Beginning of human civilization

1. B Y : M S M E E N A K S H I D H I M A N
A S S I S T A N T P R O F .
D E P A R T M E N T O F M I C R O B I O L O G Y
S I L B , S O L A N
History of India

2. INDIA
 The name INDIA is derived from INDUS, which originates
from the old Persian word HINDU.
 Hindu is taken from Sanskrit word SINDHU, which was the
historical local appellation for the INDUS river.
 The ancient GREEKS referred to the Indians as INDOI-The
People Of The Indus.
 The Name BHARAT-( recognized by the constitution of
India as an official name for the country) is a
modernisation of the historical name BHARATVARSHA.
 HINDUSTAN –(introduced to INDIA by the MUGHALS) is
a Persian name for INDIA.

3. History
 Word ‘history’ comes from the Greek historia
meaning “Inquiry, knowledge acquired by
investigation’’.
 History is divided into:
Pre-history:events occurring before the investigation of
writing.
Proto-history:written records are available but not
deciphered e.g.Harappan civilization.
History:Written and Archaeological sources are available.

4. Periods in History
 Ancient-60,000BC to 650AD
 Medieval-650AD to1500AD
 Modern-1500 to present

5. Ancient History
Events:
 Stone age
 Indus valley civilization
 Vedic Age
 The Mahajanapadas
 Buddhism and Jainism
 The Maurya Empire
 The Guptas and Vakatakas

6. Stone Age
Indian Stone Age:
 Palaeolithic (Old stone age)-5,00,000 to 10,000BCE
 Mesolithic (Middle Stone age)-10,000-6,000BCE
 Neolithic (New Stone Age)-6,000-1000BCE

7. Palaeolithic Age(Hunters and Gatherers)
 The Palaeolithic man lived in caves and rock shelters
 They were food gathering people
 Lived on hunting and food gathering
 Used tools of unpolished,rough stones
 Stone tools were made up of hard rock called Quartzite,so
Palaeolithic man are also called Quartzite man in India
 Tools were: Handaxes,cleavers,choppers,blades,scrapers
etc.
 Homo sapiens first appeared at the end of this phase.
 Nomadic

10. Palaeolithic sites in India
 Bhimbetka(MP)-Bhima Mujhe Pen de
 Belan Valley Mirzapur(UP)-Mirza Belan ke UPer
chad gyi
 Hiran Valley (Gujarat)-Hiran Yaha se Gujra
 Kurnool and
 Machchalta Chintamani Gavi(AP)-AaP Machi ki
Chinta kyu Kar rahe hai
 Hunsgi or Hunasagi(Karnataka)-Hun (ab) kya Karna

12. Bhimbetka
Belan Valley
Machchalta Chintamani gavi
Kurnool

13. Mesolithic Age
 Belong to Holocene era
 The Mesolithic man lived on hunting,fishing,food gathering
 Reduction in the size of tools
 The characteristic tools of this age were microliths
 Pottery is absent except langhanaj in Gujarat and Kaimur
region of Mirzapur (UP)
 Initiated Rock art(First at Sohagighat,UP)
 Discovered Fire
 Later stages,domestication of animals had started
 Bone tools were also used.
 Tools were made up of flint and were polished and sharp
 Nomadic

16. Sites
 Bhimbetka(MP)
 Begor (Rajasthan)-Raja bada hi Begarot tha
 Mahadaha (UP)-?
Wall paintings
Burials

17. Neolithic Age
 New stone age
 Advent of food production (grew fruits,corn and horse
gram)
 Domesticated dog, cattle,sheep and goats
 Polished stone tools were used
 Invention of pottery (first by hand then with potter’s
wheel)
 Emergence of self-sufficient village communities
 Division of labour based on age and sex
 Invention of wheel (late Neolithic in Mesopotamia)
 Megaliths

18. Neolithic sites
 Burzahom and Gufkral (J&K)-?
 Maski,Brahmagiri,Budihal (Karnataka)-?
 Paiyampalli in Tamil Nadu
 Utnur ( AP)-AaP Utr Nhi rahe ho
 Chirand (Bihar)-Charan Bi Har gya
 Mehrgarh (Pakistan)-earlist known site
 Bellan Valley (UP)
 Deojali Handing (Assam)-Asha mujhe Hand Deo
 Bhimbetka.

20. Megalith at Burzahom
Mehargarh
Gufkral

22. Megaliths
Burial Bhimbetka
Pottery

24. Chalcolithic age(Copper-Stone Age)
 c.3000-500BCE
 Use of metal along with stone
 The first metal to be used was copper
 Occasionally Bronze was also used
 Domesticated cows,sheep,goats,pigs,buffalos and hunted deer
 Domesticated animals were slaughtered for meat but not milked(still
continues among the Gond people of Bastar,Chhattisgarh)
 Grow wheat,rice,bajra,lentil,black gram,green gram,grass pea etc
 Practiced jhum cultivation
 Black and red pottery
 Houses were of mud bricks
 Worshiped Mother Goddess
 Manufactured beads of carnelian,steatite and quartz crystal
 They knew spinning and weaving

25. Gonds of Bastar

26. Sites
 Ahar and Gilund (Rajasthan)-?
 Daimabad (Gujarat)
 Chirand (Bihar)
 Kayatha,Malwa (MP)

30. Konark Sun Temple:
•Built in 13th century(about 1250CE)
•Situated on the coastline of Odisha
•Attributed to King NarasimhadevaI
Ganga dynasty

31. Hampi:
•UNESCO World Heritage Site
•Located in Karnataka
•Attributed to Vijayanagara Empire(14th
century)
•Housing Virupaksha temple(Shiva )

32. Mangalyaan:
•Launched on5 Nov 2013
•Operator is ISRO
•Lauched at Satish Dhawan
Space Centre,Sriharikota,AP

33. Red Fort:
Built-12 May1639-6 April,1648
Aechitect-Ustad Ahmed Lahori
Attributed to Shah Jahan
UNESCO World Heritage Site

34. Sanchi Stupa:
•Buddhist complex
•Located in MP
•Attributed to the Emperor
Ashoka
Construted in 3rd century BCE

35. Sagar Samrat Oil
Exploration Rig:
It is a drill ship,constructed in
1973(Japan)
Located in Bombay High
Owner is ONGC

36. Rani ki Vav-Gujarat
Stepwell,Constructed during
Chalukya dynasty in the
Memory of king Bhima.

37. MT Karol