This document discusses methods for exploration before, during, and after archaeological surveys and excavations. It describes traditional methods such as studying ancient literature, maps, village surveys, and surface studies. It also outlines scientific methods like aerial photography, satellite imagery, GPS, geophysical surveys using tools like probes, soil studies, metal detectors, electrical resistivity meters, and magnetometers. The document provides examples of how these various exploration methods can be used to identify and document sites and artifacts.