Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Tools in phylogeny
1. Submitted By- Neha kumari
Roll no.-CUHP18ZOO17
SUBMITTED TO
MISS EKTA
GULERIA
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY
OF HIMACHAL
PRADESH
2. WHAT IS PHYLOGENY
PHYLOGENY - It is the evolutionary
history of a taxonomic group of organisms.
It is closely related branch of science that make use of
phylogenetic tree diagrams to study evolutionary
history and relatedness among various group of
organisms is phylogenetics.
3. GOALS OF PHYLOGENY
GOAL- Relationship between species, populations,
individual organisms.
RESULT- Tree present as collection of nodes and
branches .
Branch length shows---- Evolutionary time.
4. Trees may be
1 )Bifurcating
2)Multifurcating
ON THE BASIS OF BRANCH LENGTH
Trees are of 3 types
1) Scaled tree
2)Additive tree
3)Unscaled tree
5. TOOLS FOR PHYLOGENETICS
DISTANCE BASED
a)Dnadist
b)Protdist
c)Fitch
d)Kitch
e)Neighbour
CHARACTER BASED
a)Dnamove
b)Protpars
6. Dnadist : is the phylip program for computing distances among DNA
distances.
Protdist: is the program for computing distances for protein distances.
Fitch: it estimates branch length assuming additivity of branch length
using FITCH MARGOLISH method .here molecular clock is not
assumed.
KITCH: In this method ,it is quite similar to fitch. But it assumes a
molecular clock.
Neighbour: it estimates the phylogeny using a neighbour joining or
UPGMA method.
7. METHODS TO BUILD A TREE
UPGMA
NEIGHBOUR JOINING
DISTANCE BASED
MAXIMUM PARSIMONEY
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHOD
8. METHOD
Choose a set of related sequence
Obtain multiple sequence alignment
Is there any sequence similarity
YES NO
Is there clearly
recognisable
sequence similarity
Maximum
parsimoney
Yes No
Distance based
method
Maximum
likelihood method
9. The main distance based method include the UPGMA (
Unweighted pair Group Method With Airthmatic Mean)
and Neighbour joining method (NJ)
Distnace based method method are used for the analysis of
large sequence.
These methods use number of amino acids, changes
between the sequence .
example: we can calculate the amino acid similarity
between each pair of protein in the multiple sequence
alignment.
10. Dog and rabbit beta-globin are very closely related and
will be placed closed in a tree.
Insect globin and soyabean globin are more distant
than the other sequence and are placed far away on the
tree.
11. UPGMA
It is a sequential clustring algorithm.
Pairwise distance between sequence are computed
and phylogenetic tree is built in a stepwise manner.
Identify among all that are more similar to each other
&then treat them as a new single branch.
In this we identify highest similarity among all
12. NEIGHBOUR JOINING METHOD
It is an algorithm for constructing phylogenetic tree
Once a distance measurement is done between a set of
sequences has been determined a neighbour joining
algorithm will find the two closest group
Then look for next closest ,until all sequences are fit
into a tree.
13. MEGA
It is a useful software in constructing phylogeny and
visulising them and also for data conversion.
MEGA tree explorer is helpful in editing trees very easily.
DENDROSCOPE: Helpful in visualizing large trees.
PHYLOTREE.JS : It is a javascript based library to visualize
tree.
One can upload trees using PHYLOTREE.JS.
It is good for comparison of trees.
14. TREE VIEW: Software to view the phylogenetic tree
with the provision of changing view.
JS TREE: An open source library for viewing and
editing phylogeny tree for presentation improvement.
PHYLIP: A package for phylogenetic studies.
PMMLA: Based on maximum likelihood method .
MOLPHY: Molecular phylogenetic evolutionary tool
based on maximum likelihood method.
MEGA : Use to study the evolutionary closeness.
15. TREE TOP: Phylogenetic tree prediction
TREE OF LIFE: Information about phylogeny and
biodiversity.
TREEGEN: Tree genration from distance data.
16. CHARACTER BASED
Dnamove :It perform parsimoney and compatiblity
interactively.
Protpars: It is based on the number of mutations to
change a codon for amin acid 1 to change a codon for
amino acid 2 for non synonymous changes only.