Pollution means the process of making soil, water and air dirty. According to Odum, water is saidto be polluted when it is changed in its quality or composition directly or indirectly as a result of waste disposal and other human activities so that it becomes harmful for domestic, industrial, agricultural , recreational and other purposes.

1. 1
Solapur education society
S E S POLYTECNIC , SOLAPUR
certificate
This is to certify that the following student
ROLL NO NAME
3307 Ajinkya .B. More
3311 Shridhar .V. Budharam
3316 Mahesh . A . Aldar
3306 Gopalkrishna .A.Yele
Of fifth semester of diploma in electronic and telecommunication of institute S.E.S
Polytecnic solapur (0095) have completed the micro project work on( house hold water
treatment ) satisfactorily under my supervision and guidence in subject ( 22447 ) in
Environmental Studies for the academic year 2020 – 2021 as prescribed in the above
curriculum
Prof. P.R. Nagansure prof. N.D.Kulkarni
(Sub. Teacher) ( HOD ) (Principal)

2. 2
Content
Sr no Content Page no
1) Certifiate 1
2) Pollution and cause of pollution 3
3) Types of pollution 4
4) householdwater treatment and 6
Applicabilty
5) Purpose and methods 7
6) household sand filter 8
7) Cloth filter 9
8) ceramic filter 10
9) biosand filter 11
10) membrane filter 12

3. 3
11) nanofilter 13
In India, all fourteen major rivers .including Ganga, Gomti, Kaveri, Damodar have been
polluted. Damodar is perhaps the most heavily.
polluted river. One litre of Damodar water contains as much as 900 milligram of iron and 27 mg
of lead, 32 mg of Zn and 1313 mg of Ni. Beside these heavy metals, very high levels of
sulphate, phosphate and nitrate were also found in water. Sulphate level ranging from 100 to
400 mg/1 was the highest recorded among the Indian river.
Pollution means the process of making soil, water and air dirty. According to Odum, water is
saidto be polluted when it is changed in its quality or composition directly or indirectly as a result
of waste disposal and other human activities so that it becomes harmful for domestic, industrial,
agricultural , recreational and other purposes.
Normally, water is never pure in a chemical sense. It contains impurities of various kinds both
dissolve and suspended. These comprises dissolved gases (CO2, NH3, and N2), dissolve
minerals (salts of
Ca, Mg, Na), suspended impurities (clay, silt, sand and mud) and microscopic organisms.
These are natural impurities derived from atmosphere and nearby area. But they are found in
such a low concentration that they do not pollute water normally rather their presence is
sometimes essential for maintaining potable
water and other useful properties of water. Polluted waters are turbid, sometimes smell bad and
are not suitable for the domestic activities.
They are generally harmful and disease like typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery and cholera spread
through
polluted water.
Causes of Water Pollution
Water pollution is mainly caused by:
(i) Natural process; (ii) Anthropogenic activities
i) Natural process in which decomposed vegetables, animals etc. are brought into main water
bodies.
All these processes are interdependent on each other and lead to the natural environment. e.g.
If organic waste or industrial effluent is added to the water it will not only influence chemical
characteristics but will also affect color, odour and biological properties of water
.
ii) Artificial process such as industrial, agricultural, domestic, radioactive, mining, thermal power
plants and
use of fertilizers and pesticides by man.
These pollutants are constantly getting added to water deteriorating it to such an extent that it
becomes unfit for the living communities.

4. 4
Types of Water Pollution
Water pollution can be classified mainly into four categories. These are
- Physical.
- Chemical.
- Bacteriological .
- Biological.
Sources of Water Pollution
The major sources of water pollution are:
1)Domestic waste.
2) Industrial waste.
3) Agricultural waste.
4) Heat i.e., thermal pollution.
1. Domestic Waste
It includes water, food waste, modern synthetic detergents which are used for cleaning and
washing purpose. It also includes human waste (excreta) and other waste which are released
and find their way into nearby water bodies.
2. Industrial Waste
Establishment of large number of industries like paper and pulp, textile, rubber, medicine and oil
has caused water pollution problems. These industries produce a large number of effluent and
are discharged into nearby rivers, ponds and streams without giving adequate treatment.
Waste from chemical industries contain heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb which are carcinogenic
in nature and toxic compounds like phenol, cyanide and ammonia. Most of these pollutants are
non-degradable
Therefore they accumulate in food chain as Fe and cause many harmful effects. e.g. Mercury
comes in water, in the effluent of paper and pulpindustry, which is harmful for aquatic life.
The waste from the textile industry are heavily loaded with organic and inorganic compounds
which cause depletion of O2 level in water bodies.
Sr no Name of river Source of water pollution
1 Yamuna in Delhi Indraprastha Thermal Power Station (Delhi) DDT factories,
sewage Chemical and tannery industries
2 Ganga at Kanpur Paper and pulp industry
3. Gomati at Lucknow Textile, chemical, paints, steel, rayon and oil industries
4. Hooghly at Calcutta Paper and pulp textile, tannaries and sewage
5. Kaveri at Tamilnadu Fly ash from thermal power station, steel industries
6. Damodar Fertilizer industries and sewage

5. 5
7. Godavari
3. Agricultural Waste
In order to increase yield of crops, a number of fertilizers which are extremely essential for the
plants and crop are applied but they have a harmful effect on human beings and animal life.
When excess of fertilizers are used they seep into ground through the surface water and find
their way in to nearby water bodies causing severe health hazards. These fertilizers, pesticides,
insecticides etc.,
When reach bodies causes pollution problem. Most common insecticides are DDT, BHC etc.
4. Heat i.e. Thermal Pollution
Industries like nuclear power plant and thermal power station use a large quantity of water for
cooling purposes. Thus water becomes heated. If such water is released into a nearby river or
lake it causes thermal pollution. This pollution has profound effect on aquatic ecosystem.
The warm water has less amount of oxygen but animals need more of it, as their metabolic rate
is higher. This lack of oxygen results in suffocation of many animals

6. 6
HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT
Globally, nearly two billion peopleuse either unimproveddrinking-water sourcesor
improved sourcesthat are faecally-contaminated. Over half a million
diarrhoealdeaths in low-and middle-incomecountriesareattributed to inadequate
drinking-water, and the vast majority of these deaths occur amongchildren under 5.
Household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) is an importantpublic health
intervention to improvethe quality of drinking-water and reducediarrhoealdisease,
particularly amongthose who rely on water from unimproved sources, and in some
cases, unsafeor unreliablepiped water supplies.
Further, safe drinking-water is an immediatepriority in most emergencies, and
HWTScan be an effective emergency responseintervention.
Applicability
Household-levelwater treatmentis appropriate when:
A relatively small amountof water is obtained from a well or spring and is collected
and transported by hand.
The sourceis contaminated and simpleprotective measurescan neither improve
water quality nor stop the contamination.
Community resourcesareinadequateto meet the cost of a simplecommunity
treatment system and makeit difficultto develop a centralisedtreatment system.
An emergency situation causes disruption of the serviceand contamination of the
water supply so that a long-term rapid solution is needed

7. 7
PURPOSE
The purposeof water treatment is to reduceor removeall contaminantsthat are
presentin the water and to improvewater quality so that it is completely safe to
drink. Water is unlikely to be completely free of contaminantsat the original source.
The typesof water treatment processesdepend on the characteristics of the raw
water (untreated water direct from its source)and required water quality standards.
Water treatment systemscan be categorized as small-scale water treatment, which
includescommunity and household treatmentmethods, or large-scale water
treatment that might be found in townsand cities .
METHODS
There are several differentmethods of small-scale water treatment that can be
employed at the household and community level.
Broadly speakingthese can be grouped either as Filtrationmethods, in which water
passes through a porousbarrier (filter) that traps tiny particles includingpathogenic
microorganismsand other impurities, and Disinfection methods, in which
contaminants are removed by the use of variouschemicals or by energy from the sun.
Filtration Methods
•Household sand filter
•Cloth filtration
•Ceramic filters
•Biosandfilter
•Membrane filters
•Nanofiltration

8. 8
•Ultrafiltration
Household sand filter
Household filters are an attractive option for household treatment because
these filters can usually be made from locally available and inexpensive
materials like clay pots or barrels. They are simple and easy to use.
The upper pot contains layers of sand and gravel. Water is poured in at the
top and, as it passes through the layers of sand, any particles within it are
filtered out. The thickness of the layers should be approximately 5 cm of
gravel, 5 cm of coarse sand and 10 cm of fine sand.
The bottom of the upper pot should be perforated (have tiny holes in it) so
the clean water can drip into the lower pot. The lower pot should have a
tap (faucet) to draw off the clean water easily. The sand and gravel should
be changed when the rate of filtration starts to slow; at minimum it should
be changed every two or three months.

9. 9
Cloth filtration/straining
Straining water is an important first step that, if done correctly, will
improve the effectiveness of all the HH water treatment methods.
Pouring muddy or dirty looking water through a piece of fine, clean cotton
cloth will often remove a certain amount of the suspended solids and
insect larvae contained in the water.
A cotton cloth works best and you should not be able to see through the
cloth. On the other hand, the cloth should not be so thick that it takes a
very long time to filter the water.
On the other hand, you can determinewhether the cloth is adequate by usingit to
filter the water. If the dirt does notpass through the cloth then it is workingcorrectly.
Straining alone is unlikely to make water from a contaminated sourcecompletely safe
to drink. Butit makeshousehold water treatment easier.
Washing the cloth between uses will makestraining more effective

10. 10
Ceramic filters
Ceramic filters are easy to use, relatively low cost and have a long life if the filter
remainsunbroken. They are good for reduction of bacteria and protozoabut lack
residualprotection so recontamination is possible.
They rely on the small poresize ofceramicmaterialtofilterdirt, debris, and bacteria
out of water
The majority of bacteria are removed mechanically through the filter’s very small
(0.6–3.0 microns)pores

11. 11
Biosandfilter
Biosandfilters differ from the other types of filter described above in that
they make use of biological activity as well the mechanical filtering of
particles.
The most widely used version of the biosandfilter is a concrete container
about one metrein height and filled with sand
The container is filled with water so the water level is above the sand
layer. The water allows a ‘bioactive’ layer to grow on top of the sand. This
bioactive layer consists of algae, plankton and other microscopic plant life
that helps reduce disease-causing organisms, particularly protozoa and
bacteria.
The biosandfilter is fairly easy to use, can be produced from locally
available materials, needs little maintenance and has a long life but it has a
high initial cost and is difficult to transport.

12. 12
It improves the look and taste of the water and is good for removing
protozoa but has a low rate of virus inactivation and does not remove
100% of bacteria so recontamination is possible.
Membrane filters
Membrane filters or “membranes” are microporous plastic films with
specific pore size ratings. Also known as screen, sieve or microporous
filters, membranes retain particles or microorganisms larger than their
pore size primarily by surface capture
Pores range from 0.1microns to 10 microns.
Note: Micron is another name for the micrometre–which is one millionth
of a metre, i.e. a thousandth of a millimetre.

13. 13
Nanofilter
Nanofiltration(NF) is a relatively recent membrane filtration process
used most often with low total dissolved solids water such as surface
water and fresh groundwater

14. 14