Cyathodium bryophyte: morphology, anatomy, reproduction etc.
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY.pptx
1. SRI PARAMAKALYANI
COLLEGE,
Reacredited with B grade with the CGPA of 2.71 in the second cycle of NAAC
Affiliated to Manonmaniyum Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli.
ALWARKURICHI-
627412
Post graduate & Research centre – Department of Microbiology
( government aided )
2nd SEM CORE: IMMUNOLOGY ( ZMBM22 )
UNIT – 1 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY
Submitted by,
VASIMA. A
REG. NO: 20211232516125
1st M.SC MICROBIOLOGY
Submitted to,
GUIDE: DR. S. VISHWANATHAN, PH.D.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR & HEAD
SPKC – ALWARKURICHI.
2. SYNOPSIS:
INTRODUCTION.
THE ORIGIN OF DISEASE.
VARIOLATION.
VACCINATION.
CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENTISTS.
FIRST VACCINE AGAINST FOWL CHOLERA.
DISCOVERIES.
REFERENCES.
3. Introduction to Immunology:
Immunology is a study of how the body
protect itself against infectious diseases
caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and also parasitic organisms.
Everyday our body comes in contact with
several pathogens. But only a few results into
disease. The reason is our body has the ability
to release antibodies against these pathogens
and protect the body against diseases.
4. INTRODUCTION:
The term ‘immune’ derives from the Latin word
immunis
immunis - exempt ( in Latin )
immunis - protection from disease ( in English )
5. SMALL POX: THE ORIGIN OF A DISEASE:
Smallpox was the deadly human disease which killed
thousands of people.
The eleventh century, the Chinese discovered, that
persons who survived an attack of small pox did not get
the disease a second time. Therefore they started the
practice of infecting young children with smallpox.
6. VARIOLATION:
Scabs from the pocks on the skin of an infected person
were either put into the nose of infants or rubbed on to
scratch on the skin. The technique is known as
variolation ( variola means smallpox in Latin )
Children who survived after the resulting disease
became resistant to smallpox. But many died as a
result of this crude practice.
The Chinese later discovered that when the smallpox
scabs were selected from mildly affected individuals
the effect of the disease was much milder.
9. Small pox Innoculation by Montangu:
The news of protecting children against smallpox
gradually spread to Central Asia and finally to
Turkey.
In 1718, Lady Mary Montangu, used this
technique ( variolation ) for her children and
succeeded.
As a result of inoculation, smallpox was far less
virulent in Turkey
11. VACCINATION:
In 1774, an English farmer named Benjamin Jestly, used
cowpox against smallpox.
He used dried scab material from cattle infected with
cowpox to variolate his children with a hope to protect
them.
Cowpox is a skin disease of cattle that is caused by virus
closely related to smallpoc virus. It also mildly affects the
humans.
12. Edward Jenner:
In 1798, Edward Jenner, a physician, learned about
the use of cowpox scabs from humans and decided
to investigate the matter further.
Jenner cunducted many experiments and concluded
that cowpox not only protected against smallpox but
also could be transmitted from one person to another
as a deliberate mechanism of protection.
Jenner’s technique of vaccination ( vacca means
cow in Latin ) rapidly replaced variolation.
13. Conti…
In May 1796, Edward Jenner found a young dairymaid,
Sarah Nelms, who had fresh cowpox lesions on her
hands and arms.
On May 14, 1796, using matter from Nelms' lesions, he
inoculated an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps.
Subsequently, the boy developed mild fever and
discomfort in the axillae.
Nine days after the procedure he felt cold and had lost
his appetite, but on the next day he was much better.
14. Conti…
In July 1796, Jenner inoculated the boy
again, this time with matter from a fresh
smallpox lesion. No disease developed, and
Jenner concluded that protection was
complete.
The hand of Sarah Nelms. Photo courtesy of
the National Library of Medicine.
16. LOUIS PATEUR:
Louis pasteur, the French chemist who lived in the 19th
century, is famous for developing fundamental scientific
concepts.
Pasteur is also recognized for his work on vaccines; he
was the first scientist to use live viruses in vaccinations.
Pasteur’s work in infectious diseases was momentous for
the development of the rabies and anthrox vaccines
specifically.
17. Pasteur’s Experiment:
While working with chikens, Pasteur left cultures of
fowl cholera in his laboratory and went on vacation.
When he came back, he inoculated the chickens with this
strain, and, miraculously, the chickens did not contract
cholera.
Pasteur then inoculated them with a live, fresh strain of
fowl cholera, and they still did not get sick. This was
when Pasteur realized that weakened strains of viruses
could immunize against a disease.
19. Vaccine against ANTHROX:
Once he established the general principles of vaccination,
Pasteur tried to apply it to other infectious diseases.
Pasteur then shifted his work focus to anthrax, which at
the time was affecting cattle.
In 1881, Pasteur performed a famous public experiment
in which he injected one group of animals with an
anthrax vaccine he had developed, and he did not
vaccinate his second, control group.
After a few weeks, both groups were injected with live
anthrax bacteria, and all the vaccinated animals survived.
20. Father Of Immunology
Thus he showed that the general principles
of vaccination.
Thus he can be applied to diseases even
other than smallpox and this approach
could be used to protect animals and
human beings against the infection.
Louis Pasteur can, therefore, be
considered as founder of the science of
immunology.
21. SIDE CHAIN REACTION(Antibodies):
In the final decade of the 19th century, Emil von Behring
and Shibasaburo Kitasato developed serum therapy for
the treatment of diphtheria and tetanus.
The contribution of the Berlin-based bacteriologist Paul
Ehrlich was vital for the production of high-quality anti-
diphtheria serum that could be used to passively vaccinate
humans against this deadly disease.
In 1897, Ehrlich proposed the side-chain model of
immunity to account for his experimental observations.
22. Conti…
During an infection, the side chains would bind to microbial
toxins instead of nutrients and would thereby block the
physiological functions of the side chains.
To compensate, the cell would produce more side chains;
these would be shed into the bloodstream, where they
would accumulate and act as antitoxins or 'antibodies',
protecting against subsequent exposures to the same
infection.
Ehrlich would later introduce the term 'receptor' to replace
'side chain'.
24. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION:
In 1894, Emile Roux showed that the patients suffering
from diptheria could be cured by an injection of serum
from the blood of hourse immunized against diptheria.( the
hourse serum thus contained antibodies of diptheria toxin ).
This method was tried for other diseases also but none had
succeeded in their attempts except against tetanus.
This technique is known as passive immunization, is still
and it used to protect against tetanus after they have
received a deep wound.
25. PHAGOCYTES & OPSONIZATION:
In 1882, Eli Metchinikoff demonstrated first in invertabrates and
later in mammals that certain cells could eat foreign materials.
He proposed that these cells which he called phagocytes ( eating
cell ) were the body’s main defence against invading
microorganisms.
This proposal upset lot of people and provoked violent
controversy.
The conflict was resolved only in 1904 when Almorth in
England and Joseph Denys in Belgium showed that antibodies
could coat bacteria and promote their destruction by phagocytes
This phenomenon is now called as ‘Opsonisation’.
26. ABO BLOOD GROUPING:
Karl Landsteiner was awarded a Nobal prize in
1930 fro his demonstration of blood groups, the
complex carbohydrates found on the surface of
red cells.
These molecules are important in Immunology
because they can stimulate a life threatening
immune response.
Landsteiner’s research eventually resulted in the
development of successful blood transfusion
procedure.
28. Awarded To Immunologist:
The history of immunology, since the beginning of
twentieth century, is complex but can be outlined by
summarizing the Nobal prize awarded to
Immunologist.
The first Nobal prize in medicine was awarded to
Emil von Behring in 1901 for his work on the
production of antibodies against toxins.
29. REFERENCE:
'A Textbook of Immunology & Immunotechnology’ ,
by Annadurai, Bdul Hakeem College, Vellore district.
Kaufmann SH. Immunology's foundation: the 100-year
anniversary of the nobel prize to paul ehrlich and elie
metchnikoff. Nat Immunol. (2008)
Stefan H. E. Kaufmann Department of Immunology,
Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin,
Germany.
