Photo Enforcement Essay

Photo Enforcement Essay
Throughout history, many debates have been made about what should be considered safe and what
should be considered a danger. The presents of photo enforcement cameras on roadways have been
an issue for a long time. There have been many debates about whether they are safe or dangerous on
the roads. The companies, who make them claim they are safe, yet even some enforcement officials
think they cause more accidents than preventing them. Representative Quayle, enforcement cameras
should be banned because of the dangers they cause society, harming both the person and their
rights. Photo enforcement cameras are causing quite a commotion with the public over whether it is
constitutional to even have them on our roads. Many say these cameras ... Show more content on
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Constitution). These cameras are able to scan every license plate passing by. They can see if the car
owner has any outstanding warrants or fees on their record. The police will be alerted to the exact
intersection the car is passing through. "ANPR is able to capture license plate numbers using high
quality digital imagery and optical character recognition software. The plate number can then be
processed real–time with a police database"(Photo Enforcement info). This seems like a good idea
in order to catch criminals, but there is really no probable cause for suspicion if they did not run a
light or speed, after all, that is the purpose of the cameras. This behavior also goes against our
Fourteenth Amendment right of equal protection under the law. "All persons born or naturalized in
the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the
State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges
or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty,
or property, without
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Examples Of Intrusive Surveillance
Intrusive Surveillance Can be carried out by covertly following suspects in unmarked, normal
looking vehicles, or through infiltration whereby an undercover officer infiltrates the targeted
suspect group and covertly gathers evidence. Surveillance devices can also be used when
investigating suspects; these can be anything from tracking devices to phone bugging. Officers may
infiltrate a suspect's home or business and plant listening devices and bugs throughout the area;
these will then be monitored in an unmarked vehicle parked close by. These vehicles are often
disguised as moving vans or delivery vans. Another way officers may plant listening devices is to
pose as electricians, plumbers and gas men, etc. These are all more commonly used by

A Summary Of A Personal Statement
I have been a communications officer in FCR for 8yrs, I was also a special constable for 7yrs,
during my time as a comms officer I have progressed through call taking and dispatching. Last year
I was successfully promoted to scale 5 and have been working as a senior comms officer since that
time. I am a tutor and have tutored 9 new members of staff on call taking and dispatch and 2 others
on the ANPR desk. I am fully trained in ANPR, VODS, recruitment and selection interviewing and
as an acting supervisor. I am also the health and safety SPOC along with first aid and fire marshal
for FCR a role I volunteered to take on alongside my normal duties. I have completely rewritten the
health and safety book to bring it up to date, I have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As health and safety SPOC I had noted a breach of fire and H&S regulations in relation to the
kitchen door. This was a designated fire door, that lead into the kitchen area which is a high risk area
for fires and there had been one in there previously. I took away door stop that was preventing the
door from closing to comply with regulations. However this then caused issues for disabled
members of staff. We currently have 5 members of staff who are not able to open doors properly
without help or an automatic door due to disability. This was a concern as disabled members of staff
could not access the kitchen without the door being permanently open but this was then breaching
fire regulations. I then called and spoke with the H&S manager about the options that I could put in
place. I then weighed up these options and presented the two best solutions to the local command
team to remedy the issue. I had to factor in accessibility with cost and what could be fitted. Of the
two options submitted one a push button automatic door was ruled out due to cost, however the
other option of placing a magnetic latch on the door was accepted as this would allow the door to
remain open at all times, therefore complying with the disability act for accessibility, but would then
close on activation of the fire alarm complying with fire

The Newest Technology in Law Enforcement Essay
The license plate reader, LPR is a mobile plate hunter that comprises of a camera(s) placed on the
outside of a squad car that is then connected to a computer database inside the squad car. The plate
hunter has the capacity to recognize the character on a number plate and rapidly relay the
information to the database computer that would verify of the owner or the automobile has any
record or if the vehicle has been reported stolen/missing. This ability is even possible when the
squad car is moving at 75 mph and can check up to 3, 000 number plates within an hour. Any
offending incidence is brought to the attention of the officers by a siren or alarm the computer
makes; stolen or revoked license. (Hanlon 2007)
The system is also able to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The system has been criticized as a breach into privacy and the first amendment as well as taking
surveillance a notch higher than permissible. Law enforcers on the other hand have argued that the
license plate reader is not discriminative and does not choose which license plate to read and raise
alarm; it is not discretionary, it reads all the plates. (Beyerlein 2009)
The license plate reader is also looks after the well being of an officer in that after picking up a
dangerous criminal, an officer will seek back up or will know how to approach such a situation
rather than where an officer flags down a suspect not knowing how dangerous the criminal is.
(Hanlon 2007) Just like the license plate reader, civil societies are worried about the instant
identification finger printing method employed by law enforcers in nabbing offenders. The gadget/
system which gives police an instant access to database for cross checking against the prints they
have obtained from a suspect enables the officers to pick any data and history on the subject from
name, date of birth, social security number any other details about the person. The Florida
Department of Law Enforcement, FDLE, has employed the use of the new technology going by the
name of FALCON to assist in the criminal identification process. The system is able to compare the
partial and palm prints obtained from a crime scene to the fingerprints in the data bank. FALCON is
also capable of pulling and

License Plate Localization : The Localization Step Is...
3.2. License plate localization: The localization step is further sub–divided into different modules:
3.2.1. Character Detection and Filtering using Connected Component Analysis The segmented
regions of the image are then screened to identify plausible characters. First, the module checks
simply the size and area constraints hmin < h < hmax wmin < w < wmax area min < area where h, w
and area are the height, width and area of the segment's axes aligned bounding box respectively, and
hmin , hmax , wmin ,wmax and areamin are parameters of the module. Each element that satisfies
these constraints are then tested using character / non–character classifier based on shape
descriptors. 3.2.2. Character / Non–character classifier Character / Non–character classifier is an
important part for the localization step of the license plate. It is based on shape descriptors which
uses HOG features for classification. The classifier is trained using the features extracted from the
training set. These shape descriptors are fed to a multiclass SVM (Support Vector Machine). The
output of the SVM gives Character / Non–character decision. The HOG–based Character / Non–
character classifier described in the literature, generally divide the image into a 2D array of nx * ny
cells and compute a separate histogram of

Number Plate Extraction
III. NUMBER PLATE EXTRACTION
The captured input image has number plate covered by vehicle body, so by this step only number
plate area is detected and extracted from whole body of vehicle. The number plate extraction phase
influence the accuracy of ANPR system because all further step depend on the accurate extraction of
number plate area. The input to this stage is vehicle image and output is a portion of image
containing the exact number plate. Number plate can be distinguished by its features. Instead of
processing every pixel, the system processes only the pixels that have these features. The features
are derived from number plate format and the characters constituting the plate. Number plate color,
rectangular shape of number plate boundary, the color change between the plate background and
characters on it etc. can be used for detection and extraction of number plate area. The extraction of
Indian number plate is difficult as compared to the foreign number plate because in India there is no
standard followed for the aspect ratio of plate. This factor makes the detection and extraction of
number plate very difficult. The various methods used for number plate extraction are as follows:–
A. Number Plate Extraction using Boundary/Edge information
Normally the number plate has a rectangular shape with aspect ratio, so number plate can be
extracted by finding all possible rectangles from the input vehicle image. Various edge detection
methods commonly used to find these

Use Of Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)
The vehicle number plate is a numeric or alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies the owner of
vehicle within the issuing country database. License plate number provides information such as
Country, state, District. It is a metal or plastic plate attached to the front and rear of a vehicle. Being
unique for every vehicle, the number plate is an important resource for recognizing owner of vehicle
from the country information database. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) was firstly
introduced in 1976 and gained much popularity during the last decade along with the improvement
of digital cameras. ANPR is an image processing technology which allows extracting vehicle license
plate number from digital camera images. It consists of a camera

Bluetooth Technology and Travel Time Data Collection
A number of journals, technical reports and case studies were referred in order to develop an in –
depth knowledge on the concepts of this study. Firstly, this section deals with the various traditional
travel time collection techniques in order to provide a comparison with the Bluetooth travel time
method. Secondly, the working concepts of Bluetooth and its components are reviewed in detail.
The final section reviews the application of Bluetooth technology in travel time data collection. It
involves the literature on the sensitivity analysis, veracity of the travel time obtained compared to
other sensors and the cost comparisons. 2.1. Traditional travel time methods Traditional travel time
collection techniques include direct measurement techniques and indirect techniques. Direct
measurement include automatic license plate readers (ALPR), automatic vehicle location (AVL),
floating car techniques and data from global positioning system (GPS) etc., whereas, indirect
estimation of travel time is achieved through various models which vary from the application of
simple to complex algorithms for the estimation of stream travel time. 2.1.1. Probe Vehicles The
most common direct measurement of travel time is the floating car technique, which uses a probe
vehicle to travel along the corridor to obtain the travel time (Robertson 1994). Use of GPS in such
probe vehicles records the vehicle trajectory and timestamps continuously as the vehicle propagates
along its route (Quiroga and

What Do You Think Of When You Hear National Parks?
them What do you think of when you hear national parks? Most people would say fresh air, blue
skies, beautiful landscapes, and wild life. Others might give you the names of parks or landmarks,
such as Yellowstone, Yosemite, The Liberty Bell, and Pearl Harbor, I guarantee you that no one
would bring up crime. Crime does occur in national parks, and it has been happening since the early
beginnings of parks. It ranges from graffiti and defacing of property all the way up to more serious
crimes such as poaching and bomb threats.
The first national park ever established in the U.S. was Yellowstone Park, it was established and
signed into law by president Ulysses S. Grant in 1872. Many parks would follow and open
throughout the years with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So in 1886 the U.S. government authorized the use of U.S. military men to protect Yellowstone Park
and deployed them to protect it (Yellowstone.net). These soldiers patrolled the massive national park
year round mostly dealing with mostly poachers which is one of the oldest crimes committed in
national parks. The poachers hunted for furs and pelts to sell or trade. One of the most hunted
animals in and around Yellowstone Park was the American bison, because there were no rangers and
the military men that were deployed to Yellowstone were there to protect it not really there to
preserve the parks resources and history many bison were killed which is why today bision exist in
North America but in small numbers and they are an endangered spices (www.nps.net). Finally in
1898 the first park rangers showed up in national parks to do the jobs that they do today and the
military troops that had been acting the part of rangers where relived. The "rangers" then became
official U.S. Park rangers on August 25, 1916 when the National Park service was established on
that same day, this is the official start of the history of park rangers (Yellowstone.net). Today there
many different job positions among park rangers, opposed to just protecting a national park like
back in 1898. You have interpreters who give guided tours and run camp fire programs and staff
visitor centers to inter act with the public on a daily

Conspiracy Theories Of 9 / 11
September 11, 2001, was a day that caused physical and emotional destruction because of the terror
attacks that took place at the World Trade Center and the Twin Towers.There are many conspiracy
theories that have come up causing great speculation of what actually happened and are argued to
this day.A conspiracy theory is a theory that explains an event as a result or secret plan organized by
a covert group.Many conspiracists believe that the United States government was behind the 9/11
attacks and altered the events and information and persuaded citizens into believing that the Islamic
group Al–Qaeda was responsible. Similarly in 1984 by George Orwell, the government alters the
truth to keep control of the country.The main protagonist Winston Smith works at the Ministry of
Truth where he works to destroy any evidence where Big Brother could be called into question and
also changes how events happened to fit the Party's expectations.The purpose of his job is for the
other citizens to continue to believe that Oceania is a perfect place to live in because of its
economic, social, and military dominance. The Party is also responsible for watching and hearing
everything that happens in Oceania.The Thought Police placed telescreens in every household and
through these telescreens everything someone does can be seen and heard leaving no one with
privacy; comparable to how after the 9/11 attacks, security across the United States tightened up.
Anything that was seen as suspicious

Automatic License Plate Reader Essay
Technology in the policing field has revolutionized the way police officers go about their job on a
daily bases. It is constantly changing for both the good and the bad, and helps to create a safer and
better environment for citizens to live in. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) is just one
of the many technologies that have been discovered, and put into place throughout the policing
community. Automatic Number Plate Recognition is means of surveillance that uses optical
character recognition on various images and makes reading license plate numbers possible. They do
this through the use of existing closed–circuit television, road enforcement cameras, or ones
specifically designed for the task. This technology has been ... Show more content on
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This technology, like many other technologies has not been perfected. Although it has made a
tremendous impact in the policing community, it still needs attention in order to effectively utilize
the technology. When installing cameras on mobile police units, you must be aware of the specific
application of the unit and its most important tasks. For highway patrol forward–facing cameras that
have the ability to span multiple lanes at high speeds are needed in order to effectively do their job,
whereas city patrol needs shorter ranged cameras with short focal lengths to effectively scan parked
cars in parking lots. The cameras must be set up on the side of mobile units, so when they drive
through a parking lot or down the side of the street they will be able to pick up on the license plates
they pass. The newer more expensive ANPR systems are much more flexible and can be set up in a
number of ways with numerous cameras that can easily be repositioned for their specific
application. Another challenge that many states face, including Florida is that license plates are only
necessary for the rear of the vehicles, whereas states such as Massachusetts it

Food Safety Inspection Service Ethics
Traditional homestyle foods have completely changed. From growing our own crops and taking the
time to properly cook our own food, to buying processed foods at shopping markets or simply going
out to eat at fast food drive thru's. It is safe to say that us humans used to eat healthy, but as time has
passed we have let food industries manipulate and complicate our minds with marketing and food
labels. Especially when regarding meat. We still seem to be mostly concerned about the intake of
meat consumption while not even hesitating to question where exactly it came from or if it is even
safe enough for us to consume. Food recalls and food inspections are great steps to ensuring one's
better health, but regulations should really be of our concern. It should be aware that the USDA's
Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) has regulated meat and poultry processing for over a century
now. The reason for doing so is to prevent chemicals, harmful substances, and pathogens from
entering our daily food products. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Levy, M.D., who has studied the subject for years, estimates that there are " 15–17 million pounds
of antibiotics used sub–therapeutically in the United States each year." Apparently, antibiotics are
given to animals for therapeutic reasons, but that use isn't as controversial because few argue that
sick animals should not be treated. The biggest controversy however, is the fact that antibiotics are
used to treat human illnesses, but they are administering them to food animals. The subtherapeutic
use of antibiotics in food animals can pose a health risk to humans. For example, If a group of
animals is treated with a certain antibiotic over time, the bacteria living in those animals will
become resistant to that drug. Concern about the growing level of drug–resistant bacteria has led to
the banning of subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in meat animals in many countries in the European
Union and Canada. In the United States, however, such use is still

Automated Vehicle Identification And Parking System Essay
DECLARATION This is to certify that this Thesis/Report entitled Automated Vehicle Identification
& Parking (A.V.I.P) which is submitted by Soala Iniworikabo in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of degree for B.SC in Information Technology to the Department of
Computer Science, Baze University Abuja Nigeria comprises of only my original work and due
acknowledgment has been made in the text to other materials used. Date [Date Month Year] Name
of student [Soala Iniworikabo] APPROVED BY Dean Faculty of Computing and Applied Sciences
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this Thesis/Report entitled Automated Vehicle Identification &
Parking System (A.V.I.P), which is submitted by Soala Iniworikabo in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of degree for B.Sc. in Information Technology to the Department of
Computer Science, Baze University Abuja, Nigeria is a record of the candidate's own work carried
out by the candidate under my/our supervision. The matter embodied in this thesis is original and
has not been submitted for the award of any other degree. Date Supervisor:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT DEDICATION ABSTRACT Table of Contents DECLARATION i
CERTIFICATE ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii DEDICATION iv ABSTRACT v Table of Contents
vi TABLE OF TABLES vii TABLE OF FIGURES vii

The Wild, Engineering & Technology ( 17509637 ) 9.7 ( 2014 )
Andrews, Crispin. "Uavs In The Wild." Engineering & Technology (17509637) 9.7 (2014): 33– 35.
Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 July 2014. *June 3, 2014 South African Civil Aviation
Authority (SACAA) banned privately owned drones with cameras in South African airspace. They
said the drones had to meet certain "requirements" which not one did *The next day, the Kenyan
government banned privately owned drones with cameras. Drones here were being used to protect
black rhinos and the critically endangered northern white rhino *A few weeks earlier, drones had
been banned in US National Parks. Drones here were being used to take pictures of wildlife *
"'Drones are very difficult to control,' says Professor David Dunn, a security expert from the
University of Birmingham. 'You can regulate, ban them from coming within 250m of a property, but
how, exactly, do you police that?'" *Drones are able to provide real–time data that conservationist
are be able to use for wildlife conservation and to understand animals better (i.e. track migration
patterns/eating habits) * "'There has been a lot of negative publicity in Africa about the Americans
using drones in the Middle East and Afghanistan,' Young says. 'African governments get decidedly
twitchy at the thought of drones flying over their countries. If they see something they don't like or
don't understand, they'll just disallow it.'" ––– What are they worried about people seeing? What is
being hidden? *Governments would rather put their

Availability of Electronic Information
Availability Of Electronic Information 17/09/2012 10:15 AM Contents Introduction 2 Impact On
Me 3 Impact On Friends and Family 4 Individuals & Society 5 Individuals 5 Introduction In this
short essay I will be discussing the impact that electronic information has on individuals and also as
a society. ICT is a major part of society as it provides communication quickly and easily between
different parts of the world and provides quick access to the information they require at the time. I
will also be discussing how home owners themselves have now opted to use ICT as a major part of
their home; this is due to many factors that will be looked at in more detail throughout. I will be ...
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Another great influence that has provided my life with a lot of ease and that is the invention or the
use of computers for trains. An electronic train time table provides me with quick easy to read
access for when and where trains are coming and going when I go out with family or friends to
different parts of England. The major issue with these is there accuracy they can be very inaccurate
at times, along with them not working. This result in mass panic as there is not a reliable back up
system to go with this if for some reason it fails. Impact On Friends and Family TV provides
inspiration to my brother who studies music this is due to the subscription service (Sky) offering TV
channels like sky arts and other media based services. This provides him with help in his studies by
being able to study certain musicians as well as the channels providing lessons and support for
musicians out there. It also provides help for him to unwind for example it gives him access to
entertainment channels where he can watch TV shows like "Friends". Also TV provides my Mum
access to many channels which were unavailable when she was younger and helps her to watch
some of the programs she has always wanted to like the Horse Racing and similar programs. TV has
provided almost 900 channels since it

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Congestion Charging System
Congestion in cities, especially large cities, become major problem of society. People need to travel
on their job, shops, school, to do other activities important for normal functioning and recreational
activities. There are therefore, among the others, congestion charging systems. Congestion charging
is a system developed on principle that consumers should pay directly for costs they impose, in this
case congestion, in order to use resources efficiently. This system represent daily charge for driving
vehicle in the center of the city, to provide better quality of the canter and to incurage people to use
public transport. With development of car industry and building new roads between the cities, long
distance traveling was available to people. Increasing the level of motorization ... Show more
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Each of these types combine one or more technologies such as uses digital cameras and optical
character recognition, satellite systems (Global Positioning System – GPS), Global System for
Mobile GSM, vehicles technologies (Vehicle Identification Number –VIN) ect. in order to perform
three basic function. Each system has some advantages and drawbacks such as: modern DSRC has a
recognition accuracy of 99% or greater, while ANPR accuracy is lower and it varies by facility and
conditions (bad weather, dirt). Both of these technologies require roadside infrastructure which is
expensive to install, require maintenance which is also costly, occupies a space and if it's necessary
it is hart or impossible to relocate, where satellites and cellular networks don't require infrastructure.
While some of this systems require one or more types of equipment, ANPR does not require
equipment in vehicle. DSRC systems require a transponders, satellite systems require an antenna,
power source and digital

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