Desert Biome Research Paper

Desert Biome Research Paper
Desert Vegetation
Desert flora have adapted to combat extreme weather conditions. The various types of plants have
micro evolved to survive in the heat, along with other environmental deficits. The physical and
behavioral adaptions have allowed these plant species to flourish. It's important to understand the
plants adaptations to the climate and environment, as well as the medical uses and dangers of these
plants. The various vegetation within the desert biome have overcome the dry climate and minuscule
levels of water. The desert biome is an area that receives less than 10in of rain a year (Fig.1). There
is several classifications of a desert. They can range from: hot and dry, semiarid, coastal and cold.
The plants are known for being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These plants have become extremely suited for the environment. Without these adaptations these
plants would not be able to survive. The plants host many deadly toxins to deter predators away. The
plants also share benefits that could save lives. The desert vegetation is important for the ecosystem
to
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The Effect of Different Soil Types on Plant Growth
The Effect of different soil types on plant growth
Introduction
Australian Gardeners are continually looking for better and cheaper options to improve the growth
in their gardens. In Chinchilla, it is common to see rich vibrant coloured loam, but this is not suited
to all plants. Common gardeners will find that it is important to understand what soil type they are
on and how the climate conditions that surround the area may affect the growth of the plants they
wish to establish, which contributes to their decisions as to which plants to grow. Gardeners of today
need to be made aware and have a proper understanding of how having different soil types can
affect plant growth in different ways. This is why a good understanding of the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
If the plant is not suited to well–drained soil its roots may quickly dry out or become deprived of
certain water soluble minerals and nutrients that are often found only in more permeable soils that
contain water better such as phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Sulfur. As well as
trace elements like Iron, Copper and Zinc.
An overall ideal gardening or farming soil structure would have good drainage and aeration for
oxidisation but also availability to a good water source, be pH balanced and have low salinity in the
soil, have highly nutritional soil that had a soft gradual top surface.
Materials * 8 pots (12cm x 12cm) * 8 tomato seedlings * Potting mix (enough to half fill the pot) *
Red Loam (enough to half fill the pot) * Black Soil (enough to half fill the pot) * Sand (enough to
half fill the pot) * Gravel (enough to fill each pot 3cm deep) * Measuring cup * Water * Ruler
Method: 1. The pots were filled up with an inch of gravel. 2. The potting mix was then placed in two
of the pots up to ยพ of the way to the top. This process was then repeated with each of the soil types
with the remainder of the pots. 3. The plants were then placed in the pots at the required depth. 4.
Each plant was watered with 250ml of water. 5. Each plant

The Link Between An F Oversupply And Cdr
To analyze the link between an F oversupply and CDR, in–situ analyses were conducted in a 400–
kmยฒ area near Kaduna City, Nigeria (see Fig. 2–1), where endemic cases of active CDR have
been reported since the early 2000s, with a prevalence rate of 5.0% (HVCF 2010).
Epidemiological studies in this area revealed that compared to a control group of peers who live in
the same region, the cases show a lack of Ca in the blood (1.90 vs. 2.19 mmol L–1) as well as
significantly higher 1.25(OH)2D serum levels (442 vs. 347 pmol L–1). The 25(OH)D levels are
normal within both groups (46 vs. 57 nmol L–1), which overall is a typical sign for CDR and not for
vitamin–D–deficiency rickets. Although no clinical signs of either dental or skeletal fluorosis were
found in any of the CDR–affected children, biochemical measurements on the F concentrations in
the serum of the CDR–affected children in the Kaduna area are still missing, and as a result, an
underlying fluorosis disease cannot entirely be excluded (Emmert 2010). The study area is
located in the north central of Nigeria, where the climate is affected by the annual shift of the
Intertropical Convergence Zone. The mean annual precipitation rate in this area amounts to 1300
mm, and the average annual temperature is 25.6 ยฐC (Wall 1979). The natural vegetation is the
savanna trees and grasslands of the northern guinea savanna, which nowadays has mostly been
deforested in favor of agricultural use (Blair Rains et al. 1977).

Pholx Noctunix Research Paper
Pholx noctunix grows in the tundra ecosystem. The only biotic factor that impacts Pholx noctunix is
the caterpillars that like to feed on its leaves, this has caused it to adapt by developing thorns along
the stem to prevent caterpillars from being able to reach the leaves. The majority of the factors that
affect plants that grow in the tundra are abiotic, including:
Fluctuating temperatures, with an average winter temperature of –34หšC and average summer
temperatures of between 3–12หšC (Ucmp.berkeley.edu, 2004).
Fluctuating light intensity. During winter, a layer of snow covers the ground, causing less light to
reaches the plants. During summer, there is a large amount of sunlight reaching the plants.
Nutrient–poor soil. The soil of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2017). Plant Adaptations (Extreme Cold). [online] Available at:
https://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C2AA466B–CC97–49D4–970F–
196A08DD692A/0/60sPlantAdaptationsExtremeCold.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017].
Slideshare.net. (2011). Adaptations. [online] Available at:
http://www.slideshare.net/yr82011/adaptations–powerpointscience [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017].
Srivastava, V. (2014). Plant adaptations. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at:
http://www.slideshare.net/VivekSrivastava22/plant–adaptations–37080320 [Accessed 10 Mar.
2017].
Stevens, P. and Luteyn, J. (2017). Ericales. [online] Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at:
https://www.britannica.com/plant/Ericales [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017].
Thomas, R., orr, M. and smith, G. (2004). The tundra biome. [online] University of california
museum of paleontology. Available at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php
[Accessed 10 Mar. 2017].
UCSB Science Line. (2015). Flowers at night?. [online] Available at:
http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=3098 [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017].
War, A., Paulraj, M., Ahmad, T., Buhroo, A., Hussain, B., Ignacimuthu, S. and Sharma, H. (2012).
Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. [online] NCBI. Available at:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493419/ [Accessed 10 Mar.

Classification Of Soils As Well As Overcoming Management...
Introduction
Soil classification is the categorisation of soils into groups at various levels of generalisation
according to their physical, chemical and mineralogical properties (Boul et al 2011:34). The
formation and subsequently the classification of soil has been at the forefront of geological scientific
research since its emergence in the 19th Century.
Over the course of this essay I will be considering the various classifications of soils as well as
overcoming management problems they may entail.
How can soil be classified in the UK?
It is important to be able to distinguish between soil types across farmed landscape, and
classification is the main way this can be achieved (Soffe, 2003:24). One common practice used to
record classification is through mapping; carried out on varying scales by National Soil Resources
Institute for England and Wales based on differences and similarities in soil profile investigations
(Soffe, 2003:24; Simpson 1983:47).
Soils can be classified based on their structural and textural properties, formed from Parent material
(Soffe 2003:23). The primary components of soil comprise the Texture, this relating to the range of
sizes of particles in the soil and their distribution. (The Macaulay Institute, 2016;Soffe, 2003:3). The
texture of specific soil types will fall into one of 4 classifications; Clay, Silt, Sand or in some cases
an equal percentage of each to form Loam.
Soil Structure is influenced almost solely by Soil Texture (The

Soil Stabilization : Soil Adjustment
Soil Stabilization
Soil adjustment a general term for any physical, substance, organic, or joined strategy for changing a
characteristic soil to meet a designing purpose.[1] Improvements incorporate expanding the weight
bearing capacities and execution of in–situ subsoils, sands, and other waste materials with a specific
end goal to reinforce street surfaces.
General information[edit]
The prime goal of soil adjustment is to enhance the California Bearing Ratio of in–situ soils by 4 to
6 times. The other prime goal of soil adjustment is to enhance site materials to make a strong and
solid sub–base and base courses. In specific districts of the world, normally creating nations and
now all the more much of the time in created nations, soil adjustment is being utilized to develop the
whole street.
Before, soil adjustment was finished by using the coupling properties of mud soils, concrete based
items, for example, soil bond, and/or using the slammed earth strategy (compaction) and lime.
A percentage of the 'green advancements ' are: proteins, surfactants, biopolymers, engineered
polymers, co–polymer based items, cross–connecting styrene acrylic polymers, tree pitches, ionic
stabilizers, fiber fortification, calcium chloride, calcite, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and
that 's only the tip of the iceberg. Some of these new balancing out systems make hydrophobic
surfaces and mass that keep keeps street disappointment from water entrance or overwhelming ices
by

Human Impacts Toward Soil Biodiversity
METHODS
Data Collation
Data was collected from published studies or in–press studies that focused on human impacts toward
soil biodiversity. Potential relevant studies must compare multiple sites which having different land
use type and/or intensity. In addition, species abundance, richness, occurrence, or other diversity
metrics must be present in the study, so that diversity can be estimated. Furthermore, the information
of the sites location is also very important, studies which have the sites coordinates are more
preferable. The coordinates are very useful not just to pinpoint the exact location on the map, but
also to help us acquire other information, e.g. climate, biome, and ecoregion (all paper criteria
similar to Newbold et al. 2015). To find these potential relevant studies, I used Web of Science
(http://webofknowledge.com/) and Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.co.uk) as the search engine
with soil invertebrate, land–use, pitfall trap, and ground invertebrate as my search term.
The corresponding authors of the suitable studies were contacted, asking whether they are willing to
share their raw data (which were not usually made fully available in the paper or supplementary
files). From the total of 24 authors contacted, five of them agreed to give me the raw data. After
receiving the data, they were coded into a structured pdf form and excel spreadsheet. The pdf form
captured the site– and species–specific information provided by the papers or

Little Bluestem-Dry Ecosystems
Little Bluestem–Dry Mesic also occurs mostly in the Northern half of the park, primarily on the side
slopes of cuestas, seen in Figure #. The elevation of Little Bluestem–Dry Mesic varies significantly.
It reaches from almost as low as 1290 feet up to 1335 feet (Keane, 2015). Due to this variance in
elevation, there is slightly more of a difference in soil qualities from higher to lower. The primary
soil type present is Benfield with some Dwight–Irwin Complex occurring in the lowest elevations
(USDA, 2015). The Benfield soil in this ecosystem is still relatively shallow with the A Horizon
reaching a depth of 10 feet and the next horizon, Bt1 reaching only another 9 feet down. The parent
material for Benfield is pedisediment over residuum weathered from shale, allowing for smaller clay
particles to form. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the Dwight–Irwin soil has more of a deeper, moister quality. Benfield and Dwight–Irwin
soils do allow for more species richness than other lower elevated ecosystems but due to the drier
soils, Little Bluestem is still the most dominant plant recorded. The dominance of Little Bluestem
extends down to the lowest boundaries of the ecosystem, indicating that the soil conditions do stay
relatively consistent, despite the change in soil type. This allows Little Bluestem to again be the
dominant plant species component. The drier qualities of the upper Benfield soil combine with the
slightly moister qualities of the lower Dwight–Irwin soil to give the Dry Mesic classification.
These soil moisture content qualities, the location of this ecosystem along side slopes, and the
consistent dominance of the Little Bluestem plant species allows this ecosystem to be classified as
Little Bluestem–Dry

Water Quality Guidelines For Agriculture
Water quality for different usages depends on type and concentration of dissolved materials in it. So,
while a sample is deemed appropriate for drinking usage it may not be employed for other usages in
industry or agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has
published the water quality guidelines for agriculture. The agriculture sector consumes about 94
percent of total annual water in Iran as the biggest stakeholder (Alizadeh and Keshavarz, 2005).
Given the effects of irrigation water on soil and crops, monitoring and assessment of groundwater
quality are very important. Therefore, groundwater quality assessment is one of the most important
environmental issues across the world for decision makers. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Passing through different layers of soil and geologic formations, water quality changes from
recharge to discharge. Again, perception of hydrochemical evolution is still a challenge for
hydrogeologists (Singh et al., 2013). Furthermore, the suitability of irrigation water is influenced by
different factors such as soil type, soil drainage, salt tolerance and crop types (Michael, 2008).
Therefore, groundwater quality, soil information and socioeconomic condition of the stockholders
should be also considered in groundwater quality assessment to achieve the integrated water
resources development (Kawy, 2012). The main focus of the present study is on groundwater quality
rather than other factors.
The frequently used criteria for water quality evaluation are the SAR, SSP, RSC, PI, MAR, KR and
EC. SAR is another important parameter for determining the suitability of groundwater for irrigation
purposes which indicates alkalinity hazard to crop (Raghunath, 1987). Excessive sodium content in
irrigation water may produce deteriorating influences in growth of plants and soil structure such as
dispersion of clay particles, soil hardness, surface crusting, hydraulic conductivity in most soils
(Todd and Mays, 2005; Suarez et al., 2006; Ramesh and Elango, 2012) Since

Victoria Park Reserve Forest Area
Phytosociological Analysis of Victoria park reserve forest area:
Vegetation is a key factor in determining the structure of an ecosystem. It determines many
ecological parameters within a plant community such as microclimate, energy budged,
photosynthesis, water regimes, surface runoff and soil temperature (Tappeiner and Cernusca, 1996).
Vegetation of an area varies from place to place according to habitat heterogeneity of the area itself.
The description and classification of the plant community in an ecosystem is known as
Phytosociology (Braun–Blanquet, 1932; Odum, 1971). It's an important characteristic in describing
vegetation that offers a preliminary picture of the ecological character of the vegetation (Kershaw,
1973). Each site of study

Report On Soils And Their Management
Week 8: Soils and Their Management (21 April 2016)
This week topic is about soil, with three presenters; Richard Greene, Julia Jasonsmith and Craig
Strong. Ricard start his presentation with Carbon in soil, while Julia was focused on contamination
in soil, finally Craig discussed about dust observation in Australia.
The first presenter talk about carbon sequestration and the capturing carbon using trees and how the
Carbon concentration decreased from soils. He also explained about how carbon credit works for
Australian farmers. Further, the Soil Carbon Matrix Method (Keith, H., et al, ND) was explained in
terms of soil assessment to increase soil quality by carbon sequestration.
Julia Jasonsmith talked about contamination in soil, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason why dust should be trace because agricultural dust could be seen as indicators for soil
quality and wind erosion in Australia is major threat for soil asset. Further, the pace of soil eroding
is faster than its forming pace. The method on dust monitoring in Australia is Dust Watch with
community based science (DW–CBS). This method is affiliation program from community, scientist
and government.
The lesson that I get from this topic is soil management could work if we have basic data on soil
quality and it could help traditional farmers to manage their land. In my hometown, agriculture was
manage traditionally and the farmers not using fertilizer because the soil is fertile and they used
ancient techniques to manage their land. However, if we can combine the traditional way and
modern technique such as soil carbon matrix method it could help to increase the quality of soil and
will help the farmers to increase their agriculture products.
Week 9: Energy (28 April 2016)
Presentation by Dr Kyle Catchpole and Professor Ken Baldwin this week is focused on energy. Dr
Kyle Catchpole start with renewable energy and she mentions about the potency of renewable
energy in Australia such as wind turbine, and solar energy. In recent year renewable energy are
cheaper due to the improvement of technology.
The second presenter talks about future energy in Australia and the world, he stated that spectrum of
energy

Classification Of The Soil Drainage Class
Part 1
Question 1 – LENZ classification
LENZ classification– F7.1
Regional average elevation– 520m
Climate– Mild temperatures, high solar radiation, slight annual water deficits.
Landform– Undulating volcanic plateau.
Parent material– Rhyolitic rock
Question 2 – Soil types
Describe the main soil characteristics for the region including their soil texture, depth, plant
available water and drainage.
Soil texture– The soil around the Taupo area is a sandy loam which is normally made up of sand
along with varying amounts of silt and clay.
Soil depth– greater than one meter.
Plant available water– the profile of available water for soil depth of 0–100cm or to the root barrier
is very high at 162.5 mm.
Drainage– The soil drainage class is well drained.
Question 3 – Land Evaluation, what it consists of, and what it is capably of
a) The land use capability classification (LUC) system has 8 classes, 1–4 is arable land, 5–8 is non
arable and 8 is conservation. The higher the class the less versatile the land is. The majority of the
land in the Taupo area is class 5–7 which is non arable and unsuitable for cropping but can be
productive pastoral hill country, with class 7 having severe limitations. There is also some class 3
which is arable land with some limitations such as restricted crops that can be grown. There is also
small amounts of conservation land which is class 8 and has severe to extreme limitations.
b) Currently the majority of land in the Taupo area is in planted

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Stabil Brickss
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Earthen construction has evolved with mankind and creates housing opportunities world–wide.
Building with stabilized compressed earthen bricks (SCEBs) is becoming more popular due to the
low cost, relative abundance of materials, and quality product performance. The majority of
developing countries are today faced with an ever increasing problem of providing sufficient yet
low–cost housing in sufficient numbers. In the last few decades, shelter conditions have been
worsening: resources have remained insufficient, housing demand has increased and the urgency to
provide immediate practical solutions has become more critical.
Appropriate shelter is one of the most important basic human needs, yet 30 percent ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This chapter describes the studies those have been accomplished by other writers which is similar to
this topic. And it shows the energy requirement to produced different building materials in table. In
this chapter also discuss about compressive strength of bricks. And this chapter discusses the
production process of stabilized soil bricks.
Chapter 3, is testing and methodology and this chapter describes the test performed on soil like
liquid limit test, plastic limit test, shrinkage limit test, compaction test, unconfined compression test,
hydrometer test for fine grained soil, grain size analysis, and specific gravity test and California
bearing ratio test. It shows tables and graphs related to the test result. And then it discusses the
classification of soil and unified soil classification system.
Chapter 4, is result and discussion and it shows the compressive strength of bricks at 7 days and 28
days, and comparison between strengths. Its shows table and graph of strengths. it also deliberate the
results of test performed on soil in the starting of

Synaptic Geotechnical Factors Influencing The Standard...
In fact, several synaptic geotechnical factors influence the standard penetration test results of similar
sand soils. Testing procedures attribute part of these mutations, therefore, normalizing the results to
a standard rod energy ratio usually eliminate such processes quandaries (e.g., Skempton, 1986).
Frequently, changes in test methods, samplers, hammers, and rods lead to corresponding variations
in N values due to the generated energy losses. Numerous researchers (e.g., Daniel et al., 2003 and
Skempton, 1986) suggested a standard dynamic energy about 60% of the hammer potential energy
(475J) to improve such losses as shown below: [1] Where ENTHRU is, the measured dynamic
energy transmitted from the hammer to the drilling rods. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The overview has revealed that there is no standard quantitative description in the geotechnical
domain utilized to characterize the particle's shape. In other words, since there is no standard
quantitative description employed in the geotechnical domain for the particle's shape, ignorance
took place. Nevertheless, many researchers (e.g., Michell and Soga, 2005; Arasan et al., 2010, and
Rodriguez et al., 2013) agreed to define the particle shape as shown in Figure 1 and Table 2.
Furthermore, Table 3 illustrates some definitions for quantitative descriptors mentioned by many
authors. Santamarina and Cho, 2001 2004; Cho et al., 2006, and Rosรฉ et al., 2008 manifested the
influence of the particle's roundness R on the void ratio range of different sands, as illustrated in
Figure 2a. While Miura et al. 1997 1998 proposed A2D to the correlations of the void ratio range
at a specific given D50, as shown in Figure 2b, also, they pointed out that most of the natural sand
samples have A2D between 300–600. Additionally, Chapuis, 2012, proposed empirical formulas for
emax and emin with the roundness factor of the particles as in Equations 12 13 respectively
depending on data gathered by Youd, 1973, and Krumbein and Sloss, 1963. [12] [13] On the other
hand, the problem not only the

Essay On Web Soil Survey
atory Final Report: Web Soil Survey
Introduction: The location of the land used to determine several projects location was in Floyd
county with the coordinates defined as (34ยฐ 6' 21'' N. latitude, 101ยฐ 24' 57'' W. longitude), (34ยฐ
6' 21'' N. latitude, 101ยฐ 23' 29'' W. longitude), (34ยฐ 5' 33'' N. latitude, 101ยฐ 24' 57'' W.
longitude), and (34ยฐ 5' 33'' N. latitude, 101ยฐ 23' 29'' W. longitude). The major soils located within
the area of interest(AOI) were identified as PuA, RaA, and LoA, with the soils texture identified as
clay loam for PuA and LoA, and clay for RaA. The soils identified all had low slopes ranging from
0–1%. The use of web soil survey allows users to be able to identify soil properties of a specific area
and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ratings of the construction building are based upon the soils capacity to support weight. What
affects the soils capacity to support weight would be the water table, ponding, shrink swell capacity,
and compaction. One of the limitations for builing housing on PuA was found the high shrink swell.
High shrink swell is the capacity clay has to increase once the soil has become saturated which can
create foundation problems. Though this soil was made an ideal location for the construction due to
the low slope rate which creates low errosion potential, as well as the location of the housing being
located next to a road can create a high compaction rate due to traffic. This would help the stability
of the housing.
In relation to the sanitary facilities it was found that 'sanitary landfills (area)' was identified to be
built on soil LoA. Sanitary landfills (area) is described as a waste being depositied in successive
layers on the surface of soil (Web soil survey). Figure 6 below, shows the location of the sanitary
facility.
Ratings for the sanitary facility are based on trafficability, risk of pollution and flooding. While PuA
was identified as a possible soil that the facility could be built upon it did experience frequent
flooding. Therefore, the soil LoA, would be the most ideal for the sanitary facility because it does
not experience frequent flooding, though it does have the limitation dusty.
Pond

Essay on Arctic and Alpine Soils
Arctic and Alpine Soils
Proposal
(Ant)arctic (high–latitude) and alpine (mountain) areas are affected by relatively similar climates, as
latitude and altitude produce similar meteorologic effects. In these geographic regions where
temperature is at such a pronounced extreme, climate would seem to be the leading factor of soil
development. It is my goal in this research paper to answer the following question: How do the soils
of arctic and alpine areas differ? This idea, taken largely from an abstract by Birkeland (1975), will
be explored through the comparison of the soils of these two geographic regions, and an analysis of
the soil development factors in those environments.
Introduction
Both high–latitude and high–altitude ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However inaccurate as Dokuchaev's generalization may be, a critique of his proposal provides an
excellent tool to examine and compare the soils of similar Arctic and Alpine regions.
Similarity in Arctic and Alpine Geographic Regions
There are pedologic cases in which one of the five soil–forming factors established by Jenny (192?)
is so prominent and effectual that it outweighs the sum of all of the other factors, resulting in the
definition of different soil series almost wholly upon differences in that dominant soil–forming
factor. For example, in the Carleton Arboretum, our Soils' class found that the differences in soil
series were defined mostly on the basis of parent material. Most groups had a direct correlation
between the distribution of soil types and the distribution of parent materials.
In the case of Arctic and Alpine* soils, it is climate which largely outweighs all of the other soil–
forming factors. As previously stated, the intense cold associated with high latitudes and high
altitudes separates Arctic and Alpine areas from other geographic regions of Earth. I believe that
upon this basis Dokuchaev made his analog between horizontal and vertical zonality of soils.
Through an examination of a number of Arctic and Alpine soils and the pedogeneses of such soils, I
aim to expand and adjust his hypothesis, as I feel he did not understand fully the complexity of
Alpine

Classification Of Soils As Well As Overcoming Management...
Soil classification is the categorisation of soils into groups at various levels of generalisation
according to their physical, chemical and mineralogical properties (Boul et al 2011:34). The
formation and subsequently the classification of soil has been at the forefront of geological scientific
research since its emergence in the 19th Century.
Over the course of this essay I will be considering the various classifications of soils as well as
overcoming management problems they may entail.
How can soil be classified in the UK?
It is important to be able to distinguish between soil types across farmed landscape, and
classification is the main way this can be achieved (Soffe, 2003:24). One common practice used to
record classification is through mapping; carried out on varying scales by National Soil Resources
Institute for England and Wales based on differences and similarities in soil profile investigations
(Soffe, 2003:24; Simpson 1983:47). It is important to be able to record information for cropping and
agricultural reference.
Soils can be classified based on their structural and textural properties, formed from Parent material
(ie rock which is weathered or eroded to produce smaller soil particles) (Soffe 2003:23). The
primary components of soil comprise the Texture, this relating to the range of sizes of particles in
the soil and their distribution. (The Macaulay Institute, 2016; Soffe, 2003:3). The texture of specific
soil types will fall into one of 4

Answers For The Final Exam
Answers for the final exam:
1
The following table shows the three laws of thermodynamics and what each of them states:
First law
Conversation of energy
In an isolated system, it is not possible to either create or destroy energy.
Second law
Energy transfer
For an isolated system, the entropy is always increasing.
Third law
Motion of Molecules
As the temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system assumes a constant value.
2
The origin of universe and elements is recognized to the big bang. The universe and elements that
exist created from an explosion that occurred in the past.
3
Heat refers to the amount of energy contained by an object. Temperature, on the other hand, refers to
the degree of coldness or hotness of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5
Physical weathering occurs when rocks undergo a process that breaks them apart thereby resulting
to change in their mechanical form but without any change in their chemical composition. Chemical
weathering, on the other hand, refers to the change in chemical form of rocks caused by chemical
reactions. Chemical weathering does not impact on the mechanical form of rocks. The chemical
weathering results to formation of minerals as it involves chemical reactions that results to
formation of new substances.
6
CEC, cation exchange capacity, refers to the measure of soil fertility, its ability to retain nutrients
and its capacity to protect the underground water from contamination. Soil buffering, on the other
hand, refers to the capacity of soil to use absorption as a mechanism to stop nutrient and pH
changes. There is a direct relation between cation exchange capacity and soil buffering.
7
Photosynthesis is the process through which plants use light to produce food. The light used by

plants is the sunlight and food is produced in form of sugar. An increase in the rate of photosynthesis
results to an increase in the net primary production.
8
From the diagram, it is evident that in the future the temperature is expected to rise. As a result, heat
waves mortality is anticipated.
9
Global climate change can affect the organic matter of soil in various ways. For instance, global
warming

Term Paper On The Greenock Region, South Australia
27/4/2013
Suggested Patch Revegetation in the Greenock Region, South Australia
Lecturer: Bertram Ostendorf
Brodie McDougall 1607680
Introduction
Vegetation is important to conserve, especially in or near built up areas where it can easily become
obsolete due to expansion or otherwise. In areas such as the Greenock region, South Australia,
vegetation often gets split into fragments spread across the landscape. This has many implications
for the conservation of both vegetation and animals in the region. In order to revegetate and
conserve any vegetation in the area, a suitable site (or sites) must be chosen. Although it can be
argued that conserving multiple fragments is appropriate in conservation strategies, ... Show more
Plant species composition changes with lower edge to area ratios. The composition of species
closest to the original composition of the area occurs with maximum area to edge ratio.
– Terrain type. Different species grow preferentially at different altitudes and on different terrain
(Bennie et al., 2006). Fragments that best represent the overall terrain of the area should have the
correct species contained within.
– Surrounding land use. Different vegetation types surrounding a patch of conservable vegetation
can increase or decrease the edge effects associated with a patch. Vegetation similar to that in the
patch, or vegetation that facilitates dispersal/transport of plants and animals, increases the length of
time a patch will survive (Mesquita et al., 1999). Harsh boundaries to vegetation patches increase
the edge effects of a patch. Built–up areas or man–made surfaces significantly increase edge effects
(Godefroid and Koedam, 2004).
– Distance from other native vegetation. Close proximity to other vegetation patches can allow
inflow and outflow of seeds and animals and provides greater genetic variation (Bastin and Thomas,
1999).
– Fragment Size. Vegetation fragments contain only a selection of the species once present in an
area. To get the largest possible percentage of original species and greatest diversity, the largest
fragment is the best to conserve (Bastin and Thomas, 1999).
These are all considered in this study to find the

Thermal Conductivity Of Soil And Rock Classification Manual
Thermal conductivity of soil is defined as the amount of heat passing in unit time through a unit
cross–sectional area of soil under a unit temperature gradient in the direction of heat flow. It is
measured in watt per meter per kelvin (W/mk) or also in British thermal unit per foot hour per
Fahrenheit (BTU/ft.hr.ยฐF). Knowing thermal conductivity of ground is very important for many
geotechnical works. During construction of foundation in permafrost ground, to design underground
power line design, for stabilizing ground by freezing, and for utilizing geothermal energy by
geothermal heat system we require knowledge of ground thermal conductivity. Thermal properties
of ground are difficult to measure exactly. Here estimation of thermal conductivity (k) by different
approach is summarized. There are various methods for measuring this parameter including
empirical formulas, laboratory tests, and in–situ tests.
Empirical Formula and Soil Classification
Soil and rock classification manual (Salomone et al. 1989) published by international ground source
heat pump association categorizes soil/rock into different groups and typical values to each group
are given. Also, many empirical formulas based on the soil properties (water content, saturation,
porosity) are available for the estimation of k with the accuracy of ยฑ25% in Farouki (1986).
Lab Experiments:
Guarded Hot Plate (GHP) Test:
Guarded hot plate (GHP) test apparatus and test procedure (single and double sided) are

Impact Of Environmental Communication On Public Sphere On...
Title: Impact of Environmental Communication in Public Sphere on Urban Youth in Gujarat 1
Introduction Environment has attained centrality in the national and international arena in the past
few decades. The primary reason for this has been environmental degradation as a consequence of
varied socio–economic, institutional and technological factors. The need for sensitisation is
imperative and which can be substantially achieved through legislation and communication.
Communication designs of environmental issues influence public awareness, opinion, and action.
Environmental awareness or the subsequent lack thereof, have been on a rise for a while now with
rise in population, changing political ideologies, increased private investments and overall
privatisation and a dominant enshrining of the pro–development philosophy of the West. With such
tendencies, as humans grow in number, so does the dependency on nature and the lookout for space,
an insatiable cycle of production and consumption commences and with this, the Earth – our
primary producer is reduced to commodity status. In a world dominated by human beings, where
often the rights of the natural world and of animals dependent on it, are trampled upon,
communication can play an important role in providing a channel for expression, discussion and
action. Industrialisation continues to displace indigenous people on a large scale level resulting in
various grassroots movements, all in the name of development. People

Sea Syllabus
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
PRIMARY SCHOOL SYLLABUS AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE CURRICULUM
[*October 2001]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction Goals of The Agricultural Science Curriculum for Primary Schools Summary of The
Curriculum Infant Year One Profile Term II ...................................................................... Infant Year
One ................................................................................................ Infant Year
Two................................................................................................ Standard One Profile Term II
.............................................................................. Standard One
................................................................................................... Standard Two Profile Term
II................................................................................ Standard
Two.................................................................................................... Standard Three Profile Term
II................................................................................ Standard Three
.................................................................................................. Standard Four Profile Term ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Soil conditions for plant growth
Soil fertility Potting soil Nursery soil
Potting media Seedbeds Primary tillage
Secondary Tillage Drainage
Types of soil Physical/ chemical properties of soil. Experiments
CROPS
Parts of a plant Indentify plants in Simple Parts used as the environment recoding food. Plants
around us. of plant growth Uses of plants Parts of the plant Types of crops Ornamentals/ Food crops
Animals Livestock farms Types/ pet/care Aquaculture of small/large. Animal enemies of the farmer
Selecting seeds

Germinating seedlings. Conditions of growth
Harvesting crops. Post Woody and soft stem harvest plants. practices Economic crops Integrated
Export and local Pest markets *. Management An illegal crop Design a small garden plan.[IPM]
Importance of flowers agriculture. Produce plants by layering. Budding/Grafting. Improving
varieties of crops. Improving breeds of Livestock Genetic Engineering Cloning.
Livestock
Animals around us . Farm animals and their young.
Rearing Rabbits Classification of livestockhelpful and harmful.
Poultry farming
v
Topics
Livestock
Infant yr 1
Animals around us

The Decomposition Of Soil Organic Matter
The decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), or plant litter, by soil organisms, influences soil
chemistry and its physical properties. The breakdown rate of SOM affects plant nutrient availability,
the moisture holding capacity of soils, soil structure and the biological activity of soil organisms.01
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), these
microorganisms carry out processes that are essential for soil health and biodiversity, performing
vital functions in the soil, such as soil fertility, plant growth, maintaining soil structure, soil
resilience and carbon storage. 01 There are three biogeochemical cycles that are essential to life –
carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)–and have been the focus of many studies, which have
found organic C, N, P and sulfur (S) to be strongly related. Having a better understanding of this soil
ecosystem, including processes and the C–N–P–S stoichiometry of SOM , is important to shedding
light on the nature of nutrient limitation in terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, it has applications to
the capture of the benefits of soil biological activity for sustainable and productive agriculture and
to the reduction of negative impacts from human intervention (FAO). 01
When I first arrived at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) in Lancaster, United Kingdom,
I had limited knowledge of the implications of nutrient cycling in soils and waters. Although I was
no stranger to environmental

The Rice Wheat Farming System
THE ADAPTATION OF RICE–WHEAT FARMING SYSTEM TO THE AGRO–ECOSYSTEMS
AND WEATHER
Rice wheat farming system:
The Indo–Gangetic plain (IGP) of south Asia is formed by the sedimentation of alluvial soil by the
Indus and the Ganges rivers. The large fertile plain with flowing rivers favours agriculture. The
rice–wheat farming system in the Indo–Gangetic plain occupies 13.5 M ha of India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Nepal (Timsina and Connor, 2001). In India, the rice–wheat farming system is the
major source of food security as it produces more than 50% of cereal in 10 M ha (Ladha et al.,
2000).
Rice–wheat farming system formation:
Formerly, the majorly cultivated crop in North Indus and Eastern Indus were wheat and rice
respectively (Ladha et al., 2000). The adaptation and expansion of Rice–Wheat farming system
occurred in India with the development of short duration varieties of rice and wheat during the
Green Revolution (Timsina et al., 2001). The allied farming activity is livestock rearing in IGP. The
livestock comprises 10% livelihood of rice–wheat based small farm holders in Indo–Gangetic plain
(Erenstein et al., 2007) with an average 3.6 cow/household (Erenstein and Thorpe, 2010, cited in
Erenstein 2011) .
Agro–ecological conditions:
NW Indo–Gangetic plain has extreme hot and cold climate whereas the climate is mild in the east.
The continental monsoon type of climate, warm wet summers and dry cool winters, favours the
rotational cultivation of rice and wheat (Dixon

What Is Yensus Silt Loil?
Map:
Brief history of the soil's use
For the past several years, my family has planted a variety of vegetables in this soil, such as lettuce,
peas, carrots, and cole crops. We have also grown strawberries, onions and basil. Every fall, the
remnants of these plants, along with raked tree leaves, are chopped together and rototilled in.
Additionally, we have a compost pile made from manure, leaves, and unwanted veggie scraps such
as carrot, banana, and orange peels. When this compost pile decomposes into humus, or as we call
black gold, it is sprinkled on top of the rows we form in the spring.
Series name, textural class, and profile description:
The series name of this soil is 212 Yensus Silt Loam, as 90% of its constituents are ... Show more
Soil series information
Yensus Silt Loam is formed from loess deposits, which are finely grained silt or clay formed from
the grind of glaciers and deposited by the wind. This is found in glacial outwash plains, stream
terraces, and hillslopes. The Matanuska Valley, where this soil is from, used to be covered by a
glacier. This Yensus Silt Loam consists of very deep, well drained soil with a slow to rapid runoff
rate. There is slow runoff with moderate permeability in the loess deposits, but rapid runoff in the
underlying sand and gravel.
Found in Southcentral Alaska, this soil is used for cropland, pasture, and wildlife habitat.
Land Classifications of:
Non–irrigated Capability Class: This displays how suitable the soil is for the majority of field crops,
excluding crops that are outliers. Yensus Silt Loam is class 3, meaning it has limitations that
drastically reduce the variety of plants that can be grown, and that many plants require special
conservation practices. Due to our short season, this is expected. We have to select plants that are
fairly quick growing in average temperatures of 55–65ยฐF. Thankfully, many crops grow about 3
weeks quicker than the same crop would in Butte County due to our increasing hours of sunlight.
Non–irrigated Capability Subclass: The subclass is a rating c, which means that the main limitation
in this climate is either very cold or very dry. The USDA Plant Hardiness

Suitability And Future Soil Management
The purpose of this report is to determine the suitability of the clients soil, indicated with in the
marked area in fig 1. (google,2016), where they propose to transplant two semi mature trees, which
would otherwise be felled due to a major rail development near by. This survey aims to provide the
client with information on existing soil profiles, obtain site specific soil samples, which will be
analysed recommendations for suitability and future soil management will then be made in a
conclusion based on site information and lab results.
Site Location
Ranton Abbey Stafford, ST20, UK.
Grid Reference:
SJ 83801 24257
Site is accessed via the B5405, between Great Bridgeford and Woodseaves. Fig.1 Sample site
Current Land Use
The site is located on a rural estate, historically the sample site (seen in Fig.2) was part of the
Abbey's garden and is an area of very little footfall. The surrounding grass and parkland shown in
Fig.1 (google 2016) and beyond have predominantly been used for livestock grazing (cattle and
sheep) and hay production but the site it's self is also grazed by cattle. Patches of mature mixed
deciduous woodland and mature Quercus plantations are dotted around the estate along with a very
small number of conifer plantations. These are now managed for wildlife and sustainably harvested
for timber.
The Manor house to the north seen in Fig.1 is now inhabited by estate staff and the grounds are now
used for grazing, and undergo maintenance

Essay On Raw Gley Soil
The Main Soil Types of the UK
Terrestrial Raw Soils
These are soils consisting predominantly of unaltered mineral material that have no surface/sub–
surface horizon attributed to soil forming processes (unless buried under a 730cm thick deposit from
the Holocene) (Avery, 1980;). These soils do not normally have continuous vegetation cover (Avery,
1980). They occur in very recently formed soil and may have a superficial organic or organo–
mineral layer less than 5cm thick. Sometimes they have a buried horizon below 30cm of depth.
(Thompson, 2007; Jarvis, 1984).
Raw Gley Soils
Raw gley soils are found within mineral material that has remained waterlogged since deposition
(Thompson, 2007). The soils are missing a distinctive top soil and contain gleyed subsurface
horizons (Avery, 1980). They also contain a mineral horizon which starts at 20cm and extends
below 30cm (Avery, 1980). Jarvis (1984) also states that the soils are distinctly mottled above 40cm
depth. Raw gley soil types are mostly confined to intertidal flats (Avery, 1980) or areas that
represent various stages in the development of salt marshes (Thompson, 2007).
Lithomorphic Soils
Contain a distinctive top soil that is humose or peaty and a substratum starting at 40cm in depth
which has been altered little (Avery, 1980; Buol, 1997). The soils do not contain a disturbed surface
layer, the B horizon is not podzolic, weathered or argillic (Avery, 1980; Buol, 1997) and the soil
profile is shallow (Ashman Puri, 2002).

Synaptic Geotechnical Factors Influence The Standard...
In fact, synaptic geotechnical factors influence the standard penetration test results of similar sand
soils. Frequently, testing procedures attribute part of these mutations. Therefore, normalizing the
results to a standard rod energy ratio usually eliminate such procedures quandaries (e.g., Skempton,
1986). Moreover, changes in test methods, samplers, hammers, and rods lead to corresponding
variances in N values due to the generated energy losses. Numerous researchers (e.g., Daniel et al.,
2003 and Skempton, 1986) suggested a standard dynamic energy about 60% of the hammer
potential energy (475J) to improve such losses as shown below: Where ENTHRU is, the measured
dynamic energy transmitted from the hammer to the drilling rods. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Skempton, 1986, expressed Meyerhof's relation in a general form as follows: Where ๏ณ'v is in
(kPa). Accordingly, the following equation can represent the normalized N1 to DR2 under ๏ณ'v =
98 (kPa): Skempton, 1986, assumed that (a+b) for sandy soils have a constant value of 41 while
Tatsuoka et al., 1978, examined the accuracy of such assumption. They suggested that such value of
41 is underestimating the relative density of fine sands and silty sands, whereas, it overestimates the
relative density of coarse gravelly sands. Additionally, Ishihara, 1993, and Cubrinovski and Ishihara,
1999 2000, reported similar conclusions. Skempton, 1986, also included the effect of D50 by
declaring that N values are higher for sands having larger D50 under a given relative density and
overburden stress. Also under the same testing circumstances, the tendency to increase the
penetration resistance with increasing the D50 is possibly related to a similar trend of the angle of
internal friction ฯ•. While Cubrinovski and Ishihara, 1999 2000, clearly pointed out that two sand
soils having identical fine content can show remarkably inconsistent stress–strain characteristics.
Thus, they recommended that (emax – emin) and DR are the most appropriate parameters to explain
the behavior of sands. Initially, they correlated between D50 and (emax – emin)

A Study On Expansive Soil
1. INTRODUCTION
Expansive soil is considered one of the most common causes of pavement distresses. Depending
upon the moisture level, expansive soils will experience changes in volume due to moisture
fluctuations from seasonal variations. The objective of this research was to evaluate existing repair
projects on selected roadways. Those roadways experienced failures in the form of fatigue and
rutting in the wheel path, and longitudinal (faulted) cracking including edge cracking. The causes of
those failures were mainly linked to high plasticity expansive soil and narrow pavement. The study
involved visual survey, field and laboratory testing, surface condition/ride data and structural design
calculations for three project sites. The study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Expansion potential is dependent on mineralogical composition of soil which influences the index
properties of soil. Several investigators proposed criteria for qualitative assessment of Expansion
Potential making use of index properties of soil .Uncertainties arise in making use of these criteria,
since the soil properties cannot be used separately but collectively to assess Expansion Potential.
(Venkata, 2009)
1.1 Origin and Distribution:
Expansive soils are made up of clay particles that result from the alteration of parent materials.
Alteration takes place by several processes: weathering, diagenesis, hydrothermal action, neo
formation, and post depositional alteration. Most clay minerals are transported by air or water to
areas of accumulation. Once deposited, the materials are subjected to the local conditions of
accumulation (overburden) 1nd erosion which make up the geologic stress history of the materials.
Thus, the existing clay soil at a site is the product of parent material, mode of alteration, and
geologic history. Interaction between the soil and the local environment produces continual change
in the soil and determines future behavior. Expansive soils are distributed all over the world. Usually
the areas with the most severe problems are those with local climates that produce desiccation. A
recent report provides the results of a study of the distribution of expansive soils in the

Social Values: What Is A Personal Value?
What is a personal value?
A personal value is an individual's absolute or relative and ethical value, the assumption of which
can be the basis for ethical action. A value system is a set of consistent values and measures. A
principle value is a foundation upon which other values and measures of integrity are based. Some
values are physiologically determined and are normally considered objective, such as a desire to
avoid physical pain or to seek pleasure. Other values are considered subjective, vary across
individuals and cultures, and are in many ways aligned with belief and belief systems. Types of
values include ethical/moral values, doctrinal/ideological (religious, political) values, social values,
and aesthetic values. It is debated whether some values that are not clearly physiologically
determined, such as altruism, are intrinsic, and whether some, such as acquisitiveness, should be ...
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The first are personal life value priorities – Determining candidates most important current values
(e.g., money, location, service to others, time with family), rank–ordering and deciding which will
trade off if faced with a contradiction (e.g., the job you want not being available in the location you
want). As said earlier, many people keep themselves in a state of continual agitation by refusing to
make focused value decisions.
The second are personal job–content objectives – Identifying what specific combination of skills or
competencies (e.g., intellectual, technical, interpersonal, physical, artistic, mathematical, etc.)
candidates want to develop and exercise in their future on–the–job activities. These objectives
become their criteria for judging the content of potential employee, if a potential opening involves
doing a lot of financial or technical analysis by their self with no opportunity for interacting with
others, some candidates will avoid that job even if it is a

Seepage Control in Earthen Dams
Most dams in active use today exhibit seepage of one form or another. The location, rate of flow,
and turbidity (clear or murky) are the critical factors when evaluating the seriousness of seepage
from a dam. Seepage is the continuous movement of water from the upstream face of the dam
toward its downstream face, and is a major minor problem when it comes to the life span of dams
and embankments. It is a major minor problem because if controlled the affects are minor and not
hazardous, but if not controlled it can become a major problem and possibly result in failures.
–Conditions of Seepage– Most dams have some seepage through or around the embankment as a
result of water moving through the soil structure. If the seepage forces are ... Show more content on
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Most failures caused by groundwater and seepage can be classified into one of two categories based
on the type of soil movement that is occurring. The failures will typically develop over a relatively
long period of time so there will be ample warning if routine inspections are performed. The two
categories of failure include those that take place when soil particles migrate to an escape exit and
cause piping or erosion failures, and those that are caused by uncontrolled seepage patterns that lead
to saturation, internal flooding, excessive uplift, or excessive seepage forces.
–Controlling Seepage– Regularly scheduled monitoring and inspection is essential to detect seepage
and prevent dam failure. Inspections should be made periodically throughout the year. Frequency
should be based on hazard classification of the dam. Higher classified dams should be checked more
common, compared to those that are lower hazard classified. At a minimum all dams should be
visually inspected at least every six months, before a predicted major storm event, during or after
severe rainstorms or snowmelts, and inspected weekly after construction is complete and reservoir
filling is ongoing, and for at least two months after the reservoir has been filled. Dam inspections
performed on a regular basis are the most economical aid a dam owner can use to assure the safety
and long life of the structure while reducing liability risks. If seepage is detected on a

The Effects Of Soil And On Soil Classifications
Research Report: –1
1. Vegetation causing change of Soil classifications
Every year Australia suffers from 50,000 house damages and these damages may be caused by
building defects and design and material problems or inappropriate construction techniques can be
prime issue. But, most often movement in soil can be the cause.
Roughly one fifth of the country is covered in clay which expands and shrinks as the moisture
amount changes by weather cycles going through wet to dry.
Influence of trees can cause movement up to 40–60mm in H1 and 60–75mm in H2 depending on
soil. (Standards, AS2870)
Cause of the moisture change can be trees while growing as well as when decomposed; roots create
uneven moisture content by water suction. Drying up by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The same outcomes can occur when trees are uprooted by a machine. It is vital to guarantee that the
stump and noteworthy roots are evacuated and the dirt is compacted in the void. The excavator
ought to be told to evacuate any natural material while cutting or skimming. What 's more,
especially where a sandy establishment exists, it is great practice to test the subsoil in the prompt
range around where a stump has been uprooted. A decent instrument to utilize is a 1 m length of 6–
10 mm round support bar. Driven with a sledge, this will find tree roots, as well as floaters and voids
or inadequately compacted zone (CSIRO) Numerous years back, establishment experts would see a
bigger shade tree that is near the house and naturally suggest evacuation. (QBCC) Today, examine
demonstrates that evacuation of the tree is not generally the answer. Since numerous trees and
establishments have existed together for a long time, any progressions that happen do as such after
some time and they can be minor, contrasted with the evacuation of the tree. In the event that an
extensive shade tree, that is near an establishment is uprooted, more sensational changes can strike
the dirt and establishment than if the tree was allowed to sit unbothered, much of the time. Thought
must be given to the full, long haul impact of evacuating a current tree almost an establishment. At
the point when an establishment has an inadequacy,

Sodic Soils in the United States
In North America, sodic soils are mostly found in the northern Great Plains of the United States.
Sodic soils develops on glacial deposits and till of saline shales (Heck and Mermut, 1992). The
presence of a fluctuating water table, landscape position, topography, parent material permeability
elevate the sodicity on glacial deposits (Wilding et al., 1963; Lewis and drew, 1973; Munn and
Boehm, 1983; Seelig et al., 190; Richardson et al, 1992). The total area of North Dakota in the
United States is about 18.4 million hectares and of these 1.9 million hectare area are considered as
sodic and distributed across several parent materials (Web Soil Survey, 2013). Sodic soils are
characterized by high sodium (Na) concentration in cation exchange complex. Which is about
greater than 15% and defined as the soil with high sodium as compared to calcium and magnesium
(Salcon, 1997, Soil Taxonomy, 1999). Sodic soil is one of the problematic soils which weaken the
soil structure of the soils (Rengasamy and walters, 1994). So it is important to study these soil in
detail by physical, chemical and micro morphological method and in relation to environment.
The typical morphological or physical features of the area with sodic soils were study in the field.
The vertical section from the surface were dig up to the parent material and designate them into
different horizon on the basis of soils color, texture, structure etc. Sodic soils develop a dense
prismatic or columnar structure below the

Tucson Vs Arizona
When the thought of Tucson, Arizona comes about what do you think about or expect?. Most people
tend to think about Tucson arizona as a sort of typically dry muggy every day type of weather and
also as a place where only plants like cactus grows, but really tucson arizona isn't as stereotypically
as what people make it seem to be. Tucson one of the largest cities within arizona has an Latitude
and longitude of 32.253460, –110.911789. With an elevation 2,388 and from the data chart Tucson
Arizona holds about 527,151 and has a square mile about 226.7 miles. Most people don't know
much about the wonderful facts about Arizona itself . In the article Geography of Arizona it states
that Arizona is divided into three regions which are the Colorado plateau, the Transition Zone ...
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The transition Zone can be found on the south of the colorado plateau and also north of Basin and
ridge region. This type of reign is a narrow type that is towards the valleys of arizona. Basin and
Ridge region this region is in the south of the transition but has a moutain ranges that borders of
california but has a mountain range that is also around arizona . Tucson climate can be categorized
as a steppe climate which is located in the high mountain which allows closer to moist air that is
coming from the ocean and also tropical climate. Seeing that it's mostly dry the precipitate is at a
high time low because of its less rainfall that occurs trees and other sorts of plants that need water
daily are hard to grow because of its lack of rainfall that's why plants like cactuses are so easily
spotted because it doesn't need as much water as other plants. By identifying what type of climate it
would be labeled as we would use the Kรถppen climate classification. The Kรถppen climate
classification was founded by German botanist–climatologist Wladimir Kรถppen. In the article of '
Kรถppen climate classification climatology it states that the reason as to why

2.2 Explain How To Manage A Site Drainage
2.1 How to manage the site drainage and its importance.
Site drainage management is aim to safeguard the house inhabitants and protect the house from
several damage cause by surface water and both internal and external inappropriate moisture
(Master builders, 2009).
Site drainage management is a very important part of the design of footing system. It is because the
site drainage could influence the success of the footing system, the maintenance of the site drainage
influencing the economic life of the building and the site drainage plan is required to be documented
(AS2870, 2011). In the AS2870, there is a detailed drainage requirement helping owner–builders to
know how to manage drainage and the several factors influencing the site drainage. ... Show more
There are several soil results might happen after the tree removal in this case, from limited influence
to significant damage. As this case just mentioned the site soil classification of this reclaimed land is
H1 but not mention the soil type. If it's sandy area, removal trees might cause less damage to the soil
because sand does not swell or shrink with changes in moisture (Victorian building authority, 2015).
However, if these trees are used to take more moisture from the underground water system in clay
soil land, the tree removal land will become more wet or dry due to the different surrounding
agricultural situation. For example, if there are heavy rainy after the tree removal and there are no
other trees or shrubs around the site, too much accumulated water will stay on the hole and change
the clay soils to be more reactive. On the other hand, if there are other big trees and shrubs around
the site, the extra moisture will be absorbed by these trees and the site soil is going to be dry. Thus,
the classification of the soil will be changed and it lead to change the footing construction system as
well. All in all, tree conditions should be considered before the removal and a more careful site
filling and cleaning jobs should be

The term expansive soil indicates to soils, which ahs the...
The term expansive soil indicates to soils, which ahs the tendency to swell when their moisture
content is allowed to increase. The moisture may come from rain, flooding, leaking water or sewer
lines, or from a reduction in surface evapotranspiration when an area is covered by a building or
pavement. The term cracking soils is also used for these soils as they have the tendency to shrink
and crack when the moisture is allowed to decrease. Soils containing the clay mineral
montmorillonite generally show these properties (Komine and Ogata, 1996; Rao and Triphaty, 2003;
Sivapullaiah et al. 1996; Wayne et al. 1984).
There are many correlations that are useful in identifying potentially expansive soils. It may also be
possible to identify them ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The higher the amount of monovalent cations absorbed to the clay mineral (e.g. sodium), the more
severe the expansive soil problem (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993).
The problems with foundations on expansive soils have included heaving, cracking and break–up of
pavements, roadways, building foundations, slab–on–grade members, channel and reservoir linings,
irrigation systems, water lines, and sewer lines (Cokca, 2001).
Expansive soils have been reported from many parts of the world, mainly in the arid or semi–arid
regions of the tropical and temperate zones like Africa, Australia, India, South America, United
States, and some regions in Canada. This never means that expansive soils do not exist elsewhere,
because they can be found almost everywhere. However, in the humid regions water tables are
generally at shallow depth and moisture changes, which are responsible for volume changes in soils,
are minimal excepting under extended drought conditions (Arnold, 1984; Shuai and Fredlund, 1998;
Wayne et al. 1984).
It is reported that damage to the structures due to expansive soils has been the most costly natural
hazard in some countries (in United States more than the cost of damage from floods, hurricanes,
tornadoes, and earthquakes on an average annual basis) for years (Kehew, 1995; Shuai and
Fredlund, 1998).
The particles of clays have highly negative–charged surfaces that attract free cations (i.e., positive–
charged ions) and water dipoles. As a result, a highly

Soil and Glaciers Essays
Soil and Glaciers Worksheet
From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission.
Part 1
Size grades of soil are named sand, silt, and clay, which includes colloids. Size grades are defined
using the metric system. Use Figure 4.8 from the textbook to fill in the following chart. Specify the
type and size and description of the particle. In some cases, particle size will be less than some value
or greater than another value. For instance, gravel is greater than 2.0 mm.
Name
Size
Description
Gravel
2.0 mm
A loose aggregation of small water–worn or pounded stones.
Sand
0.05mm
A loose granular substance, resulting from the erosion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regolith comes from the underlying rock whethers in its place. Transported develops on sediment
that has been transported regolith develops on sediment.
Climate
Soils with poorly or well–developed horizons causes changes in the soil.
Living organisms
Micro–organisms like bacteria and fungi break the organic matter down. Animals like worms, mice,
moles burrow in soil which help mix components and also provide ways for water and air to pass.
Topography
The slope helps the ability of water to soak into regolith.
Time
It takes thousands of years for a mature soil to develop.
Part 4

Investigate two ways in which water shortages, erosion, water diversion, floods or contamination of
a water resource, or other water processes have affected human history. How did humankind meet
the challenges of the impacts? Part 5
In 150 words, how do glaciers form, grow, and shrink throughout time? Cite any references used
and provide a References page.
~ Glaciers are formed when snow builds up for several years from snowfall that exceeds snow melt.
Over time, as new snow compresses the existing snow, the weight causes the snow underneath to
turn to ice. The hardening effect is similar to what happens when you pack a snowball in your hand.
The pressure from additional layers of snow builds for up to thousands of years. Glaciers can grow
and shrink as a result of changes in the amount of snowfall or changes in the amount of melting
because of

Sustainable Drainage For Highways Infrastructure
Sustainable Drainage for highways infrastructure
Introduction
Construction of no porous highway surfaces and pavements areas have high possibility of modifying
the hydrological cycle with larger volumes of runoff being conveyed over short periods of time at
increased flow rates to nearby water courses. Highway drainage has been designed to rapidly
remove surface runoff from the carriageway and discharge directly and positively into nearest
watercourses. It is now recognised that runoff from highways contains range of pollutants which
have negative impacts on watercourses such as vehicle derived exhaust emissions, fuel and lubricant
losses tyre and car fabric losses . Ground paving in leading to flooding, water pollution and situation
is likely to get worse as climate changes. Drainage need to be designed to keep to water on site
longer and allow percolation as a result reducing pollution and flooding. If possible water should be
stored and used. The existing drainage system on A45/A46 Tollbar junction is a combination of
piped system, kerbs and gullies discharging to carrier pipes and surface water channels discharging
into carrier pipes network. Runoff collected from the junction finally discharge into river Avon. The
present drainage system has no special features to make it sustainable. The system does not have
oil/petrol interceptors or any device for controlling pollution. There are no measures to deal with
accidental spillage, which will discharge into river Avon.

The Relationship Between Weathering And Regolith? Essay
What is the relationship between weathering and regolith? Weathering is the process that creates
regolith, specifically in weathering weakens and breaks down solid rocks, creating a regolith, a layer
of loose inorganic material.
2. What is the difference between soil and regolith? Soil maybe conceptualized as a relatively thin
surface layer of mineral matter that normally contains a considerable amount of organic material and
as well is capable of supporting living plants.
3. Briefly describe the five principal soil–forming factors. Time: The formation of soils that is a
continuing process and generally takes several thousand years for significant changes to be able to
take place. Climate: particularly temperature can precipitation and frost yet action in having
profound influence on soil forming processes which occur within a region. Parent material: is the
unconsolidated mineral and organic deposits in which soils are developing. Topography:Variations
in topography affect moisture and temperature relations. Living Organisms:The most abundant
living organism in the soil is vegetation.
4. Explain the importance of parent material to the nature of overlying soil. Parent material
influences characteristics of the soil that had develops from it, and particularly in earlier stages of
soil formation.
5. What are some of the roles of animals in soil formation? Animals help in breaking down plant
litter meaning aerating and mixing soil.Their is faeces and carcasses

Desert Biome Research Paper

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