Fleming And His Amazing Discovery Of Penicillin

Fleming And His Amazing Discovery Of Penicillin
Fleming and His Amazing Discovery of Penicillin
BIOL 1010
Professor: James Cheetham
Student: Hyun Hong
100831589
October 6th, 2015
Biotechnology has a long history of helping human beings have a better quality of life. Over the
decades, numerous scientists have made substantial contributions to biotechnology. Among these
scientists, I think Alexander Fleming made the greatest contributions. In this paper, I will explain
how Alexander Fleming made significant contribution to biotechnology and how his contributions
have had a tremendous impact on our modern society. To explain these, this paper will specifically
focus on describing three main points. These three points are: first, Fleming discovered the world's
first antibiotic called penicillin and the use of this drug has saved millions of people's lives; second,
penicillin has led to the discovery and development of many other antibiotics which are used today
to effectively fight a large number of bacterial diseases; and third, the widespread use of penicillin
and other antibiotics have increased the average human life expectancy significantly. Alexander
Fleming has made contributions to advancement of biotechnology in several different ways. One
major way was through his discovery of penicillin. Throughout life, we as humans will deal with
many different types of bacterial infections. For instance, we may suffer from typhoid, cholera,
tetanus caused by Pathogenic (Dougan, 1994). Some of us may
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Penicillin Research Paper
The main discovery of penicillin was when the main production was moved to the united states in
1941, to protect from the bombs hurting England. The production highly increased because many
soldiers needed it for their wounds. This started an outbreak of laboratories, universities, and drug
companies to elaborate on the newly found drug. Creating penicillin affects of usage, and how the
mass production started.
Penicillin was accidently found when Alexander Fleming left for vacation one day in September of
1928, he left a mess in his lab. When he returned he noticed that every dish he had left out in the
open was covered in mold. He examined the dishes closely to see if any hadn't been contaminated.
He found one dish that was full of chock ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Escherichia coli were incubated in penicillin for 30 minutes. The bacteria can get longer, but can't
divide. After a while, the weak cell wall will rupture. Penicillin V is an antibiotic that's in the
penicillin group. It fights bacteria in the human body. It fights many infections caused by bacteria,
such as ear infections.
The war led to mass production of penicillin. Many soldiers needed the medicine to help fight their
wounds from fighting. Albert Elder wrote to manufacturing companies, "You are urged to impress
upon every worker in your plant that penicillin produced today will be saving the life of someone in
a few days or curing the disease of someone now incapacitated." As the demands reached the public
the "miracle drug" began to become more public and more of a demand. The production of the drug
in the United States jumped from 21 billion in 1943, to 1,663 billion in 1944, and to more than 6.8
trillion in 1945. Penicillin is now a drug that saves lives every day or stops the bacteria from
continuing. Penicillin was the first =–generated antibiotic. Penicillium notum is naturally produced
by mold. This later developed into a successful as a powerful therapeutic weapon by Howard Florey
and Ernst Chain. Penicillin is now a drug that can be prescribed by a local doctor. The findings of
penicillin was truly an accidental

Preparation of Penicillin
IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Process Description
The classical penicillin production process is an aerobic fermentation in fed batch fermenters made
with some Penicillium strains, usually Penicillium chrysogenum (Nielson, 1997) that transforms
substrates rich in carbohydrates into penicillin. As with other antibiotic production processes (Cunha
et al., 2002), the penicillin process operated at antibiotics involves four stages. The incubation of the
culture strain provides the seed that grows in seed fermenters until a stage of maturity is reached.
Then, the seed is transferred to a final–stage fermenter. These fermenters are operated in fed–batch
mode under standard conditions in order to optimize the synthesis of penicillin. After ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A moisture level of 23± 1% is suitable for 100 gm rice flask. The amount of water to be added is
calculated as under 23% –x% = Z ml
Water to be added to the flask=Y+Z ml to compensate water loss.
Amount of inoculum taken = 2ml
Total volume of water required = Y+Z – 2ml
To be added/flask = C ml
Average valve of 'C 'for the entire flask is considered as the water to be added per flask.
Inoculum of colony on rice
Selected colonies are picked one by one from LCSA plate separately into a pre–sterilized tube
containing 1– 2 ml sterile water. Macerate the colony by pre–sterilized 5ml pipette in the side walls
of the tube without touching the bottom of the test tube. The above suspension is inoculated as each
colony into rice flask; mix gently so that the spore suspension is uniformly distributed over the rice
grains. Cover the flask with plug with sterilized gauze. Incubate for 13 days in thermostatic chamber
at 25ºc± 2 ºc and RH 6±5%
Shake each flask on 3rd, 6th, 9th day of incubation so as to facilitate re–absorption of the moisture

from the inner walls of the flask.
Harvesting of rice
Prepare 0.05% of Tween–60, 200 ml per flask the 12th day of incubation. On the 13th day observe
each flask for any abnormal growth and contaminants. Pore aseptically 200 ml of sterile 0.05%
Tween–60 solution in each flask. Shake each flask

Anne Penicillin
In a confining hospital bed back in March 1942 at New Haven Hospital, thirty–three year old Anne
Miller was at the brink of death. A delirious, semi–conscious woman with a 107 degree fever
suffering from streptococcal infection, there seemed to be no hope for her. Her desperate doctors
tried and failed every possible treatment they could think of from sulfa drugs to blood transfusions
to surgery. There was one scrap of possibility left for the survival of Anne. Her doctor coincidentally
had a different patient who was friends with an Australian pathologist working on developing an
experimental drug that could possibly ward off infections such as these. Rushed in from a lab in
New Jersey, the experimental drug was immediately injected into Anne ... Show more content on
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Possible solutions for resistance in the future are to find new antibiotics in niches besides soil, such
as the marine environment as globalization and deforestation make new soil discoveries harder each
day. Educating people about resistance to prevent misuse is important as well because not
everybody knows about the growing resistance problem. If people know about the resistance
problem, proper use of antibiotics would increase. Antibiotics today are easily accessible without
the need of prescription in most cases, leading to the wrong self–diagnosis based on observation
instead of actual tests. Creating more regulations to ensure prescriptions and correct diagnosis will
help with the misuse of antibiotics. Stopping their use as growth hormones in agriculture will also
help because the antibiotics from the plants and animals are able to unnecessarily get into a person's
body, which promotes more antibiotic resistance since the dosages are not consistent. As the
antibiotics pass through the livestock and people, they contaminate the water system. The antibiotic
resistance today does not necessarily mean the end of antibiotics as long as

Derived from the Penicillium mold, penicillin has become one of greatest medical discovery of all
time. Penicillin is used worldwide for so many medical issues, whether it be for allergies or helping
people who are wounded. Back in World War II, penicillin was discovered which saved hundreds of
lives. Alexander Flemming and Howard Florey are two scientistswho have helped discover
penicillin and its medical properties.
One person that has helped make penicillin a widely used medicine today is Alexander Flemming.
Alexander Flemming went on vacation, but when he came back, he found mold on every dish that
was left open in his laboratory. Flemming examined each dish but found one in particular that stood
out. The staphylococci culture dish had a yellow– green tuft of mold with a ring around it. In "The
History of Penicillin", it states," Curious, Alexander Flemming grew the mold in a pure culture and
found that it produced a substance that killed a number of disease– ... Show more content on
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In 1939, Howard Florey started to do intensive research on penicillin, and was one of the first
people to demonstrate how penicillin could kill widely spread diseases. With the raging war going
on in Germany, industrial and government resources decreased dramatically. Not producing enough
quantities of penicillin, the British scientists turned to America for help. The group of British
scientist were quickly turned to the Peoria Lab where, luckily, they were already working on
strategies to increase to growth rate of fungal culture. In the passage, "The History of Penicillin", it
states, " One July 9, 1941, Howard Florey and Norman Heatly, Oxford University Scientists came to
the U.S. with a small but valuable package containing a small amount of penicillin to begin work."
With the large amounts of penicillin made from U.S. and British scientists, plus Florey, many lives
were saved on the war front of World War

How Did Fleming Discovered Penicillin
Penicillin is an antibiotic medicine used to treat harmful bacteria and infections inside and outside
of your body. Alexander Fleming, a bacteriologist, discovered it in the early 1900s. As stated by
Brittany Connors on page 125 of "The Discovery of Penicillin: The True Story", "Fleming often
admitted that he discovered Penicillin by accident, and that all of the work was done by nature."
Although the finding of this cure may have been an accident, it's use case has helped save many
lives and keep many from sickness. There were numerous events that led to the discovery and
development of this treatment such as Fleming's messy laboratory, Florey's realization of the
medical potential of Penicillin, and Moyer's success in raising the production yield. Many can argue
that having a messy laboratory or office is a bad thing, however, it is believed to be the reason why
Fleming discovered Penicillin in the first place. As Jesse Lane stated in "Not–So–Dumb Luck",
"When bacteriologist Alexander Fleming left for vacation one day in September of 1928, he left a
mess in his laboratory." Fleming left petri dishes out in the open, and after some experimentation, he
found one with a ring that was bacteria free and contained the rare mold, Penicillium notatum,
which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In November, 1941, Andrew Moyer had succeeded in increasing the yield of Penicillin produced by
ten times. "As production was increased, the price dropped from nearly priceless in 1940, to $20 per
dose in July 1943, to $0.55 per dose in 1946" (Bellis). Since the supply was increased, the demand
was met and there was more than what was needed. This in turn, drove the price down, making the
medication available to people with the lowest income. The development of Penicillin in its later
stages released the much–needed drug to the masses at an affordable

Penicillin is an antibiotic grown from a rare form of mold that is used to fight bacteria in the human
body. It is an extremely helpful medicine, but humans did not always know about penicillin, and it
took many scientist's work, such as Alexander Fleming, howard Florey, and Andrew Morer to
perfect the growth and use of penicillin, making it a widely available form of medicine. Penicillin
was first discovered By Alexander Fleming in September of 1928. In the article "Not–so–dumb
Luck" Jessica Lane explains "When he peered into the dish, Fleming saw a ring around the mold.
After some experimentation, he found that the ring was bacteria–free, and that the mold was a rare
spore called penicillium notatum." Alexander Fleming had just found the

How Penicillin Changed The World
Discovery of Penicillin
Have you ever wondered how the discovery of penicillin changed the world for the better. Penicillin
has changed the world in a positive effect helping the world cure some diseases and illnesses that
people have a hard time living with. Some diseases that penicillin cures is :strep throat, scarlet fever,
diphtheria, syphilis,gonorrhea, meningitis, tonsillitis, rheumatic fever and many more diseases are
cured by this fantastic discovery of medicine. The founder of penicillin is Alexander Fleming and he
founded it during world war two but the year was 1941. Alexander Fleming was a doctor and a
bacteriologist. During world war 1 Fleming served in the Royal Army Medical Fields as a
bacteriologist to study and treat

Penicillin : A Class Of Drugs
Content
Antibiotics
Introduction
Discovery
Structure
Mechanism of action
Class of drug
Medical use
Adverse effect
Antibiotics:
 Antibiotics is the chemical substances which derived from living organisms that are capable to
inhibit or kill the other living organism's life process.
 The first antibiotics were isolated from microorganisms but some are now obtained from higher
plants and animals.
 Over 3,000 antibiotics have been identified but only a few dozen are used in medicine.
 Antibiotics are the most widely prescribed class of drugs comprising 12% of the prescriptions in
the United States.
 A common scheme of classifications for antibiotics is drawn below:
Introduction of penicillin:
 Penicillin are a class of beta–lactam antibiotics.
 Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered from the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928 by
Alexander Fleming at St. Mary's Hospital in London, England.
 The structure of penicillin is a nucleus consisting of a beta–lactam ring (4 membered cyclic
amide) and a side chain. The beta–lactam ring is necessary for antibacterial activity, and the side
chain determines the antibacterial spectrum and pharmacologic properties.

 Beta–lactamases (also called penicillinases) are enzymes that deactivate penicillin by destroying
the beta–lactam ring by hydrolysis. Beta–lactamases allow bacteria to be resistant to penicillin.
 Various penicillin differ mainly by the structure of the side chain.
 In addition to their

The Discovery of Penicillin
Today we often take for granted just going to the doctor and getting medicine to fix any illness we
may have or pain that we are feeling. There hasn't always been the privileges that we have today,
back in the 1800's and early 1900's it wasn't uncommon for people and children to die from just a
minor scratch, pinpricks, scarlet fever, or any minor diseases. Hospitals were full of people with
infections spiraling out of control, but there wasn't anything available for them. Our soldiers
fighting for our freedom were destined to perish due to gangrene and amputations from battle
wounds, the conditions were unsanitary and the simple dose of an antibiotic was unheard of. It is
hard for our civilization to appreciate the medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the introduction of penicillin during World War II the majority of our soldiers were able to
return home to their families as healthy as they were before they left. World War II was the
mightiest struggle mankind has ever seen. It killed more people, cost more money, damaged more
property, affected more people, and caused more changes in nearly every country than any other
war. Some researchers say that penicillin was the key top–secret weapon that helped the allies win
World War II. At the end of World War II the medical advancements that had been discovered were
then made available to the rest of civilization (Medicine and World War II). "If any good can be said
to come of war, then the Second World War must go on record as assisting and accelerating one of
the greatest blessings that the 20th Century has conferred on Man – the huge advances in medical
knowledge and surgical techniques. War, by producing so many and such appalling casualties, and
by creating such widespread conditions in which disease can flourish, confronted the medical
profession with an enormous challenge – and the doctors of the world rose to the challenge of the
last war magnificently,"– Brian Ford (Medicine and World War Two). With World War II at an end
we have now began a whole new war. The war of "bugs vs.

How Did Penicillin Changed The World
Acacia Dairsow Page one
P.5
The Amazing Discovery of Penicillin and Antibiotics!
Antibiotics have been around for years, but at the same time only for a short period, as in
about 80 years ago
Therefore penicillin and antibiotics are one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century
Seeing as how Penicillin is one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century, it is now
commonly used to cure "common" or "simple" infections, Alexander Fleming was the one to
discover Penicillin and its uses, and Penicillin was actually discovered by accident.
I've used a variety of sources to learn and study about one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This all leads up to how antibiotics changed the world, even something as simple as a
"common cold".
A Common Cold
created future antibiotics– This leads into how bacteria was now able to be killed. But
with Penicillin as the first antibiotic it made room for more studies and the ability to make more
cures for infections or diseases
In the year of 1928, the famous accidental experiment was made. Mr. Fleming had found a liter
Page 3
dish from an earlier experiment thought it was garbage, more closely observed it and found that

one of the molds was actually killing the bacteria. He could tell because their nothing growing
around it like the rest of the dish. This was essential because by presenting his findings, when it
was later recognized as "important" or "useful", doctors had found a way to help kill bacteria.
Which was also a big part of World War Two and the amount of soldiers that had lasted because
they didn't die due to open wounds.
Penicillin was a big part of medicine. It also changed how it was practiced. 80 years ago we had
no antibiotics. So if you're exposed to a virus, infection, etc. you just ended up dying. So when
doctors and nurses found a more efficient way to "cure" their patients they started to

Alexander Fleming And Penicillin
How would it feel to save a life? How would it feel to save a few? Imagine saving millions.
Alexander Fleming knew that all too well. Although his name should sound familiar, most people
know very little about him, if anything at all. Just as discoveries can lead to inventions, inventions
can sometimes lead to discoveries. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. Prior to his
discovery, patients with infections or trivial injuries often died. A doctor would have to watch, wait,
and hope that a patient's immune system would be strong enough to fight and heal. Throughout
history, inventions and discoveries have been made to change or save lives, but most are not
discovered by accident. His entry into the world was on August 6, 1881 on an 800 acre farm in a
remote, rural part of Scotland. He was the seventh of eight children enjoying a happy childhood and
loving the outdoors (Ho, 1999). For the most part, he was shy, quiet, modest, and silent, except
among loved ones and friends. Indeed he was quite charming and gentle, but by all means, he didn't
like too much attention drawn to himself. Because of his superb education, he received a scholarship
and attended the University of London (Brown, 2004). Alexander Fleming always had a dream of
being a surgeon, and after receiving money from an uncle who had passed, his older brother who
was already an MD advised and recommended medical school. Fleming did just that. In fact, his
entrance exams

Penicillin Against Gram-Bad Bacteria
Penicillin was discovered by accident in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. After leaving bacteria
containing Petri dishes in a lab over a weekend they became contaminated with mould. Alexander
Fleming realised that the bacteria calls around the mould were dying. It was through further testing
that he realised the mould was creating a substance that destroyed bacteria, which he later called
Penicillin.
Structure of Penicillin
Penicillin G is a naturally occurring penicillin that works against gram–positive bacteria but is less
effective on gram–negative bacteria. There are other chemically modified penicillin that are more
effective against gram–negative bacteria. Penicillin is a beta–lactam antibiotic, and has three
structural requirements. There

Penicillin Vs Antiseptics
There are many ways to compare and contrast hand sanitizers and penicillin. Antiseptics and
Penicillin which is an antibiotic both have a common intention, which is to kill bacteria. However
while both of them are similar and may have a similar foundation which is to kill bacteria and living
pathogen, they are also very different in their own ways. To begin, antiseptics such as hand
sanitizers which are what have been observed during this lab, are mainly used for external purposes
like our skin and external tissue, or any openings that have occurred due to cuts. An example is how
we apply hand sanitizer on our hands, we don't take it orally through our mouths. The substance is
also used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, and try to keep ourselves as
sanitized as we can. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They don't necessarily target certain bacteria and are mainly for daily usage or frequent use. For
example, penicillin needs to be prescribed by a doctor while hand sanitizers are used in our daily
lives mainly every day without a requirement of prescriptions. Also the ingredients in antiseptics are
different as they are applied on external skin and don't come in contact with any internal body part.
The active ingredient in antiseptics is usually a form of alcohol like ethyl alcohol. On the other
hand, penicillin is an antibiotic which are medical substances that are taken to destroy and inhibit
the bacterial growth inside the human body. They are used to cure the body of infections and
diseases that are caused by bacteria inside the body. It is not a preventative measure against bacterial
infections, but a treatment to stop the growth of bacteria and provide medical help. Penicillin being
an antibiotic is used internally and has the same function. It comes from the genus Penicillium and
the ingredient from which it is derived is

Bad Things About Penicillin
"Over 50,000,000 peoples lives have been saved by the drug penicillin" (Sim). Today Penicillin and
other antibiotics are crucial in the lives of people. One bad thing about penicillin is approximately
11.5% of the population is allergic to it so the diseases they receive that have to be healed by
penicillin or other antibiotics might not heal as fast or maybe even kill them. Another negative
aspect to Penicillin is it weakens the immune system(Cooper). Most of the body survives off of
friendly bacteria and if antibiotics kill bacteria in large numbers, then it kind of defeats the purpose.
Penicillin is used to treat many diseases and viruses that can be deadly if medicine was not applied,
and they are easily accessible. After the discovery and processing of Penicillin, it was often
described as the "Miracle Drug" and that is exactly what it was. Prior to the foundation of Penicillin,
death was very common due to diseases that we think are no ... Show more content on
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One researcher he hired soon after his arrival was Ernst Chain(Pbs 2). Ernst Chain became
interested in antibacterial chemicals. He started looking back at old articles written by Fleming
concerning Penicillin . The Oxford team, as Florey's researchers have become known(Pbs 2), began
experimenting with the penicillin mold. Penicillin mold naturally produces the antibiotic Penicillin.
Scientists learned to grow Penicillin mold in deep fermentation tanks by adding a kind of sugar and
other important ingredients. After enough grew scientists separated the penicillin product from the
mold. Finally it was purified and bottled and eventually used as an antibiotic. They took it one step
further than Fleming did, they did not just try it on a petri dish, but injected it in live mice. With
controlled experimentation, they found it cured mice with bacterial infections. They went on to try it
on a few human subjects and saw amazing

Staphylococcus Aureus : A Type Of Penicillin
Mitchell Okula
Methicillin–Resistant S. aureus
Introduction
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that infects of the skin of an animal that creates horrific pain
to the host. The name is broken down into three parts in Latin. "Staphyle" meaning "a bunch of
grapes", coccus which means "spherical bacterium" and aureus which best means "golden or gold–
colored." This name came about in Latin because when looked at under a microscope, the bacteria
are all clumped together like grapes on a vine and the color is gold. (Harper n.d.) This bacterium is
Gram–positive meaning that within the walls of the cell, peptidoglycan exceptionally thick.
(Bruckner 2012) (PHAC 2012) A different strain of this bacterium called MRSA (Methicillin–
Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a bigger problem because it is unaffected by a type of penicillin,
Methicillin. The first known sighting this particular resistant strain was first documented in 1961 by
British scientists in England. (NiAID NIH 2008) Penicillin is used to create antibiotics because it in
a way interferes with the cell wall of the strain and weakens it causing it to loose structure and die.
By a strain becoming resistant, it learns the make–up of the antibiotic to change itself for the best
chance of survival. (Tufts EDU 2014)
Methods
This experiment was done to better understand what types of antibiotics do well against the strain of
S. aureus, MRSA. The experiment consisted of various types of antibiotics to see if there would be
any

The Advent of Penicillin Essay
The Advent of Penicillin
The advent of penicillin forever changed the world of medicine at its discovery with its ability to
treat diseases, deadly at the time, that are now considered commonplace and easily treatable.
Penicillin was one of the greatest discoveries of the twentieth century, as antibiotics are one of the
most highly prescribed drugs in the world today. Although its discovery is often described as
serendipitous, the process by which it was cultivated was quite meticulous, and continued attention
has been paid to penicillin's further development. It is because penicillin and its derivatives have
played such a vital role in everyday medicine that it is such an important topic. Penicillin works by
virtue of its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this time, however, Fleming did meet with Howard Florey, who would later take on a vital
role in the development of penicillin. By the mid 1930s, the advent of sulfa–drugs essentially ended
all of Fleming's research on penicillin. However, during this time period, Howard Florey had begun
research on lysozymes, and took special interest in antibiotics in 1938 after reading Fleming's
original paper. Ernst Chain, working in Florey's lab, carried out many of the initial experiments in
lab mice, all highly successful in treating infections of streptococcus bacterium. Human tests soon
thereafter, also proved penicillin to be highly effective, even in cases in which sulfa–drugs had
failed. However, production of the drug was still a problem, and trials could not be conducted on a
large scale. By this time it was 1941, and although penicillin's benefits had proven, culture mediums
were still only yielding one part–per–million penicillin. With Word War II raging, and resources
becoming scarce, Florey negotiated with the Rockefeller Foundation of the United States to move
himself and a colleague to the United States in order for him to continue his research. This project
would gain added momentum when the United States entered the war, with the development of
penicillin becoming a war project. Shortly thereafter, it was determined that Fleming's original

Discovered completely by accident, Penicillin, one of the the world's best and first anti killing
bacteria saved thousands of lives during WWI and WWII thanks to its powerful ability to kill
infectious bacteria. It was discovered by a British man named Dr.Fleming in England,1928.
Penicillin was created by a complete accident by a man named Alexander Fleming. Alexander
Fleming left for vacation one day in September 1928, he was a doctor that normally left his lab a
mess with dishes scattered across the room. After returning from his trip he noticed "every dish was
covered in mold, he examined each dish closely to see if any had been contaminated." " The dish
that caught Fleming's eye was staphylococci culture–in other words, it was a chock

The History Of Penicillin
Everyone knows how useful penicillin is today in the modern age as an antibiotic. Some people
might even know about the story behind its discovery. What they don't know about is the long
history behind this medical discovery. They especially don't know about the hard work of several
scientists who brought the idea of penicillin to life. From the earliest discovery of penicillin in 1896
by Ernest Duchesne to the start of its mass production in 1948 and now the modern world of the
twenty–first century, it has come a long way. In fact, penicillin has risen from just a bit of
Penicillium mold and a mistaken discovery to the life–saving antibiotic agent it is today. In the year
of 1928, no one had a clue that history was changing right under their ... Show more content on
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Dr. Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and their peers at Oxford University had just begun research on
how to test penicillin's ability to kill bacteria. According to the text, "The History of Penicillin" it
says , "The British scientists could not produce the quantities of penicillin needed for clinical trials
on humans and turned to the United States for help." That means Florey was going to need help
because Britain's resources were running low due to the war. Their solution came in the form of the
Peoria Lab where scientists were already were working on a similar process. After several years,
their work finally paid off. Scientists finally made a small sample of penicillin they could test with,
The same text from above says, "Pumping air into deep vats containing corn steep liquor and the
addition of other key ingredients was shown to produce faster growth and larger amounts of
penicillin than the previous surface–growth method." This was one of the first methods scientists
used to mass produce penicillin. The hard work still wasn't over though. They still had to make mass
production of penicillin a lot better. Besides in reality, no one has actually mass produced a huge
amount yet which made penicillin very expensive, no one until Andrew J. Moyer at least. Based on
the article, "The History of Penicillin", it says, "By November 26, 1941, Andrew J. Moyer, the lab's
expert on the nutrition of molds, had succeeded, with the assistance of Dr. heatley, in increasing the
yields of penicillin 10 times." So penicillin was soon mass produced in 1943, saving thousands of
soldiers and reducing penicillin prices. The scientists responsible for this major discovery were soon
rewarded the Nobel Peace Prize and Moyer was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame according
to the article, "The Discovery of Penicillin" The History of Penicillin also says,"On May 25, 1948,
Andrew J. Moyer was

Penicillin Discovery Essay
The Discovery of Penicillin.
The discovery of Penicillin transformed the medicine world extremely. With the development of
penicillin infections that were life threatening and frequently fatal for example, pneumonia which
now could be purely treated with Penicillin.
The aim of the discovery of penicillin was to find a drug used to treat bacterial infections.
Alexander Fleming did not discover Penicillin in a way, but Alexander Fleming was the first person
to propose that the Penicillium mould must stash an antibacterial substance, and he was the first
person to focus on the dynamic substance which he later named Penicillin in 1928 and for the next
12 years , he continued to grow and distributed the first mould , put was not the first person ... Show
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Fleming died of a heart attack on March 11, 1955, in London.
This experiment has made a difference to society in the way that if Penicillin was not discovered
that the medical world would be years behind than it is at this time. For example, if penicillin was
not discovered organ transplant would be delayed or more dangerous. Scientist's has come to the
conclusion that if Penicillin had not been discovered medical stock would be far different and
limited in supply.
I chose this experiment because I was interested in the discovery of Penicillin because when it was
discovered it changed the life of so many humans and saved a lot of people's life. Penicillin was my
third choice in my experiment and which I had Small Pox as my first option, but I picked Penicillin
because after reading about it, I wanted to read more about this topic.
In Conclusion, Penicillin changed the world in the sense that you cannot imagine, without Penicillin
the world would be much different and not for a good kind. Alexander Fleming changed the world
and without him, the world we live in now would be

Penicillin Discovery
Penicillin was truly nothing more than just an accident. Penicillin became a widely used medicine in
many ways. Like many other things we have discovered Penicillin was an accident, that happened in
a man named Alexander Fleming's lab.
To begin, Penicillin became a widely used medicine for many reasons. One reason it became widely
used was because how it was discovered. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming. Alexander went
on a month long vacation, and came back to his lab cultures being covered in mold. One particular
culture looked different, he noticed that the mold on that culture killed all the bacteria in it.
Alexander did a bunch of experiments and discovered that the mold could kill bacteria and that
could benefit humans. According to the text "It seemed that as it had grown, the mold killed the
bacteria in the culture." This quote means that if the mold could kill the bacteria in the culture than it
could kill the bacteria in a human.
Another reason penicillin became widely used was because during ... Show more content on
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Moyer.
He was a lab expert on the nutrition of molds. Andrew with the help of Dr. Heatley, increased the
yields of penicillin 10 times. This caused the penicillin to be the most effective antibacterial drug to
date. According to the passage, it states that " Andrew J. Moyer, the labs expert on the nutrition of
molds, had succeeded, with the assistance of Dr. Heatley, in increasing the yields of penicillin 10
times." This quote explains how they helped the penicillin flourish even more.
In conclusion, penicillin became widely used in many ways. Some ways are, by the discovery of it,
by what it did to help people, and by how it became even better. Penicillin is a great thing that
helped save many people's lives. It also helped many doctors save their patients lives. Penicillin is
also a great reminder that everything happens for a reason and even mistakes can help you reach
your

Rediscovering Penicillin
Introduction Video: Hi I'm Jack, I'm Maithu, and I'm Pauline. Today, we are going to talk about the
history of antibiotics from past to present and our {...} [elaborate this is a note for Maithu]
Part 1: Alexander Fleming Alexander Fleming was born on August 6th 1881 in East Ayrshire,
Scotland. His parents were farmers and he was one of four children. He attended many different
schools including Louden Moor School, the Darvel School, Kilmarnock Academy, and the Regent
Street Polytechnic. Fleming entered the medical field in 1901. He studied at St. Mary's Hospital
Medical School at the University of London and finished school as the top medical student of his
graduating class. During World War I, Fleming served as a physician [elaborate for Maithu].
Part 2: Discovering Penicillin One September in 1928, Fleming returned to his laboratory and
noticed a culture of Staphylococcus aureus contaminated with mold. He saw that the colonies of
bacteria surrounding this mold had been destroyed. What he had just ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This opened a gateway to a new antibiotic era. Scientists began creating new drugs for different
diseases. Without Fleming, this new era might not have ever happened. However, there are problems
that come with this newfound discovery. With the drugs used so often, some scientists would think
could happen. Since the medicine is being used so often, the bacteria mutated and became immune
to some of the drugs back then. For example, Selman Watsman developed an antibiotic, called
streptomycin, which cured tuberculosis. Scientists thought that tuberculosis would never kill another
person ever again. But to their surprise and horror, the number of tuberculosis victims increased in
the 1800's. This happened because the bacteria became immune to the antibiotics used on them.
Luckily, Penicillin hasn't become immune, and won't be for a long

Medicine: The History Of Penicillin
Many things such as Velcro, Corn Flakes, and Potato chips are made to please people or make some
people's lives better but Penicillin was made not knowingly.
Penicillin is a medicine that can help reduce bacteria in wounds. In the article "The History of
Penicillin" it says that "penicillin was shown to be the most effective antibacterial agent to date."
Penicillin is very useful for many people. Penicillin is a very effective medicine and in the article
"Not–So–Dumb Luck" it states that "When a bacteriologist Alexander Fleming left for vacation one
day in September of 1928, he left a mess in his laboratory." When he came back all the dishes he left
out were covered in mold. One of Flemings dishes was covered in bacteria and a "Penicillin

Alexander Fleming And Penicillin : An Accidental Discovery
Alexander Fleming and Penicillin: An Accidental Discovery
The discovery of penicillin was a huge scientific advance which brought ourselves into the new era
of medicine, it completely broke down the difficulties of people being able to tackle disease with
just the strength of their own immune system.
Sir Alexander Fleming was a world–renowned bacteriologist who built a "permanent change to
infectious disease research and therapeutic medicine" (Bennet and Chung, 2001, p163). He did this
through discovering penicillin which shaped up to be a massive scientific breakthrough in the world
of antibiotics which also includes the devoted work of Florey and Chain. Before penicillin became
the world's first antibiotic to cure disease and save millions of lives, people only relied on the
natural defences of their immune system and common sheer luck to survive. Bacterial diseases were
highly infective and many were victimised to such natural disasters and most were eventually
defeated to their deaths.
Before the discovery of penicillin, a highly fatal disease called Subacute bacterial endocarditis
which had an almost 100% death rate, however, remarkable progress was made after penicillin was
discovered (Margene O. Faddis, 1947). "Mortality rates have been markedly reduced; patients are
sick for much shorter periods of time" (Margene O. Faddis, 1947, p32) therefore showing the
significance that penicillin has on people's lives. It shows the amount of lives that penicillin has
saved and

Alexander Fleming: The Discovery of Penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming changed the world of medicine not only in his days but also in the world
today. We have the medicines and antibiotics that we have today because of Alexander Fleming. His
discovery was much needed in the world and I hate to think where we would be in the medicine
world if he hadn't discovered penicillin. Alexander Fleming was born on August 6, 1881 in Darvel,
Ayrshire, Scotland. He was born on Lochfield Farm, which was his family's farm. Alex was the
seventh of eight children. He was the third child born to his father's second wife. With his
upbringing in Scotland, Alexander had much more appreciation of the natural world at a young age.
(Brown, 2013) Alexander started his schooling at Loudoun Moor. He moved from ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Brown, 2013) In 1915, Alexander married an irish nurse named Sarah Marion McElroy. In 1924,
Sarah and Alexander's first child was born. It was a son named Robert. Alexander's son would go on
to follow in his father's footsteps within the medical field. Alexander had a commission in the army
during World War 1. He was in the Royal Army Medical Corps, and he studied wound infections as
a bacteriologist. It was during his study of wound infections that he found that strong antiseptics did
more harm than healing on the wounds. He suggested that a mild saline solution would be better.
(Brown, 2013) When he returned back home from World War 1, he returned to St. Mary's and the
Inoculation Department. In 1921, while still working under Wright, Fleming discussed that
lysozyme, which is present in our body fluids, worked well as a mild antiseptic. This discovery of
lysozyme was the first of Fleming's many discoveries. His discovery of lysozyme led to a great
study and discovery on how the body fights off infections. The time came in 1946 where he was
finally was named the successor for Wright, and the Inoculation Department was then renamed
Wright–Fleming Institute. (Brown, 2013) Although Fleming sealed his place in history with the
discovery of lysozyme, it was his discover of Penicillin in 1928 that started the revolution of
antibiotics and sealed his lasting reputation within the medical world. In 1945, Fleming was
recognized for his achievements and he

Why Is Penicillin Important
To begin with, penicillin is a medicine that help save lives. The medicine was one of the greatest
medical discoveries of all time. The way how penicillin works is that it kills off bacteria. The
medicine will continue to stop infectious diseases. In this case, the medicine was accidently
discovered by a bacteriologist named Alexander Fleming. So Fleming was on a one month vacation,
and he didn't keep a neat and clean lab. In the source "The Discovery of Penicillin" the article says
"it's possible that one of these mold spores would interact with one of the cultures." When the mold
grew, it seem that it has killed the bacteria in the culture. Later on Fleming wrote a paper on his
discoveries, and that the penicillin was the antibacterial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were working on it around World War II, they believe that the medicine had potential. They
wanted to find a way to use the medicine on humans to help reduce the bacteria infections in a
wound. When they did find a way, it mass–produced and used in the war. The medicine saved many
lives. The scientist Florey, Chain, and Fleming were awarded the Nobel Prize. Fleming was alone
credited with the penicillin discovery. Even though the discovery of penicillin was a simple
accident, but all the series of events that led up to being a very useful medicine.
Furthermore, a scientist named Andrew J. Moyer had succeeded in increasing the yields of penicillin
10 times, and with the help of Dr. Heatley. The penicillin production quickly went available to treat
the Allied soldiers wounded on D–Day. In the article "The History of Penicillin" it states, "the price
dropped from nearly priceless in 1940, to $20 per dose, in July 1943, to $0.55 per dose by 1946.
Because of their work, two members from the British groups were awarded the Nobel Prize, and
Andrew J. Moyer was inducted into the Inventors Hall of

Penicillin: The Development Of Antibacterial Infections
Antibiotic development is one of the modern marvels of medicine. This is the first external tool that
people have to fight against bacterial infections. The first drug developed was Penicillin. This
medication is so effective that it is still used today. From its structure, every other antibacterial drug
was developed. Today, there are hundreds of options available for treating infections. Unfortunately,
this has had significant ramifications on the development of resistance to these medications. As the
infections continue to learn and evolve, it is important that people educate themselves on what this
means and the impacts it has.
First, antibiotic resistance is the ability of infections to evolve. These new adaptations will
frequently allow an infection to withstand attacks from a drug it previously could not handle. When
physicians treat infections with drugs, the drug kills off all of the bacteria that cannot stand up to the
medication. Sometimes, a few bacteria remain that were able to combat the drug. These bacteria
continue to grow and reproduce. As a result, all of its offspring also have the DNA necessary to fight
off the medication. These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over the years, pharmaceutical companies have developed multiple medicines that all have the same
mechanism of action. This makes the treatments equivalent. Hospitals can prefer one drug over
another for no reason at all. Over the years, bacteria at different hospitals have become resistant to
different medications because these are the most popular medications in those locations. Hospitals
know that this problem exists. Hospitals are diligent about tracking the antibiotic resistance specific
to the common infections in their own hospital system. They publish guidelines for physicians
regularly. This helps to guide physicians in choosing medications that both treat the infection and
prevent the development of

Discovery Of Penicillin
Americans today tend to believe that penicillin, a well known medicine that kills bacteria, was
discovered by Alexander Fleming. Well they are partially correct because penicillin was first noticed
by Ernest Duchesne. The discovery of penicillin is very odd, but without it people can die. The
development and discovery of penicillin was started by an accident, then moved on to
experimentation, and after that scientist went on trying to make more quantities for clinical uses. To
begin with, the development and discovery of penicillin started with the notification of Ernest
Duchesne, but later on Alexander Fleming found out what penicillin does. The funny part is that
Fleming discovered penicillin by accident. One

Alexander Fleming Penicillin
Beyond the images of child labor and intense impoverishment that lingered around the 1920s, an era
of antibiotics emerged. Sir Alexander Fleming, a bacteriologist from London, created a medicine
that pioneered the path for growth in the medical field, penicillin. His discovery of the
revolutionizing drug was nothing more than by chance.
Fleming was a captain of the Royal Army Medical Corps, in addition to his medical background.
During his wartime experiences, when having to treat soldiers with terminal sepsis, it fueled his
desire to find any cure to this nuisance (unknowingly creating a drug that will save millions). Sir
Fleming's first encounter with the antibiotic occurred when, "returning from a vacation" (Grimsley
1). Ironic to the formality ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
saw the use of antibiotics skyrocket because of a catastrophic fire at the Cocoanut Grove Night Club
in Boston, Massachusetts. Its success with healing the infections of burn patients aided, "... the War
Production Board to underwrite major research..." efforts (Grimsley 1). With the War Production
Board sponsoring the exploration of penicillin, they wouldn't have discovered one major roadblock;
the ability to mass produce Penicillium, the mold in which penicillin is derived, would have never
been conquered. Because the current method was deemed, "...slow and inadequate," a single pound
would cost $45,000 (Grimsley 1). As roadblocks to penicillin's advancements became known,
research efforts became futile and, inevitably, the War Production Board withdrew their support in
favor for another medicine. Miraculously, scientists at the Peoria labs created an effective way to
grow Penicillium in mass, solving their dilemma. Called the "Deep Fermentation" method, it
consisted of large drums growing the Penicillium mold, which is constantly being, "agitated and
aerated" (Grimsley 2). Following its success in mass production, the military became one of its
major contributors. Pilot studies, an army field of education, "persuaded the U.S. Army to purchase
150 million units per weeks for hospital use," as a result, penicillin saw its usefulness in everyday
war, more notably, the Norway landing of June 1944 (Grimsley 2). It goes to show, with the ability
to mass produce penicillin, thousands were able to escape amputation or even

Production of Penicillin Through Fermentation
Abstract:
Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine. Antibiotics
cure disease by killing bacteria and keeping them from reproducing. Penicillin was the first
antibiotic, discovered accidentally from a mold culture. Presently, over 100 different antibiotics are
available in the market to cure minor discomforts as well as lifethreatening infections. Antibiotics
are very useful in a wide variety of infections, but they only treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics are
useless against viral infections (for example, the common cold) and fungal infections (such as
ringworm).
Introduction:
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin is a historically
significant drug ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two temperature optima connected with penicillin production. One, about 30oC, best for
mycelium–producing phase; the other, about 200C, best for penicillin producing phase.
2
The effect of cultivation conditions on the penicillin production can be summarized as: 1) The
maximum production amount of penicillin was achieved when cultivation temperature and pH were
kept at 22±2°C and 6.5, respectively. 2) The maximum production yield of penicillin for substrate
was obtainable when the concentration of lactose and that of cornsteep liquor in the basal medium
were adjusted at 60 kg/m3 and 30 kg/m3, respectively. 3) The rate of oxygen supply is critical for
the fermentation. Thus, the reactor must have an efficient oxygen supply system for optimum yield.
Transport Phenomena in Fermenter:
Mass Transfer is seen when there is mixing between two components of varying concentrations.
This is very important when we are attempting to grow aerobic microbes in media. When the
oxygen is bubbled through the fermenter tank, there is high concentrations of oxygen near the
bubbles but low concentration everywhere else in the tank. Since oxygen concentration is such a
vital component of aerobic metabolism, it is essential that there is good transfer of oxygen across
the gas/liquid interface. The Sparger delivers this oxygen. At low stirrer speeds, gas dispersion is
inadequate and the insufficient oxygen transfer rate is a limiting factor.

Penicillin
One of the greatest medical discoveries of all time was discovered on accident. But how did
penicillin become such a widely used medicine?
To begin with, penicillin was accidentally discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. As stated in,
"The discovery of penicillin: the true story," ..... Fleming had gone on a month long vacation, and
while away, a stray mold spore came through an open window and landed on one of the many
bacterial cultures Fleming had not put away before he left." The series of events leading to the
discovery were not all natural. Fleming had put the cultures in a tray of lysol to soak after succinctly
looking over. When a former lab member came to visit Fleming. He showed him some cultures and
noticed that one looked ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But they were certainly not the last. As stated in," The history of penicillin, " It was not until 1939
that Dr. Howard, a future nobel laureate, and three colleges at Oxford University began intensive
research and were able prove penicillins ability to kill infectious. " They helped to produce large
amounts when grown in deep vat, submerged conditions." In 1941, Andrew J. Moyer had
succeeded, in increasing the yields of penicillin ten times. In 1943 clinical trials were performed and
penicillin was shown to be the most effective antibacterial agent to date. On May 25, 1948 Moyer
was granted a patent for a method of mass production of penicillin..
Lastly, In 1938, Howard Florey and Ernst chain began to study penicillin. They believed there were
benefits to penicillin. As stated in the discovery of penicillin; the true story" They believed there
were medical potentials in penicillin.: The reason why they were interested in penicillin and how it
could be used on human is because, a drug was needed to reduce bacterial infections on soldiers.
When they found penicillin was safe to use on humans, it was mass produced, and saved many lives.
In conclusion, The discovery of penicillin changed modern medicine, It was a series of many events
that led to penicillin being widely used today as an effective medicine. Help and saving

The Events That Led To The Discovery Of Penicillin
Penicillin has saved at least two million lives. The events that led to penicillin becoming a widely
used medicine were, the accidental discoveries, the development, and the mass production. The
events that led to this miracle medicine are as important as the medicine itself.
To begin with, penicillin had two accidental discoveries. "Originally noticed by a French medical
student, Ernest Duchesne, in 1896" (Bellis 123). This means penicillin was noticed years before it
was actually discovered. Alexander Fleming re–discovered penicillin when "he observed that a plate
culture of Staphylococcus had been contaminated by a blue–green mold and that colonies of
bacteria adjacent to the mold were being dissolved" (Bellis 123). This is important because
penicillin was re–discovered and this time its medical potential was noticed. All in all, the accidental
discoveries by Duchesne and Fleming were monumental events that lead to penicillin becoming
widely used. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"In 1938, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain began to study penicillin" (Connors 126). This is
important because it means extensive research was being done to figure out a way for penicillin to
be applied on humans. "Part of the reason for their increased effort in discovering how penicillin
could be used on humans was that a drug was needed to reduce bacterial infections in soldiers'
wounds" (Connors 126). This means there was a need for the development of penicillin, this fact
probably motivated the scientists. In the end, without the development of penicillin, it could not
have become such a widely used

The Discovery Of Penicillin In The 1900s
The discovery of penicillin was one of the most important discoveries in the 1900s and marks a
turning point in human history. Penicillin was one of the world's first antibiotics which eventually
evolved into modern antibiotics that are used today; it has often been described as a miracle drug.
The discovery of penicillin meant that doctors finally could completely cure their patients of deadly
diseases. After World War I, many soldiers died from infected wounds because the antiseptics used,
killed the patients' immunological defences more than they killed the invading bacteria. Penicillin
kills bacteria by destroying the cell wall of the microorganism causing the cell to burst; it was very
effective in clearing bacteria without harming the

Penicillin is an antibiotic used today to prevent bacteria from reproducing. Since its discovery in
1928, it has been developed into several different types that are commonly used all around the
world. Events that led to the use of penicillin were an accidental discovery, but through extensive
research and testing, it has been developed and produced into a useful medicine to fight off bacteria.
A major event that leads to the use of penicillin today was its discovery, despite that was a total
accident. In 1928, scientist Alexander Fleming went on vacation and left his lab in a total mess.
When he returned from his trip, he noticed some odd things had occurred. The text states, "He
observed that a plate culture of Staphylococcus had been contaminated by a blue–green mold and
that the colonies of bacteria adjacent to the mold were being dissolved"(Bellis 123). Not realizing it
at first, but Fleming had just discovered that mold destroys bacteria. This rare substance was called
Penicillium notatum, but the effects that penicillin would have on the human body was unclear,
which prevented Fleming from doing any further development. Even though ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain believed there was medical potential in penicillin, and began to
study how this could be safely administered to humans. Brittany Connors states, "Part of the reason
for their increased effort in discovering how penicillin could be used on humans was that a drug was
needed to reduce bacterial infections in soldiers' wounds,"(126). If they succeeded in in perfecting
the use of penicillin, it could be used on humans and the results could be life–changing. After many
studies and clinical trials. "Penicillin was shown to be the most effective antibacterial agent to date,"
(Bellis 124). An antidote with this kind of ability to kill off bacteria would prove to be crucial in the
war and it would save many people's

Penicillin Lab Report
Introduction
The dawn of the antibiotic era began in 1920's with the discovery of Penicillin by Andrew Fleming.
Since that time countless millions of people have survived ailments that by modern medical practice
would be considered trivial. Point–in–fact 90% of all children suffering from meningitis died before
the implementation of antibiotics. Of the children who survived, many suffered from debilitating
conditions such as deafness or even mental retardation. Infections such as strep throat were often
fatal and even ear infections could spread to the brain with terrible consequences.
This golden age of antibiotics would however be accompanied by a dark counterpart. Although
Penicillin was discovered in the late 1920's, it would not be until ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Lee, 2013) Since that time only two truly novel classes (oxazolidinones in 2000 and cyclic
lipopeptides in 2003) of antibiotics have been introduced. With that being said there are still many
promising new treatments being studied in the clinic today that could potential lead to significant
advances in the treatment of infectious diseases. One such class uses enzymes to degrade the
extracellular polymeric substance of biofilms making the bacteria more vulnerable to antibiotics.
Another interesting development is the use of nanomaterials for the delivery of antibiotics. This
treatment has the potential to increase efficacy while minimizing the adverse effects associated with
some antibiotics. This is accomplished by controllable and uniform distribution to the target tissue,
improved solubility, sustained release, improved patient compliance, minimized side effects, and
enhanced cellular internalization. (Gopinath, 2013) Additional vaccines such as Prevnar 13®, which
protects against Pneumococcal pneumonia and other invasive diseases such as ear infections in
patients 6 weeks through the age of 17 and over the age of 50, can be quite helpful in the treatment
of infectious diseases. The vaccine elicits an immune response that protects the patient from
infection of the 13 separate strains of Streptococcus

Penicillin Essay
Penicillin was accidentally discovered at St. Mary's Hospital, London in 1929 by Dr. Alexander
Fleming. As test continued, Fleming began to realize that he was on the verge of a great discovery.
However, he still did not know the identity of the fungus, and had little knowledge of fungi. His
crude extracts could be diluted 1,000 times and still be effective in killing bacteria. After years of
working on penicillin and going nowhere, many of his co–workers grew tired of hearing about it.
The first real test for penicillin came when a 48–year–old police officer nicked himself shaving.
After a time, Alexander's face became infected and he developed a temperature. When he was
rushed to the hospital, the doctors believed that he had only hours ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Penicillin brought about the biggest search in medical history. It was reasoned that if there was one
antibiotic in nature, there must be many more, and there were.
If anything should be taken off of the Basic's List, it should be Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism
is simply survival of the fittest. This a simple view, and is not practiced much very often. Penicillin
on the other hand, has saved thousands, if not millions of lives, and started its own medical
revolution to seek for new cures to other things as well.
World War II turning points are much more important than penicillin. If there were not any breaks
for the American troops, then there would have been many more lives lost in the war than needed.
Possibly, there would be more lives lost in the fighting than saved by penicillin in its fist two
decades of public use.
Penicillin has helped save many lives throughout the years. It has cured things like strep throat,
which many people have had in their lives, syphilis, and gonorrhea. It also sparked a new wave of

The Evolution Of Penicillin
Much has changed since the discovery of penicillin in the mid–1900's. Scientists of today have a
better understanding of antibiotics in general than those of Fleming's time. Additionally, there have
been seven other major antibiotics introduced since the discovery of penicillin in 1928. Despite
these advances, we are currently facing a critical issue with all antibiotics–they are losing their
effectiveness. This is due to the evolution of bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics.
Consequently, there has been an increasing prevalence in the number of "superbugs" recently. A
superbug is simply a strain of bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotics. This is not to say that
these superbugs are resistant to all types of antibiotics, but

Pencillium Notatum: The Invention Of Penicillin
Penicillin, scientifically named Penicillium Notatum, is a antibiotic used for killing bacteria. It can
be used to cure scarlet fever, ear, skin and throat infections. It has come along way from where it
started in 1896. Penicillin has become so accessible today through the help of the doctors and
research associates who studied it. Dr. Alexander Fleming re–discovered the bacteria penicillin in
1928 at a hospital in London. Although it was first discovered by french medical student, Ernest
Duchesne in 1896, Fleming is credited for furthering the research. After coming home from a
vacation, he discovered a bacteria killer in one of his petri dishes. "He observed that a plate culture
of Staphylococcus had been contaminated by a blue–green mold and that colonies of bacteria
adjacent to the mold were being dissolved". Writes Mary Bellis in "The History of Penicillin".
Fleming had observed that an antibacterial had formed from his creation and was killing off some of
the Staphylococcus. In an article written by Brittany Connors, it was stated "Fleming wasn't known
for keeping a neat, or orderly lab, so it would not have been unusual for open cultures to be
scattered about his workspace." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Andrew J. Moyer continued the later development of penicillin by making it more affordable and
accessible. "In 1943, the required clinical trials were performed and penicillin was shown to be the
most effective antibacterial agent to date." (Bellis) Penicillin has become one of the most effective
antibacterial drugs in the US. During the WWII time we needed to ship these medicines to our
soldiers, and in high demand. As it was found more commonly and easier to make, the prices
dropped too. "As production was increased, the price dropped from nearly priceless in 1940, to $20
per dose in July 1943, to $0.55 per dose ny 1946" (Bellis). As the prices become cheaper, it was
more accessible than ever. People and hospitals came up with a cheaper better working option for
people's

The Discovery Of Penicillin In The Medical World
The Discovery of Penicillin The discovery of penicillin was a huge milestone for the medical world
and start of the antibiotic age. Penicillin was discovered by physician Alexander Fleming in 1928
and since then has been purified and used to treat many infectious diseases, saving millions of lives
(Jacobs). Though the purification took a very long time, penicillin proved to be very helpful in
treating common, but lethal infections (U.S. Library of Medicine). Since penicillin was discovered
just before WWII, it was able to save many lives during the war. Soon after the discovery of
penicillin, doctors referred to it as a "miracle drug" due to it's ability to stop rapidly growing
infections and save lives (NHS Choices).
Penicillin was discovered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first step of making penicillin is growing the penicillium mold (US National Library of
Medicine).. Scientists discovered shortly after the discovery of penicillin that they could easily grow
the mold using deep fermentation in huge tanks with sugar and a bunch of other chemicals (NHS).
After they grow the mold, they extract the penicillin from the mold, which can take awhile (US
National Library of Medicine). Lastly, they perform the hardest step, purifying the penicillin so that
it can be sent to hospitals (PBS).
Penicillin works to stop infections by a fairly simple, but also kind of confusing and hard to perform
procedure of destroying the bacteria's cell wall. It does this by activating an enzyme called
transpeptidase. As soon as the transpeptidase comes in contact with the cell it starts deconstruction
of the cell wall, which causes the organelles to become exposed and the cell to die. Penicillin
usually takes a few days to start completely deconstruct the cell wall and kill all of the other bacteria
cells, but as soon as it has broken down, the bacteria cell instantly dies (US National Library of
Medicine,

Fleming And His Amazing Discovery Of Penicillin

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