Agriculture's Vital Role in Mesoamerican Civilizations

Agriculture In Mesoamerican Civilization
The Mesoamerican people who inhabited the Western Hemisphere developed independently from
the rest of the world by natural barriers set by oceans to both the east and the west. From the time
period spanning from 1200s BCE to 1500s CE, the Olmecs, Mayans, and Aztecs lived on the
isolated land for centuries, establishing their distinctive scientific and academic achievements. At
the other side of the globe in Mesopotamia, a civilization in the form of a city–state called Sumer
also incorporated achievements similar to that of the Olmecs, Mayans, and Aztecs. The extensive
use of irrigation was found in all four groups of people that became a vital part of their life,
providing water to crops in locations not necessarily directly next to a water ... Show more content
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Throughout the three civilizations, various methods of dealing with crops were introduced in
attempts of increasing yield and production. The Olmecs developed irrigation, which made
agriculture an important element of Mesoamerican life as it brought surpluses that led to population
growth and civilization expansion. Alongside irrigation is the extensive planting and harvesting of
crops like beans, squash, and especially maize that became the basis and stable crops of the
community. The Mayans continued the agricultural success of the preceding people by draining
swamps and erecting platforms for farming. These two practices greatly expanded the amount of
land agriculture could take place in a geography without vast fertile lands, further leading to
population boost and empire building in addition to the long–lasting practice of irrigation. With with
the aid of innovations made into reality by the two previous groups of people, the Aztecs kept the
tradition of constant improvement to current conditions. Building up on the Mayan efforts of
draining swamps, the Aztecs developed Chinampas. These aquatic water beds that acted as floating
islands extended the existing use of irrigation on the rich aquatic environment of the capital,
Tenochtitlan. With these multiple examples and instances of agricultural advancements that
continued and improved on the products and practices of previous civilizations, changes still coexist
in the middle as the use of calendar differed from one civilization to the next despite sharing a root
of calendar
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Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human...
PERIOD 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, c. 600 BCE to c. 600 CE
The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions I. Codifications and further
developments of existing religious traditions provided a bond among the people and an ethical code
to live by. A. The association of monotheism with Judaism was further developed with the
codification of the Hebrew Scriptures, which also reflected the influence of Mesopotamian cultural
and legal traditions. The Assyrian, Babylonian, and Roman empires conquered various Jewish states
at different points in time. These conquests contributed to the growth of Jewish diasporic
communities around the Mediterranean and Middle East. B. The core beliefs ... Show more content
C. The convergence of Greco–Roman culture and Buddhist beliefs affected the development of
unique sculptural developments.
The Development of States and Empires I. The number and size of key states and empires grew
dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states:
Southwest Asia–Persian Empires; East Asia–Qin and Han Empires; South Asia–Maurya and Gupta
Empires; Mediterranean region–Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city–states and colonies, and
Hellenistic and Roman Empires; Mesoamerica–Teotihuacan, Maya city–states; Andean South
America–Moche. II. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based,
in part, on the success of earlier political forms. A. In order to organize their subjects, the rulers
created administrative institutions in many regions: centralized governments, elaborate legal
systems and bureaucracies–China, Persia, Rome, South Asia. B. Imperial governments projected
military power over large areas using a variety of techniques: diplomacy, developing supply lines;
building fortifications, defensive walls, and roads; drawing new groups of military officers and
soldiers from local populations or conquered peoples. C. Much of the success of the empires rested
on their promotion of trade and economic integration by building and maintaining roads and issuing
currencies.

How Did The Rise Of Mayan Civilization
The rise of civilizations significantly increased as the world made its shift from the Paleolithic Era
to the Neolithic Era and onward. The Mayan civilization arose as a part of Mesoamerica during the
sixteenth century. Occupying the regions of Central America and Mexico, the Mayans had a strong
impact on the world with militaristic and influence from the invention of advancements. The earliest
record of the Mayan existence dates back to circa 400 B.C. The Mayan Civilization extended over a
time period dating back to 400 B.C to approximately 1517 A.D. This domination lasted for
approximately 1200 years until their mysterious disappearing. This civilization hit its height
throughout the time period of 200 A.D to 900 A.D. Many factors led ... Show more content on
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The Mayan territory charted to populate the areas of Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, Ecuador, El
Salvador, and the southern tip of Mexico. Overpopulation began to occur as the growth of the
empire extended. Urban areas surrounding the large trade cities including Tikal and Chichen Itza,
often had populations over 2000 people. Rural areas which were agriculturally dependent, were
often populated with 200–400 people. The main centers of trade and urban areas were constructed
out of limestone. This limestone was easily taken over by growing plants in which overtook the
area. Deforestation then occurred to make more level farming area to provide food to the
inhabitants. Tikal was home to rainforests and was one of the first cities to experience the downfall.
According to NASA, "They had to burn 20 trees to heat the limestone for making just 1 square
meter of the lime plaster they used to build their tremendous temples, reservoirs, and monuments"
(Coulter, 20). The burning of these trees resulted in detrimental environmental issues in which
would soon harm to Mayan civilization due to removing carbon from the air. The Mayan civilization
continued to undergo climate changes. Severe drought was brought upon the area following the
deforestation. The Mayan civilization was prone to tropical climate in which influenced their
making of the calendar. High rainfall was normal to the area and benefitted the

The Aztec And Greek Mythology Essay
When people first hear of the term mythology, he or she normally will associate the word with the
Greeks or the Romans because of the well–known myth and specifically the gods and goddesses.
For instance, movies like Hercules, Clash of the Titans , 300, and the Percy Jackson and the
Olympian are renowned films that people love and since people know these films, they tend to
know general information about the background of the Romans and Greek mythology. Furthermore,
the planets and days of the week are named after Roman and Greek gods and goddesses. The
ancient people worshipped many of these and linked their divine deities with the planets and days
and each is named after an individual god or goddesses, except for earth. Moreover, although these
civilizations have fascinating myths, it is imperative to note that all cultures have their own unique
mythologies. Similarly, the Mayans and Aztecs have their own exceptional take on how the world
was created along with the first humans.
The specific time frame of when the Mayan empire first started is unknown as well as when and
why the Mayan empire started to decline. However, as new discoveries are being made, the dates of
when the Mayan settlement took place is being pushed back further. The Mayans lived in what is
now northern Central American which includes Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Yucatan
Peninsula and Southern Mexico. Descendants of the Mayans still live there and speak the language
today.

Mexica Culture : The Aztec Culture In Central Mexico
Aztec culture, also known as Mexica culture, was a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central
Mexico in the post–classic period from 1300 to 1521, during the time in which a triple alliance of
the Mexica, Texcoca and Tepaneca tribes established the Aztec empire. The Aztec people were
certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language
and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. The Aztec have
also referred to themselves as the Meshika or Mehika.
Aztec culture is the culture of the people referred to as Aztecs, but since most ethnic groups of
central Mexico in the postclassic period shared basic cultural traits, many of the traits that
characterize Aztec culture cannot be said to be exclusive to the Aztecs. For the same reason, the
notion of "Aztec civilization" is best understood as a particular horizon of a general Mesoamerican
civilization. The culture of central Mexico includes maize cultivation, the social division between
pipiltin nobility and macehualtin commoners, a pantheon, and the calendric system of a
xiuhpohualli of 365 days intercalated with a tonalpohualli of 260 days. Particular to the Aztecs of
Tenochtitlan was the Mexica patron God Huitzilopochtli, twin pyramids, and the ceramic ware
known as Aztec I to III. Client states paid tribute to the Aztec emperor, the Huey Tlatoani, in an
economic strategy limiting communication and trade between outlying polities, making them

The Most Powerful And Largest Cities Of Mesoamerica
During its reign, Teotihuacan was considered amongst the most powerful and largest cities in
Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan, referred to as the same name as the valley it was located within, would
go on to extend its rich culture and history from between 150 B.C.E. throughout Mesoamerica 's
Golden Age. Some of the most influential aspects of this great city would extend from other well
known civilizations, the Maya and Aztec people for example, during their respective governing
periods. As of the most current standing, the original name remains undecipherable in the surviving
glyphs recovered at sites. Much in the same way, the initial cause of collapse for this once awesome
metropolis is merely speculative through what clues have been saved from a socialistic destruction.
Commonly thought to have been formed at about 150 B.C.E. and 200 C.E., the city maintained a
steady provision of nearby resources, such as spring water channeled through irrigation techniques
and valuable obsidian deposits. The obsidian made use in manufacturing weapon heads, which in
turn provided as an excellent trade. Of course, other goods circulated throughout, including cotton,
salt, cacao, feathers and numerous cultivated foods that the people cultivated by means of the raised
flooded fields (Cartwright, Mark, 2015). Aside from growing sources of sustenance, remains tested
for other dietary intake of dogs and poultry as well as wild insects, frogs and fish. Although an a key
note on recreating an

The Maya Civilization During The Preclassic Period
It was during the Paleo–Indian period when early nomads crossed into the Americas over 15,000
years ago. These were the "First People" to inhabit the Americas. They 'd first crossed into North
America until eventually splitting off from other groups and eventually migrating south through
Mexico into the Yucatán Peninsula of Mesoamerica.
These migrating "First People" in the Maya region developed their tool and hunting technologies
and went from being nomadic hunter–gatherers into forming more permanent settlements. These
settled groups became more developed as they exploited the plentiful local resources.
These now settled groups progressed into the Archaic period and began advancing into a more
complex society. These archaic settlements developed culture and technology that was shared with
neighboring settled groups. The exchange of ideas between these groups formed into a shared
culture that began developing into a culturally distinct people.
The Maya Civilization originated in the Yucatán region during the Preclassic Period at around 2000
BC. There is some argument as to when the Preclassic Period began for the Maya. It 's argued to
have began as late as 2600 BC, while there 's claim that it 's earlier because there are permanent
Maya settlements along the Pacific coast that date to 1800 BC. A difference of eight hundred years,
depending on region.
The Preclassic period begins where the first signs that the Maya can be recognized as a distinct
people. The two

Similarities Of The Mayan Civilization
Despite bearing some minor similarities the difference between Mayan artwork like the Cylindrical
vessel with ritual ballgame scene and Pablo Picasso's Les Demoiselles d' Avignon are pronounced.
The best way to understand the Mayan is to have some historical information about them. The Maya
civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization from around 2000 BCE to 1500 CE. This civilization
developed in areas like Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, Yucatán Peninsula, western El Salvador and
Honduras. Ritual, religion, and Cosmology are essential components of Mayan life, (Ca.A.D. 1200–
1513) and Colonial (A.D. 1513–1830) periods of indigenous migrations and Spanish Conquest.
Many of their actions were based on ceremonies and rituals. Ritual also ... Show more content on
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His artwork was intertwined with his life; he used the word "diary" in reference to his work. Later
the family moves to Barcelona where Pablo is enrolled in "La Lonja" in advanced art classes. At the
age of 49 his painting is exhibited at the Paris exposition Universelle. Picasso discovered what had
been implied in the theme of blindness during his Blue Period. In summer of 1907 he discovers
African sculptures at the ethnographic museum at Palais du Trocadero. In 1908 Cubism is born,
Pablo gives a banquet at the Bateau–Lavoir in honor of Douanier Rousseau. Nine years later he
works on costumes and décor of ballet costumes for the Paris Parade at Theatre du Chatelet. He
meets ballerina Olga Khokhlova. The following year, Olga and Picasso marry and move to rue La
Boetie. In 1921 Picasso's son is born he continues to work for Diaghilev and works with mother and
child subjects. In 1934 Pablo takes a trip back to his home town with his wife and son, where he
does drawings, paintings, and engraving, of bullfights. After the birth of his daughter Maia, he
returns to watercolors, painting, and drawing. The republican government appoints Pablo director of
the Prado Museum. Forty years of his life were displayed at the Museum of Modern Art in New,
York. "Picasso is an

History And Development Of Mesoamerica
Steven Hermosillo Professor Duran History 101 23 May 2016 The History and Development of
Mesoamerica According to Module 4, "America's Pre–Columbian populations evolved into highly
developed communities which by the time of the European invasion and conquest in the 16th
century had engendered some of the world's most highly evolved civilizations, in both North and
South America." Module 4 states that "Shortly after Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492–
1493, other Europeans made their way to various parts of America, but in the process they
unwittingly brought Eurasian disease pathogens to which America's Pre–Columbian population
were not immune or ready. Thus, even before the actual invasions and conquests began, much of the
Pre–Columbian population had already been physically and numerically decimated, which further
aggravated the problem of dearth of Native historical records, since many Pre–Columbian American
societies passed their histories down orally and through their rituals." Columbus brought disease to
America's Pre–Columbian population that were not immune or ready. "In this vein, these pre–
conquest decimations also gave the misleading impression to most Europeans that the American
continent was a sparely populated wilderness peopled by societies with underdeveloped cultures.
This stereotype image, however, was consonant with the invading European cultures' own racist,
Eurocentric depreciation of Pre–Columbian Americans' civilizational accomplishments – the

Olmec Culture Essay
The mysterious Olmec civilization prospered in the Pre–Classical (Formative) Mesoamerica from c.
1200 BCE to c. 400 BCE and is considered the forerunner of all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures,
like the Aztecs and the Mayans.
The Olmec culture flourished along Mexico's gulf coast from 1200 to 400 B.C. Known best today
for their carved colossal heads, the Olmecs were an important early Mesoamerican civilization
which had influenced later cultures such as the Mayans and the Aztecs. One of the most important
archaeological sites associated with this culture is San Lorenzo. There was a great city there: its
original name has been forgotten in time. Considered by archaeologists to be the first true
Mesoamerican city, San Lorenzo was a very important center of Olmec commerce, religion and
political power during its popularity. San Lorenzo was first occupied around 1500 B.C., making it
one of the oldest cities in the Americas. It housed three early settlements, referred to as the Ojochí
(1500–1350 B.C.), the Bajío (1350–1250 B.C.) and the Chichárras (1250–1150 B.C.).These cultures
are considered pre–Olmec and are largely identified by pottery types. The Chicharrás period has
characteristics identified as Olmec characteristics. The city reached its peak in the period from 1150
to 900 B.C. before falling into decline: this is referred to as the San Lorenzo era. There may have
been some 13,000 people at San Lorenzo during the peak of its power (Cyphers). The city then went
into decline and entered the Nacaste period, lasting 900 to 700 B.C.: the Nacaste did not have the
skills of their forebears and added little to the progress of art and culture. The site was abandoned
before the Palangana era (600–400 B.C.) began: later, inhabitants contributed small mounds and a
ball court. The site was deserted for more than a thousand years before it was re–occupied during
the Late Classic era of Mesoamerican civilization, but the city never regained its former glory. The
Olmec were religious and contact with the Gods was a very significant part of their daily life.
Although no structure has been clearly identified as an Olmec temple, there are areas of
archaeological sites which are considered to be religious complexes, such as

Greek Influence On Native American Culture
The Mississippian Culture civilization was quite unique, because the people of this culture built
mounds. These mounds served different purposes, some being used for burial chambers, and others
were built to resemble figures. In these societies, there were many mounds, not just a single one.
Furthermore, these cultures were also invested in trade endeavors, with the Hopewell even engaging
with the Caribbean in trade. Additionally, these societies were involved in fishing, hunting and
agriculture, especially maize agriculture. Also, these societies were skilled in workmanship,
producing artifacts. Some of the skilled workmanship that these groups did were pottery, stonework
and copper–work. Also, in these societies, there were social structures, and some mounds were used
in religious activities, with some serving as the site for temples. Their religion was based upon
things that were seen, such as the sun and the eagle, like many other Native American societies. ...
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Also, for the mounds in these cities, wood and dirt was used. Unfortunately, the wood from the
surrounding area was sometimes overused, which led to the eventual flooding of Cahokia. They
built the mounds for many different reasons, as they served many different purposes, from
functioning as burial grounds to the bases of temples and palaces. Other Native American cultures
were not mound–builders, which is a very big difference. Also, the Cahokia people (as mentioned
on the video) did not live in tepees, as typically thought that Native Americans did. The people of
Moundville lived in "small houses composed of pole and thatch (according to the Moundville

Compare And Contrast The Mayans And Aztecs
The mayans, aztecs, and the incas were all advanced for their time. The mayans had a math system.
The aztecs took over the highest cities in the area. And the incas had control of 1,250 miles of the
western coast of south america. The mayans were definitely advanced for their time. One way is that
they had a society based on classes, the classes were nobles, middles and priests and commoners.
The mayans didn't become an empire but they had many cities and traded with each other, but
occasionally they fought with each other in small wars. The mayans had a time of peace called the
time of prosperity in which they studied the stars, created a developed sophisticated calendar that
they lived by, practiced religious rituals, worshiped gods and

World, Education, And Characteristics Of The Aztecs
The Aztec Empire
The Aztec, Inca, and Maya were all great and inventive empires with a rich culture. But only one
can be the best. The Aztecs. The Aztecs were the best empire with mandatory schooling, floating
gardens, and smart architecture. Learning is very important in an empire in order to succeed. The
Aztecs had great schooling, where it was mandatory for everyone to go, boys, girls, and slaves. In
the Maya empire commoners were not allowed to go to school. Children of the nobles were who got
educated in math, astronomy, medicine, writing, and science. In the Inca empire it was the same
way, nobles and royals only. If you were being educated in the Aztec empire everyone would learn
songs and dances because they were part of religious ceremonies. Proper behavior was also taught
to everyone and this was very important because you would often get killed for breaking a law. The
girls and boys had separate schools as did the rich and poor, if you were a girl you would learn
things like how to be a good mother, how to cook, and how to sew. If you were a boy you were
taught fishing, hunting, and fighting. Since there are separate schools for the rich and poor, people
had social classes. The Aztecs had three main social classes, first there was the nobility or pilli.
Then there were the commoners or the macehualli. Then like any other empire at this time there
were slaves. The Aztecs got their slaves and treated them different than most empires. The Inca and
Maya empire

Mesoamerica And The Great Complex Of Indigenous Cultures
Mesoamerica the great complex of indigenous cultures. The time period in which made I
pretty big dent in history, the time period from 300BC until the 1500's. Some of you are
probably reading this like why is Mesoamerica so important? Or who or what has been involved
in the Mesoamerica time period? Well some of your questions just might get answered if you
continue reading this paper. I may not be the best writer but here going nothing.
Mesoamerica was the start of a new beginning when nomadic people began following
herds and started settling across North and South America. Mesoamerica is pretty much just
Middle America. Middle America domesticated animals and plants some of the plants were
maize (corn), potatoes, tomatoes, and beans. Once they demonstrated these things the population
began to boom then forming great cities.
The first real group was the Olmec's, the Mother Culture. They were settled in tropical
forests along the Gulf of Mexico, from 1500BC– 400BC. Their trade system influenced into
other cultures then giving them more opportunities to trade and get different resources from
other cultures. They carved stone art, made a calendar, and wrote in hieroglyphics. Their
traditions of sculpting and temple architecture, developed them ahead over eight centuries.
Which will eventually influence all subsequent civilizations of the region.
After them came the Mayans they existed from 300BC– 900AD, the Classic Period. They
were located

The Rise And Fall Of The Mayan Civilization
Many decades ago, northern Central America and southern Mexico cultures developed complex
political and social ranks. Researchers today know this region as Mesoamerica, known for its rich
soil, abundant amount of rainfall, and agriculture. (Judge & Langdon, 2012) The Mesoamericans,
Aztec and Mayan tribes, developed into complex civilizations for multiple reasons. These societies
were advanced and complex for their time in areas, such as architecture, agriculture, militarism, and
education. Each had unique religion and political systems as well. The rise and fall of both were due
to several factors.
The Mayan civilization society was very complex and intelligent; rising to become very influential
to people in different areas and much of their influence is still felt today. Relics indicate they were
very skilled in mathematics, education, astronomy and astrology, agriculture, architecture, and
politics. They originated in the Yucatan area of present day Mexico between 250 and 900 A.D. The
Mayans were organized by city states and ran government the same way. The religion was based on
polytheism, or multiple Gods of nature and earth. One reason for their rise to a complex civilization
was that The Mayans were very advanced people in the area of education. They were well ahead of
their time in areas of math, astronomy, and even medicine and other sciences. Society, along with
much of the world today, is still influenced by their ways and methods in these areas. The Mayas

Maya Vs Inca
Compare and Contrast
The Maya, Aztec, and Inca are different and similar in many ways. Let's start with the Maya. The
Mayans lived in Mexico and Central America, where they inhabited lands like Yucatan, Quintana
Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas southward in Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras.
The time period in which the Maya had lived is from 1800 B.C–900 A.D. The capital of the Maya is
Tikal, which was an important place to the Maya.
Now, the Aztec are fairly similar to the Mayas in different ways. They were also located in Mexico,
which their capital is located in present day Mexico City. Built on a series of islets in Lake Texcoco,
the city plan was based on a symmetrical layout which was divided into four sections called
Campans. The time period in which the Aztecs had lived is from 1325 A.D–1521 A.D. So, the Aztec
were pretty much gone before the Maya had started to be around. The capital of the Aztec is
Tenochtitlan. That's a long name for a capital of the Aztec.
The Inca, are pretty much the different kind of civilization out of any of them. They are located in
Peru, which is where the famous Machu Picchu was located. Cool right? Now, the Inca Empire was
the largest empire in Pre–Columbian America. The administrative, Political, ... Show more content
The Maya, Aztec, and Inca all grew maize, beans, and squash, but, the Maya, Aztecs, and the Inca
had different crops as well. The Maya also grew Chili Peppers, but, the Incas don't. The Aztec grew
tomatoes and they also grew chiles like the Maya. The Aztec would also make Tamales(cornmeal
dough combined with beans and veggies, wrapped in corn husks and steamed to prepare), but, none
of the other tribes didn't. The Inca grew many crops like coca, grains, potatoes, sweet potatoes,
ulluco, oca, mashwa, pepper, peanuts, cashews, cucumber, quinoa, gourd, cotton(yep, they grew
cotton) talwi, carob, chirimoya, lucuma, guayabo, and avocados. That is a lot of

Olmec Art Themes
Diana Meza Tues/Thur 12:30 pm Olmec Sculpture: The First Mesoamerican Art In this article, De la
Fuenta addresses Olmec art, its themes, and the style variations in Olmec art. Olmec traits appear in
several regions and vary in themes. The themes varied from the expression of religion, politics,
society, technology or the economy of a certain group. Cosmogony, myths, and human/ animal
combinations, were some of the themes that were present in Olmec art. One common theme that is
present in many myths fin different cultures is that of the twins. The Olmec not only had different
themes but also had different styles that varied depending on the region. Different styles pertained to
different regions. The region that certain Olmec art pertained ... Show more content on
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Because the Aztecs feared that the world was ending, they held rituals and sacrifices to try to
prevent it from happening. According to the article, the Calendar stone suggests a relationship to
midnight, the earth, death, and the center of the world. The center of the Calendar stone was not
easily identifiable as it resembles many other deities like Tonatiuh, Piltzintecuchtli, Xochipilli,
Coatlicue, and others. These other deities had similar characteristics in the way that they looked but
the context behind them did not match the context of the Calendar stone. At first, it was believed
that Tonatiuh was the face at the center but he was a day sky god not a night sky god. There were
also similarities among the face at the center of the Calendar stone and with the god Xochipilli–
Pilzintecuhtli. Xochipilli–Pilzintecuhtli had similar face painting, arms, and carried a human heart.
Although other deities like Tonatiuh were thought to be the face at the center of the Calendar stone,
it was shown that the face is the deity Yohualtecuhtli who "was a god of the earth, dark ness, death,
and the south and center of the

Mexico City: Tenochtitlan
The Aztecs Did you know that Mexico City is built on top of Tenochtitlan? The Aztecs originated in
the northern part of Mexico in 1100 C.E, they finally settled in the valley of Mexico around 1250
C.E. They learned how to work with the land and became very skilled farmers. They used a 365–
day calendar like we use today. They worshiped many gods and built temples and palaces in their
honor. There were roads, canals, and markets built from Aztecs, boats bring people and goods from
one city to another.
Aztecs have a variety of foods they harvest and hunt like corn tortillas, tomatoes, chili peppers,
beans, squash, avocados, and turkey. Religion was a big part of Aztec life and by religion, they
mean worshiping and making sacrifices for gods.

Essay about History 276
University of Phoenix Material Week One Study Guide As you read this week's required materials,
complete this study guide. Review the material to study for the final examination in Week Five. This
is a multipage assignment: double–check that you have completed each page before submitting.
History and Archaeology I. Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences. The written
record of the past and the study of past written records is called History . The study of the past based
on recovering and identifying artifacts and making inferences about those who left these artifacts is
called Archaeology . Both historians and archaeologists describe the past. Historians study written
records ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Druze , who live in modern Lebanon and Syria, originated as a splinter group that believed that
one of the Fatimid caliphs was the last incarnation of God. The Fatimid empire weakened in the
12th century and was conquered by Salah al–Din or Saladin. III. Identify at least one element of
Fatimid culture for each of the following categories. One example is provided: for that category,
identify at least one additional cultural element. | |Fatimid cultural elements | |intellectual
contributions |Founding of Cairo as intellectual center | | |The Druze | |architecture |Mosques and
places in Cairo | |artistic forms |glazed ceramics | | |glassware | | |decorated script | |religious beliefs

Yaxchilan Essay
Yaxchilan was an important Maya city between 250 C.E and 900 C.E (Khan Academy, n.d). It is
located in Chiapas, Mexico and is known for the images and written records carved on the stone
lintels found in the city (Khan Academy, n.d). Rulers (Jaguars) decided to leave these records to
express their religious beliefs and maintain their traditions (Khan Academy, n.d). The Mayan culture
was deeply religious and considered rituals an essential part of their way of life and tradition (Khan
Academy, n.d). Many of these rituals consisted of just blood sacrifices while others included the
offering of life (Khan Academy, n.d). Rituals done by rulers like Shield Jaguar II and his wife can be
seen on the lintels 24, 25, and 26 located in Structure 23 (Khan Academy, n.d). Bird Jaguar IV was
known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lintels 15, 16, and 17 located in structure 21 were created during his reign (Khan Academy, n.d).
Lintel 16 shows Bird Jaguar IV with a captive kneeling in front of him (Khan Academy, n.d).
Captured enemies were often sacrificed to the gods during Accession rituals (Khan Academy, n.d).
Accession rituals were done to mark the beginning of a new ruler and held great importance in the
Mayan culture (Khan Academy, n.d). The commitment of the Mayan people to their gods didn't stop
there, rulers often engaged in bloodletting sacrifices (Khan Academy, n.d). A clear example of this
type of offering can be seen on a lintel 24 in structure 23 which depicts lady K'abal Xook using a
thorned rope to induce bleeding in a ritual done to communicate with the gods (Khan Academy,
n.d). This specific ritual resembles the creation of the human race by the gods. Mayans believed that
humans were created from the blood of goods (Khan Academy, n.d). The ritual was not only done
for religious reasons, but also to show the strength of character and body that the queen had which
was considered of great importance to be an effective

Compare And Contrast The Toltecs And Aztecs
The Toltec, Aztec, and Mayan Indian Tribes
TOLTECS> The Toltecs were an Indian tribe who existed from 900 A.D. to 1200. They had a capital
city of Tollan, and their influences reached south to the
Yucatan and Guatemala. They were a composite tribe of Nahua, Otomi, and
Nonoalca. The Tolt ecs made huge stone columns decorated like totem poles.
AZTECS> Aztecs were an American Indian people who rule an empire in Mexico during the 1400's
and early 1500's. They practiced a religion that affected every part of their lives. To worship the
Aztecs built towering temples, created huge sculptures, and had human sacrifices. The center of
Aztec civilization was a river valley in Mexico. The emperor of the Aztecs was
called ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Warfare was considered a religious duty by the
Aztecs. They fought not only to enlarge their empire but also to take prisoners to sacrifice to the
gods. The market place was a major center of
Aztec life, more than 60,000 people visited it daily. They had no system of money, they traded
goods and services for other goods and services. They had no pack–animals, a nd as a result, they
themselves had to carry all their goods over land. The end of the Aztec empire came when the
Spaniards came. The first time the Spaniards were mistaken for returning gods. When they returned
to Spain, they told of all the gold that the Aztecs had. The
Spaniards returned one year later with canons and they had the help of the other indian tribes of the
area, in destroying the Aztec empire.
MAYANS> The Mayan civilization flourished from the 3rd to the 16th centuries in an a rea the
included the peninsula of Yucatan and the eastern part of
Chiapas in Mexico, most of Guatemala, the western region of the Republic of
Honduras. In the Spanish conquest only a few Mayans resisted the conversion to Christianity. The
Mayans believe d that 13 heavens were arranged in layers above the earth, and under the earth were
nine underworlds also arranged in layers. The concepts are closely related to those of the Aztecs.
The religion has partly survived to this day among the Christianized Mayans. Mayan mathematics
included the discovery of zero, the duration of

Post Colonialism Latin America.
Post colonialism Latin America
Through the lens of post colonialism I will focus on that actions that took place in Latin America.
Through my research I am looking to find advice to prove my ideology that the actions that took
place between the Spanish conquering of the Aztec and Mayan had a long term effect not just on the
people its self but in form on new generations being doctorate in the way they conduct themselves
through religion, education, and cultural heritage. Post colonialism had happen all over the world. It
happens in many countries but the location that I choose was Latin America the Aztecs and the
Mayans and how the Spanish conquistadors went to conquer new territory. The conquistadors went
to steal everything from Meso– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile the Aztecs wrote symbols called pictograph or glyphs. The Aztecs didn't use an alphabet,
but they used pictures to represent items events and sounds. The only people from the Aztecs that
knew how to read and write where the priests. The priests wrote in long sheet made from animal
skins or plant fibers. The priests even wrote an Aztecs book called the codex. They're where many
codices that were destroyed and burned and only a few books lived and archeologist has been able
to learn about the Aztec's life. Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes and his 500 men and 16 horses
landed on the Mexican coast in 1519. The Aztecs king Montezuma the second gave many gifts to
welcome the Spanish. Even though Montezuma didn't trust Cortes he worried that Cortes was the
Aztec god Quetzalcoatl. They believe that Cortes the god because there believe was that the god will
come as a man, and Cortes even arrive on the Quetzalcoatl birthday. He also began to know the
natives and he even got a American Indian names Dona Marina, and his lover work as his
interpreter. Even though Montezuma treated Cortes and his conquestor very well Cortes went on to
kidnap and kill Montezuma but people still don't know how the king Montezuma was kill. After
Montezuma was kill and the world spread the Aztecs manage to kill two thirds of the soldiers were
kill. But Cortes manages to escape with a few of his soldiers. After the escape he force other native's
to join his army to fight against

Collapse Of Leña De Pirul Essay
Answer the following questions clearly and succinctly. Use the data for both the map and the
questions. Remember that Spanish influence is not a factor during the Prehispanic period:
prehispanic means before the Spaniards arrived. Some sites are abandoned, and then reoccupied
later. 1) On the four phase maps, indicate which sites were occupied during each phase. Indicate the
size of the site during each phase by using a dot for sites less than 2 hectares, a circle for sites
between 2 and 15 hectares, a triangle for sites between 16 and 40 hectares, and a square for sites
larger than 40 hectares. Leave sites that were unoccupied during a particular phase unmarked (8
points). 2) What was the political organization of the valley during the Formative period (2 points)?
The valley was made up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why (1 point)? No, my evidence does not support Megarhino's theory. Polychrome ceramics are
found at sites 6, 18 and 19. These sites are all very small, so in some ways it seems unlikely that
there would be much differentiation of status between people, or enough people to consolidate
power for there to be "elites" at those sites. Leaders and elites had power and wealth because they
benefited from having large numbers of people working below them and consolidating power. I just
don't think these three sites were large enough to have power to trade polychrome ceramics, while a
settlement as powerful as Leña de Pirul did not. Sites 6, 18 and 19 are geographically close, in the
east part of the valley. My guess is that they traded with adjacent regions for the polychrome
ceramics, and that sites further west just weren't interested for some reason. At any rate, these sites
never grew and amassed enough power to lead to the fall of the much larger site 1, Leña de Pirul.
I'm not sure why Leña de Pirul collapsed, and I don't think there is enough evidence to tell from the

Flourishing North American Cultures
2000 years before Europeans began to arrive in the New World, the last era of the pre–Columbian
development began. North American cultures such as the Mississippian culture, the Hopewell
Tradition, and the Hohokam culture experienced growth and environmental adaptation throughout
this era. Major contributions and innovations of Native Americans have developed and been passed
on through generations of ancestors. Originating in 700 A.D., the Mississippian culture expanded
through the Mississippi Valley and out into the southeastern states of Alabama, Georgia and Florida.
For 800 years, until the 1550s, the Mississippian culture prospered. They cultivated a substantial
amount of corn, by means of intensive farming, and other crops, such ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At the peak of their dynamic culture, the Anasazi developed the Chaco Canyon. Within the canyon,
they constructed many pueblos, totaling nearly seven hundred rooms. In addition, they built water–
collection systems and a network of roads. It was a massive achievement in engineering. The
founding fathers of America looked at the Iroquois, who lived along the St. Lawrence River in what
is now New York, as a model of democracy to base America's political system on. From the
Iroquois, Europeans learned of a well–developed system of checks, balances and supreme law.
Because the Iroquois influenced the Articles of Confederation, they were one of the most important
native groups in North American history. The federation of the Iroquois enabled them to prosper in
independence and protect themselves from enemies. The Hohokam culture of present day Arizona
existed from 300 A.D. to 1200 A.D. The earliest Hohokam people lived in unusually large lodges
possibly with their extended family. The Hohokam men, who were traditionally hunters, hunted
large game with spears until the bow and arrow was introduced around 400–500 A.D. Throughout
the culture's lifespan, its geographical range expanded by at least three to four times. As the
Hohokam culture expanded and their contacts with neighboring tribes increased, trade began to
flourish. A surprising variety of products were

Ancient Mayan Society
How could societies from hundreds of years ago influence both the past and the present? When
historians and archaeologists look back on the thriving communities of the Maya, Aztecs, and Inca
their question is answered. These societies were introduced many products and ideas. The Mayan,
Aztecan, and Incan societies heavily influenced the past as well as the present. The Maya, Aztecs,
and Inca were tremendously influential in their prime and their legacy . Looking at the Maya, the
first accomplishment that they achieved was creating accurate calendars by studying stars and
astrology. This helped the society know the dates of important events like deaths or annual festivals.
One of the other accomplishments of the ancient Mayan

Maya Aztec And Inca Civilizations: Similarities And...
The Maya, Aztec and Inca civilizations all have similarities and differences. The topics that will be
compared and contrasted are economy, religion, social system, government, and technology. The
Maya civilization was spread out. They lived in Mesoamerica, Mexico, South America, Yucatan
Peninsula, Belize, Guatemala, and El Salvador. There were three main time periods for the Mayans.
The preclassic period went on from BCE to 250 CE. The postclassic period went on from the 900s
to the 1500s. The classic period went on from 250 A.D. to 900 CE. The classic period was the last of
the Mayan civilization. The Aztec and Inca did not have any time periods.
The first topic is about economy, All civilizations relied or depended on agriculture. The Maya ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the Maya the social system was from highest authority to lowest. First came the rulers, then
came the nobles and priests, then the merchants and craftsmen, then the peasant and last but not
least the slaves. The warriors were special so they didn't fit into any class. The Aztec social system
was similar to the Maya. They had a very strict social system. First came the nobles, then the
commoners, then the serfs or slaves. The noble class consisted of government and military, leaders,
high level priests, and lords. The Maya had a class just for the rulers, while the Aztec had the rulers
fit into the noble class. The Incas' social structure was divided into four levels. The Sapa Inca,
royalty, nobility and then the ayllu. The Sapa Inca was the most powerful person in the entire
empire. All three civilizations had rulers, nobles, and commoners or peasants. The Maya has more
classes than the Inca and Aztec.
The Mayans developed a hierarchical government ruled by kings and priests. The Aztec government
was similar to a monarchy where an Emperor or King was the primary ruler. The Inca government
was called Tawantinsuyu. It was a monarchy ruled by a single leader called the Sapa Inca. All the
civilizations had rulers, but the Mayans government was ruled by kings and priests. None of the
civilizations had the same name for their ruler. All rulers in all civilizations had the most

Are you aware that chinampas were given the beautiful...
Are you aware that chinampas were given the beautiful nickname, "floating gardens", by the
Spanish (American Indian History Online)? This was due to the fact that they were basically islands
used for the soul purpose of vegetation, situated on swamps and canals. The Aztecs were very
resourceful. Most of their land was swamp and canals, so it was extremely hard to grow food let
alone provide it for their entire civilization. Therefore, the wove together tree bark, and let it float on
top of these swamps. Then, they would take any fertile soil they could find, including from inside
the swamps, and dumped it on the platform. They would also have to add human fecal matter to
fertilize the soil even further. But that's not all. They also had a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is truly fascinating how these islands made such a colossal difference in the civilization of the
Aztecs. Chinampas also saved the capital of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan, from starving. Their
capital alone had a whopping 150,000–200,000 people (Investigating Chinampa Farming). The
thing is that the majority of them weren't even food producers (Investigating Chinampa Farming).
This was a very troubling dilemma that chinampas were the solution to. In fact, chinampas produced
an estimated one–half to two–thirds of the food consumed in Tenochtitlan (Investigating Chinampa
Farming)! That is absolutely astounding. Without chinampas, the Aztec Empire would be
scrambling for food due to their swampy location. But fortunately, they did have chinampas. In
addition, chinampas utilized a method of transport that would in turn benefit their civilization. The
Aztecs built chinampas in a specific way; parallel to each other (Aztec History). This repetitive yet
clever arrangement produced a complex system of canals (Aztec History). This allowed canoes to
through these canals. All of this was cause by the creation of chinampas.
Furthermore, this created an efficient method of delivery and travel. This way, canoes could simply
row up next to chinampa and load different crops and plants. Then, they could navigate their way
back to the mainland due to the organized

World History X Mod
Camilo Ramirez
Mrs. Ball
World History X Mod
November 9, 2015
Mesoamerica
Not one or two, but the following three civilizations are most definitely one of the more interesting
empires to roam this Earth; The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas. These 3 groups of great people ruled
Mesoamerica in their different eras from 300–1535. Throughout this essay, I will explain the
similarities and differences these people held in between them. For example, one large similarity
between them is the fact that they all believed in the Sun God as the main God to believe in because
they were al polytheistic. This was a very interesting part of their society because it tied to the
political system of the Incas! The incas had one large emperor who ruled the entire ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, the Incas conquered a city and proceeded to name it Cuzco. These three cities were
basically the rock of succession for the three empires and surely enough it helped the, get to where
they got. Another similarity is the fact that they all had a very strong army and their warriors played
a huge role in land conquering and in the social classes of the people. The Mayans first of all could
not have started their successful civilization without the immense work of the warriors. This led
them to conquer so much land especially the Yucatan Peninsula. The Aztecs also used the warriors'
power to conquer land such as the Valley of Mexico. Finally, the Andes Mountains from modern day
Peru to Chile would have never been captured without the warriors help. The reason the warriors
would have so much power was because they used all the manpower they could because the
warriors would receive land back at home waiting for them and their family for their hard work.
Now, going back to the other hand, a huge difference they had was the way they ruled which I
mentioned before. The Mayans and Aztecs both had the idea of a political system as dividing the
empire into a bunch of city–states and assigning a leader for each one. Now, as for the Incas, they
had an overall leader that was supposed to be the son of the Sun God. He would control the entire
empire and make decisions for all the Incas. When this leader would die,

The Mayan Civilization
The Preclassic Maya
The founding years of the Mayan civilisation are known as the Preclassic era, stretching from 2000
B.C.E to roughly 250 C.E lasting about 2250 years. The Preclassic era is subdivided into three
subperiods, each focused on one or two necessities required for the empire 's growth. The Early
period consisted of mainly refining agricultural methods and building foundations, the middle
period was a time of rapid population growth as well as the later period, a time for social and
religious refining with the underlying necessity of the growth of the empire.
The Preclassic Period of the Mayan civilisation is split into three sub periods. These periods are
differentiated through the necessities that arose during these times. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From the sediments found on the lake bed of Peten of Guatemala, evidence that these early
agriculturalists grew maize, fruits, cacao and a selection of roots, though they continued to be
dependent on hunting bounty from the available from the land and water. Skeletal evidence has
provided evidence for the consumption of maize as a significant part of their diet. They hunted the
surrounding areas and fished the rivers whilst also foraging for berries and roots to supplement their
meagre diet.
The middle period of the Preclassic Maya civilisation was a time of rapid population growth. Using
the agricultural foundations developed in the previous period, the ancient Mayans constructed
villages and cities that resembled chiefdoms. These chiefdoms were ruled by chiefs who built and
retained their power through family connects and divine rulings. Divine rulings refer to the chief's
perceived right to rule, which was presented as a supernatural support from the divine. Due to the
chiefs ruling over the chiefdoms, they were able to control the economy, ensuring the public support
of his ruling. There is evidence for these chiefdoms are found in the sites like: Tikal; Cahal Pech;
and Santa Rita. These chiefdoms, ruled by the family and divine backed chiefs, were a direct cause
of the rapid population

The Mayans Research Paper
The Maya civilization was one of the Mesoamerican cultures that were developed by Maya people.
It was highly noted for its hieroglyphic script. This was one of the best writing systems of the pre–
Columbian Americas. The Maya community consists majorly of the indigenous people of Mexico
and Central America. The Aztec empire was flourished between 1345 and 1521 CE and was
spreading within the northern Mesoamerica. The Aztec warriors through their power were able to
dominate the neighboring states, and through that, they made it possible to transfer their ideas as
well as religion to many parts of Mexico. The art and architecture of the Aztec civilization were the
best ranked in the continent and therefore preferable to many due to the design and techniques that
were used by the architects. The Aztec territory was best documents within the states and consisted
majorly of best archaeological details, native books as well as information from the Spanish
conquerors. This study paper aims to describe the Maya civilization. To begin with, the people of
the Maya kingdom describe themselves regarding the ethnicity of languages such as the quiche and
Yucatec. Initially, the Maya people were divided into various periods. These periods can reveal the
culture and emergence of the cultivation during the Maya civilization. In the 7000–2000 BCE that
was the archaic period. It was the time the hunters and gathers began to cultivate crops as well as
domesticating the animals. The sacred

The Muralist Movement in Mexico
The Muralist Movement in Mexico
Mural painting is one of the oldest and most important forms of artistic, political and social
expression. Mexican muralists, Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros
revived this form of painting in Mexico and led the way for the Muralist Movement in Mexico.
Their murals were based on the political and social conditions of the times. During the beginning of
the 20th century, Mexico went through a political and social revolution and the government began to
commission a number of huge frescos to celebrate its achievements. The muralist movement would
not only have a great effect on their own country but the rest of the world as well.
The first modern artists from a Hispanic country ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several of his murals appeared in the patio of the National Preparatory School, formerly the Jesuit
institution of San Ildefonso. These include "The Elements," "Man in Battle Against Nature," "Christ
Destroys His Cross," "Destruction of the Old Order," "The Aristocrats," and "The Trench and the
Trinity", or in this case, the worker, the soldier and the peasant. Other pictures at this location depict
negative forces (in a negative light) and the human tragedy of the Revolution. In 1925, at Mexico
City's House of Tiles, he painted the mural "Omniscience". The following year, at the Industrial
School in Orizaba, Veracruz, he created a mural depicting conditions in post–revolutionary Mexico.
Between 1927–1934 Orozco lived in the United States.
On his return to Mexico, Orozco worked in Guadalajara between 1936 and 1939. In the vaulting of
Government Palace he painted such celebrated frescos as "The People and Its Leaders" and, on the
staircase, his picture of Miguel Hidalgo, father of Mexican independence, holding a flaming torch.
In an article entitled The Demands of Art History, Harris states:
Orozco reached the summit of his art with the frescos he painted for the Guadalajara's Hospicio
Cabañas. These include a historical panorama of Mexico showing the pre–Hispanic world of the
great Indian civilizations, the Conquest, visions of the downtrodden, public service as opposed to
demagoguery, the perils of alienation and dictatorship, the Revolution, creative activity

How The Mayans, Aztecs, And Olmecs
Mayans, Aztecs, & Olmecs: The Mayans were a civilization in Central America. Mayans started out
with small villages but over time would start developing larger cities. Most Mayan city–states
include at least one plaza, a ball court, and one temple. The Mayans were very sophisticated people.
And you used picture like symbols for communicating. The Mayans main activity was farming. So,
on a normal day you will find lots of people working on the fields farming. But, the Mayan culture
started to slowly die, and eventually it completely disappeared. Mayan astronomers studied the
moon, earth, & sun and then came up with a 365 day calendar which we use today on Earth. They
invented chocolate, herbal medicine, & basketball. The Aztecs were a group of people known to be
wandering around Central America, and claimed they were originally from Aztlan. The Aztecs were
separated into three classes of people. Talcotin ( low class; these people would mostly be slaves ),
macehualli ( middle class; commoners; would be artisans, farmers, and traders ), and pilli ( high
class; noble people; government officials and priests ). Most people of the Aztecs were commoners,
so they worked as farmers, traders, and artisans. A day for a commoner would be working out on the
field, trading items, or working on building stuff. Aztecs were very religious and known for their
practice of human sacrifice. Eventually the Spaniards and a nearby tribe called Tlaxcala defeated the
Aztec Empire and was

Economic Characteristics Of The Aztec And Inca Empires
In the 1400's through the 1500"s there were the Aztec and Inca empires, both were empires that
started out as marginalized peoples who conquered and absorbed other cultures. Aztec and Inca
Empires were based on managing resources, goods, and people in an economy centered on intensive
agriculture including having their currency systems. The economic characteristics of the Aztec and
Inca empires were similar in that they both changed their environment to improve their agricultural
system and they both focused on internal trade networks, however they differed in the way they
taxed their people. The Aztecs were a triple alliance; three city states that banded together for the
greater good. The joined civilizations were Mexico–Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan. The Incas
were located around modern day Peru, and are known as the largest empire in the pre–Columbian
America.
The economic characteristics of the government differed from how they collected revenue. So, the
Inca government had a totalitarian complex government whether as Aztecs had a decentralized
government that focused on expansion. In document 4, it explains how the Aztecs required
conquered lands to pay a tribute. Aztecs would pay in goods and services rather than currency. From
the source document 5 Pedro de Cieza de Léon describes the Inca rule, that there was a king or
emperor, as well as representatives for each province. As for the aztecs as mentioning that they
formed a triple alliance, they did not end up

Tiantis Research Paper
The 178 year old city, Tiantis, was founded in 2158. It was previously known as Miami, a very
popular tourist stop. Located in southern Florida, it boasts a population of about 468,000 people, not
including tourists. The city is located by the coastline of Florida and includes a passing river that
eventually heads to the Gulf of Mexico. A delta that leads directly to the beach on its coast is here.
This popular city has a warm climate of 70–80 ̊ Fahrenheit in the summer, only dropping to 65 ̊
Fahrenheit in the winter months. The main source of income is from tourism and education at the
university. In order to protect the environment, Tiantis also does not run of the typical fossil fuels, it
runs on Sewage–Fuel. All food is grown organically and locally in the agricultural center. Compact
and oval–shaped houses are used for citizens. In general, Tiantis is a bustling place with many
earth–friendly features. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, many families stay here raising children, running businesses, leading tours around this
city, and studying or teaching at Wales University, visiting the many tourist attractions, and just
relaxing. Transportation is achieved by biking in the Velo–city, walking or running on the pedestrian
roads between buildings, or the Voyager.
The Voyager is a subway–like vehicle that travels at speeds exceeding 75 mph located beneath the
Velo–City. It is more efficient because it is run completely by automatons so delays will never occur
concerning weather or a human error. This is an option for the elderly, disabled, younger kids, and
people with acrophobia, and anyone else. It is located above ground, attached to the bottom side of
the Velo–city. Powered by the energy harnessed from the Velo–city created when people walk, bike,
and run on it, the Voyager doesn't require other electrical

Mayas And Aztecs Comparison Essay
The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas are all big groups of people that used have roamed the lands of
earth. They all have a specific location, time period, capital, economy, religion, social system,
government and technology. First we are going to start with the 3 group's location, time periods, and
the capitals. The Maya's location is in southern Mexico. For example; Belize,
Guatemala, Honduras, and El. They like to live in rainforest and dry lowlands. There cities have
many buildings like house made out of jade and hay. The Aztecs live in Mexico too. They live in an
area of harsh deserts, high mountains, and swampy lakes. They thought that their area was a good
natural defense. The soil there was very useful because it was very easy to grow with. They even
added land with chinampas. Now for the Incas. They lived in the west part of South America. Also,
they were located in the Andes mountains. The main area was Peru. Now it's time for the time
periods. For the Mayas, there time period was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each tribe had a economy full of farming and trading. All tribes farmed lots of maize (corn), squash,
and corn. They all also loved cuaco beans for making chocolate, it was kind of a currency too! Some
differences are how the Mayans loved carving and trading jade the most. Also the Incas eat a lot of
duck, fish, tomatoes, peppers, beans, and corn, while the others had a smaller sort of foods to eat.
Mostly the Aztecs used the chimpas to add extra land to farm and build more. Many tools were
made and traded but mostly the Aztecs made stones out of obsidian. Sometimes the Mayans would
have special foods for special ceremonies. Also, mostly the Mayans and Aztecs would have
"runners" to carry the trades or letters. The trades or letters would be switched between different
runners. These tribes have some very interesting ways of life. What do you think, would you like to
live and be apart of these tribes of

Mayan Droughts
Upon reaching Central America in the 1500s, European conquistadores were greeted by an
unanticipated sight–imposing limestone cities abandoned, left to be reclaimed by the jungle. These
metropolises once belonged to the Maya civilization, but were deserted starting in the ninth century
for reasons yet unknown. Although the abandonment of these once thriving cities marked the end of
the Maya Classic period, lasting 250 A.D. to 900 A.D., it did not mark the end of the Maya
civilization as a whole. The Maya civilization would continue to survive up to and past European
arrival, but never again at the height reached during the Classic period. Understandably, many have
questioned what caused this collapse while the Maya were the peak of their ... Show more content
Minerals were collected by drilling cores in Belize's famous underwater cave, known as the Blue
Hole, as well as lagoons nearby. As the Blue Hole and other lagoons are surrounded on all sides by
thick walls of coral reefs, they act "like a big bucket" or "a sediment trap", accumulating the excess
sediment brought in by rivers and streams (Ghose). Furthermore, this excess sediment is swept into
these lagoons during storms or wetter periods. In the event that it rained, the water would eat away
at the volcanic rocks of the region, which contain titanium. As a result, this free titanium would flow
in rivers and streams, which, in turn, would flow into the lagoons. Layer after layer would settle on
top of the previous, providing an accurate record of the historical climate of this region. Droxler, the
head researcher, and his team would then analyze the samples, looking for the ratio of titanium to
aluminum as "relatively low ratios of titanium to aluminum correspond to periods with less rainfall"
(Ibid). His team found that during the timeframe of 800 A.D. to 1000 A.D., there were not the usual
five or six tropical cyclones every two decades, but only one or two, signifying there was less than
usual rainfall. Notably, this data comes from several spots in a region central to the Maya heartland,
meaning it is more likely the climate

Tres Zapotes: A Social Site Analysis
Tres Zapotes is located in the lowlands of south/central Mexico, near the village of Tres Zapotes,
which is a part of what used to be Mesoamerica (1). The site is located within the Papaloapan River
plain, and is between the Los Tuxtlas Mountains and the Papaloapan River delta (1). The location
provided a forested environment upland, and swamps and streams in the river plain (1). The
occupation of the site dates as far back as 1,500 BC, with the occupation's height around 1,200 to
900 BC; the site was occupied until AD 1,000 to AD 1,200 (2). The site represents a transition from
the Preclassic to Classic period, but Tres Zapotes was abandoned in the begging of the Early
Postclassic period.
Tres Zapotes was occupied by the Olmecs and Epi–Olmecs (or post–Olmecs), with the majority of
the remains from the Epi–Olmecs (1). The most important findings were two colossal heads and
Stelae C (3). Stelae C was the second oldest Mesoamerican long count calendar, which dates back to
31 BC (3). The different structures and political mounds at the site shows how there wasn't a
centralized government, due to the equidistant spacing of the constructions (1). The people also had
trade connections with other populations, which influenced the poplation's art styles (2). For
example, sculptures had similar styles to those from Izapa, Guatemala, whom they traded with (2).
The population also had connections with the Mixe people from the Isthmian region of Mexico (3).

Art Of The Indigenous Americas
Art of the Indigenous Americas is among some of the Earth's oldest artistic traditions. Art of the
Indigenous Americas developed between c. 10,000 B.C.E. and 1492 C.E., which marked the
beginning of the invasions by European explorers. Regions and cultures are referred to as the
Indigenous Americas to signify the importance and influence of the cultural traditions of the nations
and societies which first settled in these areas over those of the colonizers who took over the
American continents over the past five hundred years. Artworks and archaeological sites of the
Indigenous Americas provide archaeologists and scholars with crucial information about how the
indigenous people lived, their beliefs and the influence of these beliefs on ... Show more content on
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The site is located by two of the few mountain passes that allow passage between the desert coast to
the west and the Amazon jungle to the east. Chavin has uniquely adapted to its natural surroundings
as travelers utilized these passages not only to travel to various locations for trade, but to spread
messages pertaining to their respective religion. Travelers utilized these passages to meet up with
other travelers from a multiplicity of other backgrounds, whether it be of different cultural, ethnic,
or religious backgrounds.
Chavin Archaeological Site is also located near the convergence of the Huachesca and Mosna
Rivers, a natural phenomenon of two merging rivers into one which is suspected by archaeologists
to have been viewed as a spiritually powerful phenomenon by the people of the site. Over the course
of 700 years, the site drew many worshipers to its temple. Because the site is located near prominent
rivers and mountain passages, travelers were able to more easily travel to the site. This aided in
spreading the artistic style of Chavin throughout highland and coastal Peru, as people would trade
ceramics, textiles, and other portable objects, as well as carry these objects back to their homes far
away.
Yaxchilan Archaeological Site is a classic Mayan urban complex. Its architecture is covered with
hieroglyphs and extensive relief sculpture. Yaxchilan

History of Mayan Culture
History of Mayan Culture The mysterious culture of ancient Maya once covered a vast geographic
area in Central and South America. Their civilization extended to parts of what are now Mexico,
Honduras, and El Salvador, and most of Guatemala and Belize. The Mayans first settled in 1500BC.
The Mayans environment consisted of tropical rainforests, which was also one of their main sources
of resources, they turned the jungles into great cities. The rainforest would provide them with food,
clothing, weapons, tools, and many more useful items. It rained almost everyday, but the
temperature was not cold at least in the daytime. The environment played a major role in what the
Mayans culture became, they needed rain and heat to survive both the ... Show more content on
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Each large city had one supreme chief who ruled for life, upon his death a son or brother took over.
In some cases wife took over. If no family successor was available a new ruler was selected from
the upper class. Crime was also an issue for the Mayans. Criminals were punished in different ways
according to what they had done. A thief would become the servant of his victim. Murderers were
put to death, sometimes as part of ritual sacrifices. For minor crimes, hair was cut as a sign of
disrespect. There were also class separations like the ruling class and the common people. Warriors
were a separate class themselves too. In battle the Mayans fought with wooden clubs, flint knives,
spears, and slingshots. Weapons and tools were made from bone, parts of animals, soil, stone,
metal/copper, and wood. RELIGION The Mayans were very religious people; their religion
regulated almost everything in their life. Priests were the most important people in the tribes. The
Mayans believed their gods had destroyed and recreated their earth several times that is why they
always tried to please their gods with sacrifices. Each God represented something for them. Their
Supreme Being and creator of the universe was called " Hunan Ku ". The next important gods were
the sun and moon gods. " Kinich Ahau " was the sun god. They

Agriculture's Vital Role in Mesoamerican Civilizations

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