tests taken where .25 mg/L.The air temperature of the day the test was taken was 11.7 degrees Celsius. The dissolved oxygen
levels of the stream the day of testing were 5 mg/L.The average pH levels were 7.85. The turbidity of the stream the day we tested was 10 NTU.The
phosphate level for the was not available because all tests performed showed there was no phosphate in the stream. The stream tested was Cole Camp
Creek.Beginning at 0857.All of the tests were taken from circulating water.
Stream quality can be affected by many things. For example, phosphate limits plant growth in rivers and streams, and phosphate levels above 0.1 ppm
can result in algal blooms which causes eutrophication. Eutrophication is then natural aging process of bodies of and creates plant growth.However,the
plants die off more quickly than decompose, causing the dead plant matter to build up. This process usually takes thousands of years. (Mr.Brian Oram)
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Algae and other plants use nitrate as a food source. With lots of nitrate the algae has unlimited sources of food and can grow is unchecked which can
be a bad thing. Large amounts of algae can cause fluctuations in dissolved oxygen during streams.Photosynthesis by algae can generate lots of oxygen
in the day, but at night dissolved oxygen levels can drop down very low and cause oxygen consuming bacteria to feed on dead or decaying algae and
plants.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...