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Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, Seventh Edition
James F. Shackelford
CC512
Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering
Name of the Instructor : Taek Dong Lee (Professor Emeritus)
(이택동, 李宅東)
Tel: (Office) : 350-3390, (CP) : 019-449-7267 Office W1-1 Rm 2316
E-mail: tdlee@kaist.ac.kr
Main Textbook : Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers,
7th Edition, 2009
Pearson Prentice Hall
Evaluation Criteria : Mid term exam : 40%
Final exam : 40%
Home work : 10% (late; discount)
Quiz : 10%
Total : 100%
First lecture, Mar. 4th, 2014

Lecture Time Schedule :
Every Tuesdays and Thursdays
13:00 ~ 14:30 Room : 211 (E 11)
Teaching Assistance(s) :
Mr. Eun-Shin Sohn e-mail : sohnejgood@kaist.ac.kr
Lab. T.3380 : CP : 010-9210-1349
Mr. Byungil Lee e-mail : polaris89@kaist.ac.kr
Lab. T. 3380: CP : 010-9797-4182

Lecture Schedule for the Spring Semester, 2014
1st Week
Mar. 4, Ch. 1; Materials for Engineering
Mar. 6, Ch.2: Atomic Bonding
2nd Week
Mar. 11, Ch. 3; Crystalline Structure-Perfection
Mar. 13, Ch.3: Crystalline Structure-Perfection
3rd Week
Mar. 18, Ch 4; Crystal Defects and Noncrystalline Structure
Mar. 20, Ch 4; Crystal Defects and Noncrystalline Structure
4th Week
Mar.25, Ch.4; Crystal Defects and Noncrystalline Structure
Mar.27, Ch. 5; Diffusion
5th Week
April 1, Ch. 5; Diffusion
April 3, Ch .6; Mechanical Behavior
6th Week
April 8, Ch 6; Mechanical Behavior
April 10, Ch 6; Mechanical Behavior

7th Week
April 15 ,Ch 7; Thermal Behavior
April 17, Ch 8; Failure Analysis and Prevention
8th Week
April 22 or April 24 , Mid-term exam.
9th Week
April 29, Ch 9; Phase Diagrams-Equilibrium
Microstructural Development
May 1, Ch 9; Phase Diagrams-Equilibrium
Microstructural Development
10th Week
May 6, Holyday
May 8, Ch 10; Kinetics-Heat Treatment

11th Week
May 13, Ch 10; Kinetics-Heat Treatment
May 15, Ch 11; Structural- Metals,
Ceramics and Glasses
12th Week
May 20, Ch 12; Structural Materials - Polymers
May 22, Ch 12; Polymers, Composites
13th Week
May 27, Ch 12; Composites
May 29, Ch13; Electronic Materials
14th Week
Jun 3, Ch 13; Electronic Materials
Jun 5, Ch 13; Electronic Materials

15th Week
Jun 10, Ch 13; Insulators, Semiconductors
Jun 12, Ch 13; Semiconductors
?, Ch 14; Materials in Engineering Design
Environmental Degradation
16th Week ; Jun 17 or Jun 19: Final Exams

CC512
Introduction to
Materials Science and
Engineering
Lecture note is found at :
http://mse.kaist.ac.kr BBS → CC512

Introduction to the Course of Lecture :
This lecture aims to make non-materials scientists
know “what are the materials” and “how they can be
used” for scientific research and engineering
applications, on the basis of the introduction level.
Therefore, this lecture presents the structures and
properties of materials, their origins, and the way
they enter the engineering design.
To meet the aims, the lecture deals with physical
properties, mechanical characteristics, thermal
behavior, electrical, magnetic and optical response,
durability, processing, and the way it influences
properties, and environmental issues.

Chapter 1
Materials for Engineering
1.1 The Material World
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering
1.3 Six Materials That Changed Your World
1.4 Processing and Selecting Materials
1.5 Looking at Materials by Power of Ten

Materials we use define our social relationship and economic quality.
The materials of the earlier human were probably for tools and weapons.
In fact, the most popular way of naming the era of human civilization is
in terms of materials from which these tools and weapons were made.
The stone age : Starts from 2.5 million years ago. (Also, wood and animal fur)
The pottery age: Before 4,000BC,domestic vessels were made and glass
artifacts have been traced back to 4,000BC
The copper age : It is estimated between roughly 4,000BC ~ 3,000BC.
The bronze age : The period from 2,000BC to 1,000BC. Better quality of
tools and weapons with the alloy of Cu-Sn.
The iron age : The period from 1,000BC to 1BC. By 500BC, iron alloys
had largely replaced bronze for tool and weapon making
in Europe.
The plastic age : Not officially referred but from second half of the 20th century,
modern culture is supported by plastic.
The silicon age : Another name of the same period of the plastic age during
which silicon technology brought big revolution of computer.
1.1 The Materials World (Or human history in terms of the materials used)
See Fig. 1.1 in next slide.

Figure 1.1 The evolution of engineering materials with time. Note the highly nonlinear scale.
(From M. F. Ashby, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1999.)
WW II
Increasing demand of not only high quality
metallic alloys but non-metallic materials.

1.2 Materials Science and Engineering
The term of “Materials Science and Engineering” have been called in the
general branch engineering from 1960s, (in Korea from 1970s, KAIST).
Before this period, it was called Metallurgy or Metallurgical, and Ceramic
Engineering.
Because of the WW II and the space program, in addition to metals, the
MSE has grown to include contributions from many traditional fields
including metallurgy, ceramic engineering, polymer chemistry, solid
state physics and physical chemistry.
The word “science” covers the fundamentals of structure, classification,
and properties, introduced in Ch 2 ~ Ch. 10.
The word “materials” deals with five types of structural materials and
electronic materials (semiconductors), in Ch. 11 ~ Ch. 13.
The word “engineering” describes the key aspects of the selection of the
right materials for the right job, explained in Ch. 14.

1.3 Six Materials That Changed Our World
Six categories that encompass the materials
available to practicing engineers :
1). Metals (crystalline materials, metallic bonding)
2). Ceramics (crystalline materials, ionic bonding)
3). Glasses (mainly non-crystalline materials, ionic bond)
4). Polymers (non-crystalline materials, covalent bonding)
5). Composites (mixture of above materials)
6). Semiconductors (unique electrical conducting behavior)

Figure 1.2 The Golden Gate Bridge north of San
Francisco, California, is one of the most famous
and most beautiful examples of a steel bridge.
“Metals” give impressions
of “structural steels”.
Metallic Materials have :
1). High strength and formability
2). Ductility (plastic deformation)
Most of the bridges and
high rising buildings are
constructed with steels.
Golden Gate Bridge, connecting San Francisco and Martin County, opened
on May 27, 1937, as the longest suspension bridge of 2,737 meters.
➀. Introducing Metals
– steel bridges
Suspension bridge (현수교)

Figure 1.3 The Sundial Bridge in Redding, California is a modern masterpiece
of bridge design.
Another beautiful example of steel construction : the Redding Bride
is a 66 meter pedestrian walkway.

The length between towers :800m
World 5th longest cabled bridge (사장교)
Incheon Bridge (6 lanes) : Songdo – Incheon Int’l Airport
Total length : 21.38㎞, Length over the sea : 12.12㎞
주탑 높이는 63빌딩(249m)과
비슷한 230.5m
진도 7의 지진이나 초속 72m의 강풍에도 견딜 수 있고,
10만t급 배가 충돌해도 안전

Figure 1.4 Periodic table of the elements. Those elements that are inherently
metallic in nature are shown in color.
The shaded elements are inherently metallic and bases of the
various engineering alloys, from Fe, Al, Mg, Ti, Ni, Zn, Cu and etc.
(Si and Ge are not included in metallic group in this classification. Cf. see ceramics shown later.)
106-23=83
21/41

Figure 1.5 Some common ceramics for
traditional engineering applications. These
miscellaneous parts with characteristic
resistance to damage by high temperatures
and corrosive environments are used in a
variety of furnaces and chemical processing
systems.
➁. Introducing Ceramics :
(Lucalox lamp, See next slide, Fig 1.6)
Metal oxides, MxOy, are no longer
metals but called Ceramics.
Ceramics have the properties ;
➊. Chemically stable
➋. Very high melting point }refractory
Example : Al2O3 (alumina), Mpt. = 2020oC,
transparent, becomes translucent with impurity.
Can be used for engine in replace of metal?
Ceramics are eliminated from structural use
because of its severe brittleness.
➌. high strength but very brittle
Used in high temperature, corrosive
environments, various furnaces, chemical
processing systems.

Figure 1.6 High-temperature sodium vapor lamp made possible by use of a
translucent Al2O3 cylinder for containing the sodium vapor.
(Note that the Al2O3 cylinder is inside the exterior glass envelope.)
Lucalox lamps (GE trade name) :
High Pressure Sodium High Intensity Discharge Lamp for streetlights.
High pressure sodium lamps are quite efficient—about 100 lm/W —when
measured for photopic lighting conditions. They have been widely used for
outdoor lighting such as streetlights and security lighting. Understanding the
change in human color vision sensitivity from photopic to mesopic and scotopic
is essential for proper planning when designing lighting for roads.
(lm=lumen, for general electric lamps; 10 lm/W, for LED lamps; 100 lm/W)
Arc tube made of translucent alumina

Theory of operation
An amalgam of metallic sodium and mercury lies at the coolest part of the lamp
and provides the sodium and mercury vapor in which the arc is drawn.
The temperature of the amalgam is determined to a great extent by lamp power.
The higher the lamp power, the higher will be the amalgam temperature.
The higher the temperature of the amalgam, the higher will be the mercury and
sodium vapor pressures in the lamp. An increase in these metal pressures will
cause a decrease in the electrical resistance of the lamp.
Because of the extremely high chemical
activity of the high pressure sodium arc,
the arc tube is typically made of
translucent aluminium oxide. This
construction led General Electric to use
the tradename "Lucalox" for their line of
high-pressure sodium lamps.
Diagram of a high pressure sodium lamp.

Commercial ceramics are frequently made by heating (sintering)
crystalline powders to high temperatures until a relatively strong
and dense products are produced. Traditional ceramics made in this
way contains a substantial amount of residual porosity which
makes it opaque, low density and so low impact strength.
Reduction in porosity is very important to improve the quality of
ceramics and is achieved by adding a small amount of impurity (for
ex. 0.1% MgO, glass forming component) which makes high-
temperature densification process for the Al2O3 powder to make
dense product during sintering.
With this densification by impurity of MgO, the Al2O3 becomes
translucent which can be used for the high-temperature sodium
vapor lamp, shown in Figure 1.6.
Sintering of ceramics and its effects :

Figure 1.7 Periodic table with ceramic compounds indicated by a combination of one or more metallic elements (in
light color) with one or more nonmetallic elements (in dark color). Note that elements silicon (Si) and germanium
(Ge) are included with the metals in this figure but were not included in the periodic table shown in Figure 1.4. They
are included here because, in elemental form, Si and Ge behave as semiconductors (Figure 1.16). Elemental tin (Sn)
can be either a metal or a semiconductor, depending on its crystalline structure.
Ceramics are usually oxides. However, silicon nitride (Si3N4) is an important nonoxide ceramic
used in a variety of structural applications. Some ceramics are chemical compounds made up
of one of the five nonmetallic materials, C, N, O, P or S, shaded with dark blue color in figure
1.7. Very many variety of ceramic materials can be formed.
(C, N, P, S are forming none-oxide ceramics with metallic elements.)
(Now, Si and Ge are included as metallic elements in this classification, because they form ceramics.)
Nonmetallic ceramic forming elements
Metallic Elements

Figure 1.8 Schematic comparison of the
atomic-scale structure of (a) a ceramic
(crystalline) and (b) a glass (noncrystalline).
➂. Introducing Glasses – optical fibers
(Nonmetal atom : o, metal atom : ●)
Different from metals and ceramics,
glasses are noncrystalline materials.
See the figure shown below.
Crystalline ceramics Noncrystalline glass

Figure 1.9 Some common silicate
glasses for engineering applications.
(Transparent and chemically stale)
Glasses continued
The general term for noncrystalline
solids with composition comparable
to those of crystalline ceramics is
GLASS.
Most common glasses are silicates;
ordinary window glass is
approximately 72% silica (Si02) by
weight, with the balance of materials
being primarily sodium oxide (Na2O)
and calcium oxide (CaO).
Properties : transmit visible light as
well as ultraviolet and infrared
radiation, chemical inertness, and
brittleness.

Figure 1.10 The small cable on the right
contains 144 glass fibers and can carry
more than three times as many telephone
conversations as the traditional (and much
larger) copper-wire cable on the left.
Glasses continued
A major revolution in the field
of telecommunication has
occurred with the transition
from traditional metal cable to
optical glass fibers.
Alexander Graham Bell first tried to
transmit voice over a beam of light of
several hundreds meters after his
invention of the telephone.
Nearly a century later, large-scale
application could be possible by the
invention of the laser in 1960.
Nowadays, telephone conversations and any other form of digital data can be transmitted as
laser light pulses rather than as the electrical signals used in copper cables, Glass fibers are
excellent examples of PHOTONIC MATERIALS, in which signal transmission occurs by
photons rather than by the electrons of electronic materials.

Figure 1.11 Miscellaneous
internal parts of a parking meter
are made of an acetal polymer.
Engineered polymers are typically
inexpensive and are characterized
by ease of formation and
adequate structural properties.
④. Introducing Polymers
– Nylon parachutes
Polymers brought major impact of
modern engineering technology on
everyday life.
Plastics is an alternative name of polymers
because of their extensive formability during
fabrication, and they are synthetic (human-
made) materials which represent a special
branch of organic chemistry. Polymer is very
attractive with its lightweight and low-cost.
Some examples of inexpensive, functional
polymer products are shown in figure 1.11.
Polymers are long-chain molecules
composed of many (100s to 1,000s)
“mers” bonded together.

Figure 1.12 Periodic table with the elements associated with commercial
polymers in color.
Polymers continued
Small number of elements (6 elements) are involved for the formation of
commercial polymers and most of polymers are simply compounds of
hydrogen and carbon. Some other polymers contain oxygen (e.g., acrylics),
nitrogen (nylon), fluorine (fluoroplastics) and silicon (silicones).

Figure 1.13 Since its developm-
ent during W W II, nylon fabric
remains the most popular material
of choice for parachute designs.
Polymers continued
Nylon is a member of the family of synthetic
polymers known as polyamides invented in
1935 at the DuPont Co.
Nylon was the first commercially successful
polymer and was initially used as bristles in
toothbrushes (1938) followed by the highly
popular use as an alternative to silk
stockings (1940), and nylon became the
focus of an intensive effort during the early
stages of WWII to replace the diminishing
supply of Asian silk for parachutes and other
military supplies. (beginning of “INSTRON”)
Today nylon remains a popular fiber material,
but it is also widely used in solid form for
application such as gears and bearings.

Figure 1.14 Example of a
fiberglass composite
composed of microscopic-scale
reinforcing glass fibers in a
polymer matrix.
⑤. Introducing Composites - Kevlar - reinforced tires
Composites are another set of
materials made up of some
combination of individual materials
from the previous categories
materials with their own bonding
characteristics.
The excellent example is fiberglass, the
composite of glass fibers embedded in a
polymer matrix (Fig. 1.14).
Characteristic of good composites is
producing a product that is superior
to either of the components
separately that is it has both high
strength and excellent flexibility.

Figure 1.15 Kevlar reinforcement is a popular application in modern high-
performance tires. In this case, the durability of sidewall reinforcement
is tested along concrete ridges at a proving ground track.
Kevlar is a DuPont trade name for poly p-phenyleneterephthalamide (PPD-T), a
para-aramid fiber. Also, at the same time, substantial progress has been made in
developing new polymer matrices, such as PEEK and PPS which have the
advantages of increased toughness and recyclability. Therefore, Kevlar-reinforced
polymers to be composites are used in pressure vessels and tires. The strength-
to-weight ratio of Kevlar is five times higher than that of structural steels.
Kevlar fiber
reinforcements provide
significant advances
over traditional fibers
for polymer-matrix
composites.
Composites continued

Figure 1.16 Periodic table with the elemental semiconductors in dark color (Si,
Ge, Sn) and those elements that form semiconducting compounds in light color.
The semiconducting compounds are composed of pairs of elements from
columns III and V (e.g., GaAs) or from columns II and VI (e.g., CdS).
⑥. Introducing Semiconductors
– Silicon chips
A relatively small group of elements shaded in the above figure 1.16 and their compounds has an important
electrical property, semiconduction, in which they are neither good electrical conductors nor good insulators.
Instead, their ability to conduct electricity is intermediate. These materials are called semiconductors.
There are three semiconducting elements (Si, Ge, & Sn in IV A), which serve a
kind of boundary between metallic (II B, III A) and nonmetallic elements(V A, VI
A). Si and Ge are excellent examples of elemental semiconductors.

Figure 1.17 (a) Typical microcircuit containing a complex array of semiconducting regions. (Photograph courtesy of
Intel Corporation) (b) A microscopic cross section of a single circuit element in (a). The dark rectangular shape in the
middle of the micrograph is a metal component less than 50 nm wide. (Micrograph courtesy of Intel Corporation)
Fig (a) shows a combination of the
various semiconductors makes a set of
complex microcircuit and Fig (b) shows
one single circuit element in (a).

Figure 1.18 The modern integrated circuit fabrication laboratory represents the state of the art in materials processing.
(Courtesy of the College of Engineering, University of California, Davis.)
Clean room is required for elimination of any impurities.
Because semiconductors have to be high purity to perform
given characteristic properties.

Figure 1.19 Schematic
illustration of the integral
relationship among materials, the
processing of those materials, and
engineering design
1.4 Processing and Selecting Materials
Materials, Design and
Processing are strongly inter-
related.
For the successful selection of
materials, one has to
understand the relationships
among these three components.

1.5 Looking at Materials by Power of Ten
In this chapter, it is known that the principle in Materials Science and Engineering
is that “structure leads to properties”, that is, we explain the behavior of the
materials that we use in engineering design (on the human scale) by looking at
mechanisms that involve the structure of the materials on some fine scale.
Some mechanisms involve the structure of the materials at the atomic scale
(such as point defects ), the microscopic scale (such as dislocations), or the milli-
meter scale (such as structural flaws that cause catastrophic failure). In the past
decade, the significance of the nanoscale has become widely emphasized.
So, the appropriate range of “powers of ten” that will be discussed is ;
The human scale : 1 meter (structures)
The milliscale : 1 x 10-3 meter (structural flaws)
The microscale : 1 x 10-6 meter (dislocations)
The nanoscale : 1 x 10-9 meter (point defects)
The atomic scale : 1 x 10-10 meter (atoms)

The end of Ch. 1

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