What is the relationship of the epithelium of the epidermis to the co.pdf

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What is the relationship of the epithelium of the epidermis to the connective tissues layers of the dermis? Describe the boundary between the epidermis and dermis and the various types of connective tissues that compose the dermis. Solution Epidermis is a type of epithelium tissue containing typically thin sheets of cells. Epidermis forms the outermost layer of the skin containing 4 to 5 layers of epithelial cells.The outermost part of the epidermis is comprises of flattened cells in stratified layers overlying on a basal layer (stratum basale) made up of columnar cells arranged perpendicularly. Beneath the epidermis lies the middle layer called dermis layer. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and areolar connective tissue such as a collagen with elastin arranged in bundled and woven pattern. This layer comprise of the papillary and reticular layers. Dermis contains connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots and sensory nerve endings. This superficial paillary layer of the dermis, made up of areolar connective tissue like collagen and elastin fibers in a loose mesh, projects itself into the stratum basale of the epidermis to form finger-like dermal papillae. The dermis layer also consists of blood and lymph vessels and nerves, which end in epidermal layer and also hair follicles and sweat glands which project out through epidermis. Thus dermis is the layer of the skin between the epidermic and the subcutaneous tissues, primarily composed of dense irregulat connective tissue. These connective tissue provides cushions to the body from stress.Its area adjoining the epidermis is called as papillary region and the deeper area is known as reticular dermis. Dermis is tightly connected to epidermis through a basement membrane. Papillary layercomprising of mainly collagen, intewines with the rete ridges of the epidermis. Reticular layer consists of irregular connective tissue fibers, densely packed collagen, elantin and reticular fibers. Structurally, dermis comprises of collagen, elastic fibers and fibrillar matrix. It also provides the sence of touch, heat etc..

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Integumentary system -The organs of the integumentary system include the skin and its accessory structures including hair, nails, and glands, as well as blood vessels, muscles and nerves. -Dermatology is the medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system. Structure Of The Skin The skin (cutaneous membrane) covers the body and is the largest organ of the body by surface area and weight. Its area is about 2 square meters (22 square feet) and weighs 4.5-5kg (10-11 lb), about 7% of body weight. It is 0.5 – 4 mm thick, thinnest on the eyelids, thickest on the heels, the average thickness is 1 – 2 mm. It consists of two major layers: Outer, thinner layer called the epidermis, consists of epithelial tissue. Inner, thicker layer called the dermis. Beneath the dermis is a subcutaneous layer (also called hypodermis) which attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs. 1. EPIDERMIS -Covers, protects and waterproofs. Contains five main layers: - Stratum Basale - Stratum Spinosum - Stratum Granulosum - Stratum lucidum - Stratum corneum The epidermis has a number of important characteristics: The epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. -It contains four major types of cells: Keratinocytes (90% of the cells): It produce keratin which is a tough fibrous protein that provides protection. -Melanocytes: which produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation. -Langerhans cells: involved in immune responses, arise from red bone marrow. -Merkel cells: which function in the sensation of touch along with the adjacent tactile discs. 2. DERMIS -It is a deeper layer of skin, composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers. -It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. -The epidermis is avascular and cells of this layer get their oxygen and nutrients from capillaries in the dermis. -The dermis can be divided into papillary layer and reticular layer. Hypodermis : - The hypodermis (also called the subcutaneous layer) is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. --Two types of glands are present in the skin over most of the body These are sweat glands and sebaceous glands. --Function Of Skin Protection: Sensation: Heat regulation: Storage and synthesis: Synthesis of vitamin D: Excretion and homeostasis: Secretion: Absorption: Water resistance: Colour : Healing of wounds: Aids in the diagnosis:

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