Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injury

Effects Of A Traumatic Brain Injury
Introduction A traumatic brain injury also known as a TBI is an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force resulting in total
or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects educational performance. The term applies to mild,
moderate, or severe, open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more areas. (Florida Dept. of Education 2015) Although I have
never met anyone with a brain injury, I wanted to learn more about it and what they go through to get a better perspective. One of my favorite
movies is 50 First Dates with Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore. He meets a girl who had been in a car accident with her father years before and
suffers from memory loss. Every day she re–lives her day the same as before and every night it's almost like her short term memory has been erased.
She only remembers what happened right before her accident. Until she meets a man who changes all of that. As the movie goes on, they fall in
love and every day she wakes up to watch a video to show what her life is like now. During the movie she meets a man named "10 second Tom"
who could only remember things for 10 seconds. It really opened my eyes to how blessed we are to remember the little things. A TBI can affect
everyone differently. It can cause you to lose short term memory, long term, affect other parts of your body, and you might not
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Traumatic Brain Injury Essay
A traumatic brain injury ("TBI") occurs when the brain is somehow injured, rattled, or wounded from an external source of force. The means of
acquisition and the severity of TBIs are unique to each patient; therefore, symptoms and rehabilitation can vary greatly depending on the patient's
condition following the incident and how they sustained the injury. The severity of a TBI is generally classified into one of three categories: mild,
moderate, or severe, and this type of diagnostic criteria influences how a patient with TBI is treated by medical staff and rehabilitation specialists.
TBIs can affect a specific part of the brain that was directly impacted, leaving the patients with only one or a few areas of impairment, or the damage
can... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The participants for this research project were recruited from treatment facilities throughout Eastern Europe and the Baltic regions; initial data was
collected from participants while they were still in the intensive care unit, and then every three months until one year following discharge from ICU.
Each participant was analyzed for the severity of their TBI on the basis of a number of different factors, including whether or not they required surgery
and the amount of time they spent in the hospital immediately following the incident (Madjan et al. 798). After gathering information on how the
patients were progressing with recovery one year post–incident, the researchers compared the causes of the TBI to pinpoint similarities in recovery
among all the different groups, and they also evaluated which particular means of trauma produced the most disability for the patients, both within and
between groups. In the traffic– related incidents category, drivers appeared to sustain more serious injuries to the brain than passengers, pedestrians, or
cyclists; in the falls category, falls from a height greater than three meters resulted in the most severe damage; and in the miscellaneous category,
patients who had survived gunshot wounds generally acquired more extensive damage than other participants in the group (Madjan et al. 800). The
next set of data illustrated which of these categories resulted in the

A Study On Traumatic Brain Injury
parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6–1.8 million persons annually
(citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is %the most frequently occurring a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by
damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is needed to
develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014}). Many techniques have been developed to
help elucidate the injury mechanism associated with diffuse axonal injury over years. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one such technique where the
mesoscale... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
parindent{ }Tissue anisotropy plays a significant role in accurately predicting the extent as well as the location of the white matter damage
(citealt{wright2012}). Table~ ef{tab:1} shows a list of finite element studies that included diffusion tensor imaging tractography in the injury analysis.
Most of the studies (citealt{colgan2010, wright2012, wright2013, Kraft2012, sahoo2014, kleiven2014}) used a diffusion tensor imaging apprised
anisotropic material models to represent brain tissue during the analysis. The axonal strains were then calculated using explicit post processing steps.
These studies mapped multiple voxels from DTI data to a single element in the finite element model using an averaged fiber orientation/ fiber
dispersion measure. To account for the effect of multiple fiber orientations per element, researchers used fractional anisotropy informed material
models to represent brain tissue (citealt{wright2013,sahoo2014,kleiven2014}). However, calculating an averaged representation of fiber orientations
and fiber dispersion values over multiple voxels might cause a loss of some axonal strain information and accuracy of the material model.
%Therefore, there is a strong need to develop a robust methodology for constructing a 3D FE head model that can accommodate both the anisotropic
response and high level of anatomical detail. At the same time, this should avoid the need for complex mapping schemes (mapping DTI

Traumatic Brain Injury
A Review of Augmentative and Alternative Communication In Children and
Adults with Traumatic Brain Injuries
Cassie M. Meche
Southern University and A&M College
Table of Contents:
Introduction........................................................................ 3
Background .........................................................................3–4
Review of Literature .............................................................. 5–6
Discussion and Summary ......................................................... 6
Limitations ......................................................................... 7
Scope of Practice .................................................................. 7
What I learned ..................................................................... 7–8
Resources ........................................................................... 8
References .......................................................................... 9

Introduction:
Traumatic Brain Injuries are serious issues in the United States for health care providers. A TBI... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is always good to have resources available to turn to for help. Resources can also give individuals insight to help understand what is happening and
what their loved one can no longer do or do as easily. Some resources that are great to seek are online websites such as www.traumaticbraininjury.com
and
www.brainandspinalcordinjury.com. These websites give great information about TBI and how to help loved ones. Everyone knows knowledge is
power.
References:
Fager, S., Spellman, C. (2010). Augmentative and alternative communication intervention in children with traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury.
Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine: An Interdisciplinary Approach
3, 269–277. doi: 10.3233/ PRM– 2010–0142
American Speech– Language Hearing Association. (2015). Traumatic Brain Injury
(TBI). Retrieved from http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/TBI/
National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), 2010; National Hospital Ambulatory
Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), 2010; National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), 2010.
Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/basics.html on
June 28, 2015.
Romski, M.A. (2005). Augmentative Communication and Early Intervention.
Infants and Young Children, 18(3), 174–

Causes Of Traumatic Brain Injury
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a traumatic brain injury is "caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating
head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain", and it is a global health concern (2015). Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes
of mortality and disability among individuals under the age of 45, with young adult males accounting for approximately 75% of cases (Brain injury
association, 2015). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a broad term that covers a broad variety of symptoms and disabilities. An impact of such injury can
be devastating to the individuals involved, as well as their families. What distinguishes TBI from most other injuries is that after a person sustains ...
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Secondary injuries can manifest from hours to weeks after the primary injury. The secondary brain injury involves numerous metabolic processes that
result from the interruption of blood flow and lack of oxygen to undamaged cells, which causes anaerobic metabolism to occur. Once anaerobic
metabolism has started this causes a disruption in the energy producing mechanisms in the body, which causes inadequate synthesis of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) (Tran,

Traumatic Brain Injury ( Tbi )
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
What are the challenges for the Army Soldier after being diagnosed with a TBI?
Will the Army Soldier be able to resume a normal life along with their military career?
Introduction
Serving in the military comes with the preconceived notion that the possibility of getting hurt or killed in the line of duty is highly likely. I would
argue that a Soldier doesn 't think about getting hurt until it actually happens to them. So what happens when the injury, specifically a traumatic brain
injury (TBI) leaves the Soldier with a permanent impairment or a disability? The challenge of trying to adapt as a person living with a disability
could be overwhelming for the Soldier, and also for the Soldier 's immediate family as well. The need to get one 's life back to normal, establish new
relationships with familiar people, or the need to better understand social experiences as a person with a TBI is addressed in an article by Hoogerdijk,
Runge, and Haugboelle. The details of interviews with four people that were all diagnosed with a TBI reveals accounts of uncertainness and
insecurities. The article pointed out that "The individuals' identities were threatened when they found out that they were no longer able to perform
meaningful activities or sustain important relationships" (Hoogerdijk, Runge, and Haugboelle, 2010, p.128).
During the first week in class, we were given the definitions of impairment, disability, and handicap. We also addressed

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Within the US Special Forces one of the most prevalently seen injuries sustained in combat is a traumatic brain injury (TBI). This injury is frequently
sustained after an improvised explosive device (IED) has detonated on a soldier and/or his vehicle. According to an article in the American Journal of
Psychiatry, a traumatic brain injury is a "physiologically significant disruption of brain function resulting from the application of external physical
force, including acceleration/deceleration forces" (Silver, McAllister, & Arciniegas, 2009). This is obviously a concern in regards to trauma to the
brain; however, it is the long–term damage and incidents of neuropsychiatric sequelae that are most alarming. Neuropsychiatric sequelae, a term used

Essay on Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic Brain Injury Your kitten is on the kitchen counter. She is about to step onto a hot stove. You have only seconds to act. Accessing the
signals coming from your eyes, your brain quickly calculates when, where, and at what speed you will need to dive to intercept her. Then it orders
your muscles to do so. Your timing is perfect and she's safe. No computer can come close to yourbrain's awesome ability to download, process, and
react to the flood of information coming from your eyes, ears, and other sensory organs ("Your Amazing Brain"). The human brain is the most vital
organ in a human body and allows you to do everything that you do. Damaging of the brain can cause permanent effects to you including paralyzation
of the human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One effective test they use is called the Glasgow Coma Scale test. During this 15 point test the doctor checks the patient's ability to follow directions
and move their eyes and body parts. This test is based and scored on a numerical scale; the higher the score the patient was able to obtain because of
their ability to follow the directions means the more mild their injury is. Computerized Tomography (CT) scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)s are also other tests used to help determine the damage done to the brain. A CT scan uses series of x–rays that will depict a detailed view of the
brain easily showing any fractures, hemorrhage, contusions and any brain swelling. A MRI scan sends magnetic radio waves throughout your body
to give doctors a look at the organs inside. The doctors of Medline Plus describe how MRI's work stating that, "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside your body. Health care professionals use MRI scans to diagnose a variety
of conditions, from torn ligaments to tumors. MRIs are very useful for examining the brain and spinal cord. During the scan, you lie on a table that
slides inside a tunnel–shaped machine. Doing the scan can take a long time, and you must stay still. The scan is painless." ("MRI Scans"). A variety of
different treatments can be used on the brain merely dependent on how mild or severe the injury

Traumatic Brain Injury In Adolescents
According to the Center for Disease Control, every year approximately 1.4 million people are victims of a traumatic brain injury (Reeves and Panguluri,
2011). Furthermore, the World Health Organization estimates that traumatic brain injuries will be the leading cause of death by the year 2020
(Ganesalingam et al, 2006). Although this is pervasive societal issue, the vast majority of experiments on this issue focuses on adults, although
fatalities are higher amongst adolescents. As a result of their injury, children with traumatic brain injuries experience cognitive deficits which hamper
their academic, social and behavioral functionalities. The following literature review examines the causes of traumatic brain injuries in adolescents,
behavioral... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adolescents with traumatic brain injuries and those within the control group were given three subsets of The Awareness of Social Inference Test
(TASIT) in order to identify any deficits in holistic communications. For the first test, each participant viewed and attempted to identify 28 emotions a
computer screen. They were given a choice of the following emotions: despair, rage, shock, happiness, repulsion and fright. Results of this portion of
the experiment were measured against the Bento Facial Recognition Task Short Form. For the second TASIT examination, participants were required to
identify the difference between 15 sarcastic or authentic statements based on nonverbal cues from short movie scenes. For the third TASIT
examination, the subjects were asked to identify the difference between sarcasm and deceit from short clips as well. Data obtained for the TASIT two
and three portion of the experiment were matched against the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Additionally, the researchers tested all
participants for anxiety and depressive

Essay On Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic Brain Injury Guide
Traumatic brain injury, or acquired brain injury, describes a sudden physical trauma to the brain. In many cases, traumatic brain injuries are caused by
an industrial, or auto accident, which occur due to an employer's or driver's negligence. There are two main types of traumatic brain injury resulting
from head damage: closed head brain injury and open head injury. Close head injury occurs when the brain sustains a blow caused by a sudden change
in movement or momentum. In a closed head injury, the blood vessels that sustain the brain may be stretched or damaged. Open head injury occurs
when an object penetrates the skull. The damage may cause bleeding in the brain and skull fractures.
TBI Symptoms
The effects ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Permanent brain damage cannot be reversed. However, medical professionals can take steps to prevent additional damage. Some injuries are minor
while others require medical professionals monitor the victim. For those injuries that require monitoring, doctors will make sure that the brain and
body receive enough oxygen for the body to function. Getting the help you need immediately will minimize the risk of brain swelling and further
damage to the victim.
Traumatic Brain Injury Victims Need Legal Assistance
Traumatic brain injury victims should seek medical help first, and then seek legal assistance. Victims may need different types of rehabilitation (e.g.
speech therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, psychological/psychiatric services). The costs of rehabilitation is unpredictable and may not be
fully covered by medical or auto insurance. A traumatic brain injury lawyer will help a victim asses their options for seeking compensation for
rehabilitation, medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering and other unexpected

Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
The Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
Case Study
At four years old, Casey was in a car accident. Her mother, Gloria, was driving while under the influence of alcohol and ran a red light, causing a
side collision with another vehicle. Casey, who was in the passenger seat without a car seat, struck her face and head on the dashboard with great force.
Upon hospitalization at Cook Children's Medical Center, Casey was diagnosed with severe closed traumatic brain injury. The injury was initially
assessed by a physician and then a neurologist in the emergency room, and was found to need surgery. Later that day, Casey was prepped and a
neurosurgeon successfully performed the procedure on her frontal cortex to reduce swelling. This injury has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Teaching the caregivers to be the "therapists" and helping Casey practice her communication skills is vital to Casey's outcome. Since Casey is only
four years old, they are in complete control of her environment and are the people around Casey the majority of the time. Implementing these
strategies at home is the only way that Casey will get enough repetition to help her make immediate improvements. Because of the many professionals
that would be involved in Casey's recovery and treatment, it would be vital to be a team member and to stay connected with the other professionals.
Dr. Brimo would schedule time for a weekly check–in with all other professionals, if not more often. With Fort Worth being a large metropolitan area,
Casey and her caregivers would have access to all of the different services and professionals that they would need for recovery. They would not have
a long commute and would even benefit from the opportunity for lots of home treatment. The naturalistic environment that the home provides would
be best for Casey, at least at the beginning stages of therapy, considering her fear of cars and memory loss. While it would be easy in such a large
city to be referred to any type of specialist, the sheer number of different professionals can become confusing, sometimes leading to being referred to
the wrong professional. Also the waitlist to see the different

Post Traumatic Brain Injuries
War comes with many injuries some physical and some invisible more often in this society the invisible wounds could take a short time to show or
an extended time. Along the path another war is fought in the homes while the invisible injuries are taking their tole on the individual many more
casualties come from the act of war and they did not even deploy. Other victims of war include citizens of war torn countries, who are often affected
both psychologically as well as physically. Mother and fathers sent to war, away from their children unable to form a relationship. Marriages broken
apart, The man left alone trying to cope with his own injuries. These things change a man, it changes his outlook on life making it challenging to
complete everyday... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a deep and direct connection between the war trauma and the working of that individual's society and environment. Returning from war
they do not feel like themselves. They feel out of place, as if they do not belong and they need to justify their acts. They try to form bonds together
trying to build for themselves inner peace with that they did was right. An individual's world becomes an far more dangerous place everyday.
Every sound, every sudden movement, every flash of light, every sudden word becomes a message of doom, like a bullet. When they are faced
with events which trigger their danger response they got to their safe place trying to forget their past suffering. "Whenever i walk out the door and
enter the crowded world, i can feel my heart race in rapid speed, and my vision will blur with my mind in its heels, and i will find it hard to breathe
because what if all those people can see how i feel. It's like a target on my back, who can see me is not up to me and it's frustrating because the
un–known in each day is killing me"(BGT, 2013). They walk into the world unknowing of what could happen to trigger them. Their anxiety raises,
they cannot face it so some hide from the world in isolation."The intercom squeaked and said "order"."mama burger and fries," Norman Bowker said.
"Affirmative, copy clear. No rootie–tootie? "Rootie–tootie?" " You

Traumatic Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and long–term disability in children (Kraus, 1995). It is an acquired brain
injury that occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain (NIH,2016). The symptoms for Traumatic Brain Injury include frequent
headaches, lightheadedness and dizziness. An individual may experience having blurred vision tired eyes, and fatigue. Even stressors prior to having
an injury can contribute to the result of post injury. A person will experience a change in their sleep patterns, behavioral or mood changes, and trouble
with their memory, concentration, attention, or thinking when they have Traumatic Brain Injury. Traumatic Brain Injuries can conclude to ... Show more
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A neurological exam will assess motor and sensory skills and the functioning of one or more cranial nerves (National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke, 2012). Initially, health care providers can rank a person's functioning based on how long that person has been conscious, the
length of their memory loss and their score on the Glasgow Coma Scale. The Glasgow Coma Scale is able to measure the individual's functioning by
looking at their ability to speak, open their eyes and ability to move. The RAVLT has been shown to be insensitive to psychiatric illness such as
depression and anxiety. However, there is some evidence that psychological distress (including depression, post–traumatic stress, and other anxiety
disorders) has some effect on RAVLT performance (Spreen &
Strauss, 1998).
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is a neuropsychological assessment designed to evaluate verbal memory in patients that vary from 16
years of age and older (Strauss, Sherman, & Spreen, 2006). It provides scores for assessing immediate memory, new verbal learning, susceptibility to
interference (proactive and retroactive), retention of information after a period of time, and memory recognition (Malloy–Diniz, Lasmar, Gazinelli,
Fuentes, & Salgado, 2007). It involves an oral presentation of 15 nouns (List A) which is over 5 learning trials, then it is followed by an immediate
recall trial. Then another list of

Brain Studies on Traumatic Brain Injuries
Phineas Gage, a 25 year old construction worker is known as one of the most famous patients that suffered from a traumatic brain injury. While
working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He
surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas
turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on
traumatic brain injuries are increasing every year. Even though the brain is very functional, brain injuries can have many physical, emotional, social, and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some mild cases may even go unnoticed (Parker 20). Severe cases may include: loss of consciousness for minutes/hours, minimum coordination,
slurred speech, seizures, dilation in the eyes, and unusual behavior. These cases may potentially be long–term or even forever (Bellamy 30).
The effects of a TBI all depends on where the head is injured. The patient may have one to very many different areas of difficulties (Brain Structures
and Their Functions). Injuries on the left side of the brain can impact the receptive/expressive language, verbal memory deficits, reactions, logic, and
the control of the right side of the body movements (Carter 34). Injuries on the right side of the brain can affect visual memory deficits, music
perception, creativity, and the control of the left side of the body movements. About 85 percent of people with TBI, those problems get better, but the
other 15 percent have problems that last forever (Cicala 224).
Long–term consequences have many different effects. There are four categories that a person with long–term effects may suffer: alteration of
consciousness, cognitive difficulties, physical difficulties, and emotional/behavioral difficulties (Bellamy 30). They may have problems thinking,
learning, talking, walking, and remembering for the rest of their lives. Any person that has had a brain injury is at risk of

Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries
Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (MTBI) or Concussions as they are most commonly known, can cause serious damage on the effected athletes brain
resulting in the athlete suffering short–term effects (e.g. headache), long–term effects (e.g. memory loss) or both depending on the severity of force
inflicted to the skull. Short–term and long–term affects or symptoms can be grouped into "four clusters: somatic, cognitive, emotional and sleep
disturbances" (Echemendia 2012, p.210), which consider a broad range of symptoms. Symptoms that concussed athletes tend to frequently experience
are physical affects; this includes headaches, vomiting, balance problems, dizziness and visual problems (Harmon, 2013, p4). A study conducted by the
University of California

Traumatic Brain Injury (AOTA)
The Need Behind the Need:
Traumatic Brain injury, or TBI, is a common, yet extremely dangerous, type of injury. "In 2010, about 2.5 million emergency department (ED) visits,
hospitalizations, or deaths were associated with TBI–either alone or in combination with other injuries–in the United States" (CDC). Traumatic Brain
injury is usually defined as a violent shaking that occurs within the brain and it often occurs when there is a direct hit to the head or body. TBI "can
affect motor, sensory, cognitive, and behavioral functioning" (AOTA), making daily tasks challenging or ultimately somewhat impossible. TBI's are
commonly classified by severity of the injury; mild being "a brief change in mental status or consciousness" and severe meaning ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This perspective encompasses all aspects of an individual's life, including activities of daily living (e.g., self–care) and instrumental activities of daily
living (e.g., home management, rest and sleep habits, work demands, play, leisure, social participation). They can then help clients relearn how to do
these activities (remediate) or determine new ways of accomplishing them (compensatory strategies). Through guided, graded instruction within the
context of the client's community, occupational therapy practitioners may work with individuals in real life settings such as the grocery store, bank,
mall, bus/train, workplace, home, or any other environment in which they need to regain competence in occupational

The Consequences Of Traumatic Brain Injury
According to the CDC (United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), there are approximately 1.5 million people in the U.S. who suffer
from a traumatic brain injury each year (CDC, 2003). Also, the CDC reports that nearly 50,000 people die from TBI each year and 85,000 people
suffer long–term disabilities and slowly growing. Traumatic brain injury, also well known as TBI, is when severe change(s) in a normal functioning
brain has abruptly changed due to a plethora of different MOI's, some include: open or closed head injuries, deceleration injuries, chemical/toxic,
hypoxia, tumors, infections and stroke. Car accidents, firearms, and falls often cause many TBI's. Consequences of a brain injury vary from
person–to–person because no two injuries are alike. A brain injury is different from a broken leg or punctured lung. Brain injuries do not heal like
other injuries; once the brain is damaged it's hard to heal the damaged areas in the brain. Once the areas in the brain are affected it can lead to limited
use of specific body parts, alter your personality, mental abilities, abnormal speech/language, impaired or loss of thinking and emotions (depression)
and sensation (vision or hearing.)

Introduction Of Traumatic Brain Injury
Outline
I.The Brain
II.Introduction of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
a.TBI sustained in combat zones
i.Degrees of TBI ii. Causes of TBI while deployed
1.Concussion management iii. Why it is a problem
III.Who Should Be Screened And How
a.Suspected patients
b.Methods of screening
i.Rapid field screening ii. Further evaluation
IV.Interventions and Treatment
a.Deployed interventions
i.Medications
b.Nursing Interventions
i.Manage symptoms ii. Family education.
The human brain is a scientific marvel: billions of microscopic cells bind together just so, and form a structure that regulates and processes every
aspect of life, from keeping blood at just the right pH, to processing the gentle caress of a loved one. Other body parts are expendable or replaceable:
kidneys can be transplanted, livers can be transplanted, even penises can be transplanted. The human brain, however, cannot. It is so essential that if it
goes even a few minutes without nutrients, death can result. A nourished brain, however, is able to control muscle movement, judgment, reasoning,
memory, process visual information, and comprehend language. This is why damage to the brain can be devastating, no matter how small or
insignificant the injury may seem. There is no surefire way to prevent damage to the brain from ever occurring, but it is possible to manage the
symptoms that develop in the aftermath.
What Traumatic Brain Injury Is Giving traumatic brain injury (TBI) an exact definition is a

Traumatic Brain Injury: Living with TBI and the effects on individual and caregivers Traumatic Brain Injury is otherwise known as TBI. "Traumatic
brain injury, a form of acquired brain injury, occurs when sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and
violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue" (NINDS, 2010). There are two main types of TBI, closed head
injuries such as head hitting a windshield and penetrating head injuries such as a gunshot wound. As reported by the Global Neuroscience Initiative
Foundation," The severity of traumatic brain injuries is often assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale, with scores ranging from 3 to 15. The higher
the score,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How families deal with TBI and their loved ones Not only is the survivor affected by TBI but it also causes a burden on the family and caregivers.
Ms. Nirupama Shankar is a physical therapist who stated, "for families, living with someone they don't recognize any more, being pushed suddenly into
the role of a caregiver, and dealing with all the emotional ups and downs of the patient takes a physical and emotional toll (2008)". Both caregiver and
patient have to undergo an enormous amount of rehabilitation depending upon the severity of the TBI. Personally our family has had to make some
life changing routines such as attend support groups, contacting state representatives, helping coordinate fund raisers, attending survivor's camps, etc.
to help support our son. Along with TBI, there is an increase in the possibility of having seizures. Between doctors visits, medication reminders and
refills, and daily caring for the patient the family has to restructure their daily routines in order to accommodate the care.
What help is available?
There are several national and local support groups available to help families deal with their life changes. Nationally there is the Brain Injury
Association of America who is a " leading national organization serving and representing individuals, families and professionals who are touched by a
life–altering, often devastating, traumatic brain injury" (2010).

The Awareness Of Traumatic Brain Injuries
Introduction
The awareness of Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) has increased and the information available is better now than it was in the past. I believe many
people are aware of concussions and traumatic brain injuries but not how it can affect their brain. Traumatic Brain injuries are a very complex injury
with a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities. Many healthcare professionals in the field of brain injury often say, "If you've seen one concussion,
you've seen one concussion." Even a mild case of a concussion should not be taken lightly. People do not realize the impact it can have on a person
and his/her family, it can be devastating. One of the leading causes of Brain Injuries is concussion as this has been brought to light by ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although after a concussion many people do not remember what happened immediately before or after the injury and may act confused.
Even a mild concussion should not be taken lightly. Many concussions are not recognized and therefore the person does not seek medical attention. A
'mild brain injury" can be misleading as the term 'mild' is used to describe the severity of the initial physical trauma that caused the injury. As most
people would assume, it does not indicate the severity of the consequences of the injury. Many neurosurgeons and other brain injury experts have
emphasized that although some concussions can be less serious than others, there is no such thing as a "minor concussion". Concussions are very
common, an estimated 1.6 to 3.8 million sports and recreation–related concussions occur in the United States each year. "Concussion is an injury that
results from a wide variety of mechanisms and has numerous signs and symptoms that are common to different types of injury" (ncbi). For many it
can be difficult and a challenge getting an accurate diagnosis and treatment when the injury has caused no loss of consciousness. However, again it is
important to stress, there does not need to be a loss of consciousness to receive a brain injury.
The main causes and symptoms?
A concussion is caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head that disrupts the normal function of the brain. Signs and symptoms of

A Study On Traumatic Brain Injury
parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6–1.8 million persons annually
(citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by damage to the axons
(citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An enhanced knowledge of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is required to develop improved
diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014}). Many techniques have been developed to help elucidate the
injury mechanism associated with diffuse axonal injury over the years. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one such technique where the mesoscale
structural information is studied to investigate the diffuse axonal injury. Finite element models have also provided a means to investigate diffuse
axonal injury. Several finite element head models have been developed and reported in the literature
(citealt{shugar1977,ward1980,hosey1982,Ruan1991,mendis1992,bandak1995,kang1997,al1999,Zhang2001,Kleiven2002,brands2002,takhounts2003,horg
These models have demonstrated that over time, the structural resolution of the head models, including advancements in constitutive laws, anatomical
resolution, and injury descriptions were improved. Previous studies have shown that the brain tissue is anisotropic

A Traumatic Brain Injury
A traumatic brain injury ("TBI") occurs when the brain is somehow injured, rattled, or wounded from an external source of force. The means of
acquisition and the severity of TBIs are unique to each patient; therefore, symptoms and rehabilitation can vary greatly depending on the patient's
condition following the incident and how they sustained the injury. The severity of a TBI is generally classified into one of three categories: mild,
moderate, or severe, and this type of diagnostic criteria influences how a patient with TBI is treated by medical staff and rehabilitation specialists.
TBIs can affect a specific part of the brain that was directly impacted, leaving the patients with only one or a few areas of impairment, or the damage
can... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Percentages of favorable recovery outcomes in the "other incidents" group ranged from 26% for gunshot wounds to 100% for shaken baby syndrome
(Madjan et al. 804). This wide range of scores indicates that the "other incidents" category was likely too generalized to produce significant results.
The above mentioned research study did not control for the age of traumatic brain injury patients in such a way that patients could be compared on this
basis. Research on brain damage (due to traumatic brain injury, substance abuse, and other means of neurological harm) and the effects of age on the
likelihood of extensive recovery has been conducted over the past several decades in the fields of both medicine and psychology, and conflicting
evidence exists. Some studies suggest that young brains are more vulnerable to irreversible brain damage due to the underdevelopment of neurons and
brain structures, while other studies indicate that the brains of older individuals are less "plastic" than in younger individuals, making them less
resilient to damage. To study the outcomes of pediatric traumatic brain injury as opposed to traumatic brain injury in adulthood, Catroppa et al.
conducted research on children that had suffered a TBI between the ages of one and seven years. Participants were recruited

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Concussions are a form of brain injury that is medically defined as a condition that modifies the way in which an individual's brain essentially
functions as a result of significant trauma to the head or body (Mayo Clinic, 2016). While most people believe that concussions can only be
sustained by receiving a direct blow to the head itself, concussions can actually develop from any forceful acceleration to either the head or the body
as long as the impact is hard enough (Edwards & Bodle, 2014). The amount of energy that is generated by such dynamic contact basically causes the
brain to jolt back and forth against the skull surrounding it, thereby damaging the neurological structure almost instantaneously. However, most
concussions tend to lean more to the milder side of the brain injury spectrum and, in most cases, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI), however, are simply another term used to describe a milder form of concussion. Similar to the conceptual
definition of a concussion, the World Health Organization Collaborating Neurotrauma Task Force defines an mTBI as being "an acute brain injury
resulting from mechanical energy to the head from external physical forces" (Crandall et. al., 2014, p. 1359). Hematomas occur as blood begins to
pool in the tissues on the outside of blood vessels as a result of a major injury to the head or brain. Depending on the extent of the injury, however, this
can cause increasing and substantial to major vessels of the head and/or brain, thereby causing severe and extensive bleeding within the brain itself.
Additionally, there are also a number of different types of hematomas, depending on where the hematoma develops. According to the 2016 report issued
by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "different types of hematomas form depending on where the blood collects relative to the
meninges. The meninges are the protective membranes surrounding

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the result of an external force against the head that causes displacement of the cranial structures, either through
impact with an object or through acceleration and deceleration. TBI is not isolated to a single ethnic group, socioeconomic class, or region (Berquist
et al., 2009; Jang et al., 2013). In 2002, the United States had the highest incidence of reported TBI cases of any developed country. The incidence of
hospital admissions due to closed head injuries in the United States was estimated to be approximately 200 per 100,000 people, and the number of
penetrating head injuries was estimated to be 12 per 100,000–approximately 500,000 new cases in total. Many of those cases had significant... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is currently limited information regarding the long–term effects of brain injuries sustained in battle (Mass et al., 2008). In the military
population, TBI cases are sometimes co–morbid with post–traumatic stress disorder. Post–traumatic stress disorder and TBI can present with similar
symptoms of cognitive impairment, which further complicates the process of making an accurate diagnosis (Tanev, Pentel, Kredlow, & Charney,
2014). Injuries associated with TBI are divided into two categories: primary injuries and secondary injuries. Primary injuries are the direct physical
damage incurred at the moment the trauma occurs. Secondary brain injuries occur indirectly as a result of trauma and usually appear hours or days
after the initial injury. Secondary injuries exist as result of or separate from the initial injury. They cause complications such as hemorrhaging,
alterations in intracranial pressure (ICP), and neurological deficits. Deterioration can occur even after patients have been downgraded from critical
status. Approximately 40% of all cases of TBI deteriorate after hospitalization. These complications are a major cause of death in people with a TBI
(Narayan et al., 2002). The brain normally maintains a state of homeostasis, meaning the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) stays within a normal range
to adequately carry blood to the brain. The protective

TBI Or Traumatic Brain Injuries
TBI or Traumatic Brain Injuries can be caused by much more than just a fall. Their are eight types of TBI's and they are as follows. Open head
injuries such as penetrating trauma, closed head injuries such as falls or hitting your head on something, Deceleration injuries that are caused by your
brain smashing into the front of your skull and than bouncing back into the rear again, Chemical/Toxic injuries that are caused by insecticides,
solvents or carbon monoxide, Hypoxia when your brain doesn't get enough oxygen, Tumors that disrupt and put pressure on the tissues in your brain,
Infections that affect the surrounding membranes or brain itself, and finally strokes which could be considered similar to hypoxia since the clot
prevents proper circulation of blood in the brain leading to the death of tissue. TBI's Generally have two categories to rate the severity of the ... Show
Initially the person affected should be removed from any strenuous work and told to rest. Sleep is the best remedy at this stage, as well as keeping
their mind as relaxed as possible so things such as video games and T.V should be avoided to help your brain naturally try to reset itself. In the
Army we take a test prior to brain injuries to create a baseline that can be reviewed after incidents involving TBI's to see if there was any long term
change. Acute treatment consist of drugs to keep the person in a drug induced coma to prevent secondary injuries and help their bodies try to heal
from the trauma, and this can also include devices to ventilate the patient if they can no longer breath on their own. Surgical means are typically for
open head injuries but can also be implemented if there is pressure building up in the cranium. In the military given the prevalence of IED's in the
battle field the army got together to make the MACE exam for quick assessment of those exposed to explosions or

Essay On Traumatic Brain Injuries
American Football; What can we do to prevent traumatic brain injuries? Every year there is more and more worries about whether or not football
should be discontinued because of all the traumatic brain injuries that happen to all different aged kids. "A concussion is defined as a complex
pathophysiological process that affects the brain, typically induced by trauma to the brain" (Concussion). With over "1.6 million to 3.8 million
concussions occurring each year"(Concussion) this debate could be a highly one sided decision whether or not to end the game of American Football.
"More than one million young athletes play highschool football every year" (Kounang). This is only including high school so these numbers do not
include college or the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people believe that it should be banned because of the risks and how dangerous it is. Many traumatic brain injuries happen from constant
poundings of the head from improper running and tackling form so football being banned due to the risks is not fair. There are many courses around
the United States that teach coaches and children how to prevent injuries. These include the precautions such as tackling without putting your head
into the play, which is a huge part of preventing concussions. "A professional football player will receive an estimated 900 to 1500 blows to the
head during a season" (Concussion). This is due to the many poundings of the head because of improper form and carelessness of the body. USA
football has included many important and necessary regulations that every football team must cohere with. These include "certified coaching
education, concussion awareness, USA Football Tackle Progression Model, and proper levels of contact at practice. Players also need proper–fitting
equipment and heat preparedness, proper hydration, and nutrition" (Osborne). There is a rule around the U.S to delay players return–to–play if there is
any type of symptom related to a concussion. "All 50 states have adopted some sort of concussion legislation with minimum return–to–play guidelines
for students who have had concussions" (Kounang). If all

Essay on Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury occurs when a person is hit in the head with a blunt force. This significant force to the head can happen playing recreational
sports, on the playground, being in a car or motorcycle accident, falling down at home and your head impacting something, a blast or explosion.
Traumatic brain injuries are also the leading cause of fatality rate and disability, especially in children, young adults and elderly. TBI is a devastating
condition that affects millions of people nationwide, because it can affect the nervous system permanently, it also messes with the neurological,
musculoskeletal, cognitive and much more. TBI force a family to deal with not just the physical disability, with the behavioral and emotional roller...
There were others before him like Terry Long, Andre Waters and Dave Duerson all of them exhibited some symptoms after receiving a concussion
but was ignored or misdiagnose. Just a couple of days ago there was a young woman who had a brain injury in the fall and that she began show signs
of depression and develop other issue that had her to act out of character. Despite all that we hear in the media or the disturbing images we see about
those who suffer with traumatic brain injury it still does not reregister in peoples' minds. It is time for all American to take notice of this injury that
affect so many people and stop saying that it only happen to those who play sports or are in the armed forces because if we don't we will continue to
discover more people committing suicide.
A systematic review of the literature Awareness about traumatic brain injury has increased because of combat operations in Irag and Afghanistan and
in the National Football League. The debate over the nature of traumatic brain injury is an ongoing issue. Some think of categorizing from mild to the
server is the condition of TBI that can lead to a person bring over diagnosed or misdiagnosed. The other side points out that the focus should not be on
diagnosis put on the recovery and treatment of the symptoms.
Misconception Patricia Babin and Patricia Gross points out a brain injury

Psychotherapy: Traumatic Brain Injuries
Music therapy has been around for over a hundred year. It is getting new attention. It is helping in everything from sleep to brain injuries. Many
medical facilities are proving it benefits in treating illness and injuries. Music causes the brain to become active in the frontal lobe,parietal lobe,
temporal lobe and occipital lobe.Music releases a chemical in the brain called dopamine which is found in the pleasure center of your brain. Depending
on what is triggering the dopamine, it can motivate a person OR create cravings for sinful pleasures. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex injury
with a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities. Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) result in permanent neurobiological damage that can produce

My objective in the long term is to provide therapeutic and counseling services that assist persons suffering with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or
acquired brain injury (ABI) in coping and recovering from the mental illnesses that often accompany such tragedies. TBI/ABI has shown a proven link
with "anxiety, depression, personality changes, aggression (National Alliance on Mental Illness Veterans Resource Center May 8, 2009Traumatic Brain
Injury)", as well as many other issues. As the caregiver for a survivor of a rare and deadly strain of encephalitis, I have a personal perspective that I
feel brings much to the discussion. I see the information I am currently gathering at Empire State College as the building blocks that pave the way ...
Courses such as Human Development, Theories of Personality and Abnormal Psychology have already started to drive my love/hate relationship with
the founding fathers of the profession. For example, during Human Development I discovered David Cohen's Freud On Coke which completely
changed my impression and interpretation of Freud's conclusions. I hope again to wrestle with him during Dreams: Multi–Disciplinary/Multicultured
Exploration. I also hope to use courses like Homework as Self–Help to further my understanding of CBT and DBT therapy techniques that I can build
on as my education continues. Courses such as Health Psychology and Positive Psychology seem to play right into helping patients with TBI and
ABI who struggle with anxiety and depression. Integrative Wellness: Body, Mind and Spirit and Psychosocial Impact of Illness & Disability also
relate directly. Living with an ABI survivor, I can see the importance of courses like The Psychology of Forgiveness as well. Guilt and anger are both
very difficult emotions involved in the recovery process. Motivation and Emotion seem to play a role in this as well.
In an effort to ensure that my plan will meet the goals expected, I have researched the American Psychological Association website, the Empire State
College website, The University of Texas at San Antonio's program, the

Injury Stats
Roughly 1.4 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury every year in the United States.1 Of these 1.4 million, 235,000 injuries are severe enough
to require hospitalization–and 50,000 result in death. More than half (over 700,000) of all of these yearly brain injuries are from sports–related
activities, falls, and physical assaults. In the year 2000, traumatic brain injury cost an estimated $60 billion in the United States, totaled in both direct
medical fees and indirect costs such as lost productivity.
Functions
The brain is your body's central processor, responsible for the critical functions that keep you alive: such as controlling your heart rate, breathing, and
immune system. The brain also gets incoming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These secondary injuries can increase the pressure on the brain to dangerously high levels–quickly leading to permanent brain damage or death without
immediate medical attention. Bleeding inside the skull, also called intracranial hemorrhage, is discussed below.
Cerebral Concussion
Even without physical damage to your brain's tissue, a concussion can cause immediate unconsciousness, secondary injury, and even death. It is
worth noting that you can also remain conscious during a severe concussion and still have secondary injuries. Surgery is usually not required for a
concussion, and consciousness is typically regained within 72 hours (see Recovery, below). However, if blood vessels inside the skull are damaged,
surgery will be required to stop the bleeding and excess pressure within the skull, and repair the damaged vessels.
Cerebral Contusion
A cerebral contusion is similar to a concussion, but usually involves a loss of consciousness, along with minor to moderate physical damage (bruising)
to the brain tissue. Along with the initial damage to the brain, there is a risk of lethal secondary injury in any brain trauma. Surgery may be required to
repair damaged tissues, including any blood vessels that may be bleeding and increasing the pressure within the skull.
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Diffuse axonal injury involves widespread (or diffuse), significant physical damage to your brain tissue and

Traumatic Brain Injury In Sports
"From 2001 to 2009, the annual number of sports–related TBI emergency department visits in individuals age 19 and under climbed from 153,375 to
248,414, an increase of increase of 62 percent" (Lowrey and Morain 290). A Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) or Concussion in most cases is when there is
a severe blow to the brain. Not all TBIs are the same and not all of them can be treated the same, but what they do have in common is that they
changes lives negatively and should be address accordingly. Americans should give more attention to the issue of Traumatic Brain Injuries in sports
because it takes more time than a regular injury for symptoms to reside, players usually do not come back the same, and could possibly lead other
medical issues. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These accusations are true yet debatable, according to the author, "Increasing knowledge of these health risks has spurred a series of initiatives to
increase awareness and to decrease the prevalence and severity of sports–related concussions"(Lowrey and Morain 290). Meaning, if athletes focus
more on their surroundings, it is less likely they will be a victim of a dreadful TBI. Doing this may actually decrease the number of concussions
annually along with proper

The Social Of Traumatic Brain Injuries
Traumatic brain injuries are so prevalent. According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are approximately 1.5
billion people in the U.S who suffer from a traumatic brain injury and each year 85,000 people suffer long–term disabilities. A traumatic brain injury
can affect a person's life in many different ways including disruption physically, cognitively, vocationally, and socially. The most prevalent and
persistent of all is social functioning. This paper explores many areas that take part in the social impairments after a traumatic brain injury. More
specifically, it discusses the location of damage, behavioral challenges, and social interactions, competencies, and skills that make it difficult to
maintain social relationships post injury.
Why is maintaining social relationships a challenge after a TBI?
Social competence refers to a person's ability to get along with other people. After an individual has sustained a traumatic brain injury, social
competence and social skills are often times impaired causing that individual to have a difficult time maintaining personal and social relationships.
Social relationships are essential in living a productive life. Therefore, it is important that we look at the effects of not being able to maintain social
relationships on a person's quality of life. This paper considers the reasons why it is difficult for an individual who has experienced a traumatic brain
injury to maintain social

Concussions: Traumatic Brain Injury
Name:Chloe E.
Block: 1
Date:
Concussions
It happens in an instant but the effect lasts longer. How would you feel to be in a darkroom with no electronics for two weeks? Pretty boring, don't
you think? A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that is caused by a blow to the head, a fall, or another injury that jars or shakes thebrain
inside the skull. If the blow to the head is severe enough to cause a tear of a blood vessel under the skull, this can cause an accumulation of blood
that will cause the brain to become displaced [Flynn]. There are six types of concussions. The harder you hit your head the worse the injury will take
to recover. [Newsela] People with concussions had thinking and memory test scores that were 25 percent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Between 11.5% and 13.5% of concussions of high school athletes are recurrent." [Flynn]
In conclusion , a concussion is a blow to the head which can result in memory loss, brain damage, and confusion. If you play contact sports it's
important for you to protect your head from a concussion. Be aware of the symptoms of a concussion as it could lead to a traumatic brain injury.Too
much physical or mental activity soon after a concussion can lead to a slow recovery. So, in the future, if you think you have a concussion, will you
see doctor so you won't get a brain injury that could last for a

The Importance Of Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury may be the most prevalent and least understood neurological disorder in both civilian and military lifestyles. Every year there
are thousands of traumatic brain injuries; in 2015, there were about 18,000 documented cases in the Military alone, Since 2000 there have been more
than 339,000 reported cases.(DoD Worldwide Numbers for TBI. 2012) Atraumatic brain injury or TBI is any damage to the brain from an applied force
the forces involved can be from direct contact as in a blunt or penetrating head injury; or from rotational energy that produces shear stress between the
brain and the skull. (traumatic brain injury, 2016). Military service members are at an increasingly higher risk of Contracting a TBI because of their...
The first step of diagnosis is the military acute concussion evaluation (MACE) that is the screening tool for assessing a TBI. MACE will get a
description of what happened by asking a few questions. Questions might include did you ever feel dazed or confused; did you have a helmet on; and
are there any events you can't remember? MACE cannot diagnose a TBI it merely helps the doctor understand the situation. The next step in diagnosis
is getting a list of the patient's symptoms; these could include headaches, dizziness, and loss of memory. Based on the symptoms and physical features
of the soldier a doctor will determine the severity of the injury. Traumatic brain injury is broadly defined in terms of three categories of severity–based
on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The GCS is a 15–point scale designed to measure the patients ability to respond to visiual, verbal, and motor
stimuli after traumatic brain injury. (traumatic brain injury, 2016) With a moderate to severe TBI, the diagnosis is often more self–evident with many
patients needing life–saving measures. A TBI is classified as mild if the patient has a loss of consciousness or confusion for only 30 minutes. These
injuries are typically overlooked. Moderate TBI is when there is a loss of consciousness from 30 minutes to 6 hours. Severe brain injuries result in a
loss of consciousness greater than 6 hours. Once the patient is assessed, and a diagnosis is given treatment can

Attention For Traumatic Brain Injury
TITLE Attention for traumatic brain injury has grown over the years and programs have been created to help try and prevent the injuries. As this is an
injury to the brain the literature is vast with insight into what part of the brain injured resulted in what change in the individual. Children and athletics
have been the main focus in recent years for studies as research have shown that undiagnosed injuries can have long lasting effects.
The area of focus is that of inmates. It is a population that has not received a lot of scientific studying in past years but it is a population that has been
steadily growing. This is also a population that seems to be the most at–risk for having such an injury. The subpopulation of inmate does not... Show
There are two kinds of head injuries: open and closed. Open–head injuries are the result of some object, like a missile or an apparatus, penetrating the
skull. Closed–head injuries are the result of an impact to the head. According to Ponsford, Sloan, and Snow (2012) about 70% of all injuries to the
head are closed–head injuries. Traumatic brain injuries have a severity scale range of mild to severe (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
With mild being a brief change and severe being an extended period of time. How an injury to the head can do damage to the brain varies. Brain
swelling and disruption of blood supply are some direct causes of damage (Kolb & Whishaw, 2009). However, neurological damage develops after
(also known as secondary injuries) the immediate moment of impact (Ghajar, 2000). In other words even minor head injuries can lead to lasting
disabilities and that the injuries are amassed. Meaning that a minor injury can result in a major impairment (Ponsford, Sloan, & Snow, 2012).
TBI and Inmates
Unfortunately, TBI and inmates is not a well–established area of study. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007), mild TBI
is found within 25% to 87% of inmates. One such that looked at prevalence was done by Diamond, Harzke, Magaletta, Cummins, and Frankowski
(2007) where the researchers looked at Minnesota male state prisoners and assessed them using the Traumatic Brain Injury Questionnaire. What the
authors found

Traumatic Brain Injury Papers
A traumatic brain injury (also known as a TBI) is a hit to the head that causes damage to the brain cells as well as causes the person to become
confused, as a result of the information that's being sent to neuron to neuron getting interrupted.When the impulses are not going the correct way it
causes the person to change their personality, attitude and emotions. Not to mention that no two brain injuries are alike. For the medical team they take
a different approach.
The individuals impacted the most by a traumatic brain injury are newborns to 4 years old, young adults 15–24 and elderly age 75 and older.
(Solomons, Saltsman & Jamieson) ( January 3,2017 Placitella, C ) A traumatic brain injury can be classified into three different groups mild,
moderate and severe. A mild patient may lose consciousness, typically for a few seconds or a few minutes. A moderate patient can lose consciousness
for 1–24 hours. A severe patient can lose consciousness or be in a coma for more than 24 hours. It can also be put into subcategories coma, vegetative
state, persistent vegetative state, and minimally responsive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common injury are vehicle collision, child abuse, shaken baby syndrome, falls,sports and explosive blast. (mayoclinic.org)(1998–2017)The
most common symptoms that occurs in a traumatic brain injury are difficulty with balance, walking, bladder control, trouble moving, personality
change, hearing problems, memory loss, difficulty controlling emotions, headache,speech, anxiety, depression, motor control, coma, commutation
problems, confusion,and blurry vision. Other symptoms may include loss of smell,seizures, mood changes and sensitive to light. For infants they may
cry caused its irritable. They also don't understand what is going on with them it's the only sign of emotion they know how to express how they feel.
For some patient it may take days or even weeks before the symptoms occur.

Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic brain injury, also called acquired brain injury or simply head injury, is a result of a sudden blow to the head when
an external force is applied causing a disruption of the physiological stability of the brain locally. It can also occur when an object pierces the skull and
enters the brain tissue and when elevation in the intracranial pressure occurs and potentially dramatic changes in the blood flow within and to the brain.
These changes may produce a diminished or altered state of consciousness. Traumatic brain injury is a nondegenerative, noncongential defect in which
there may be permanent or temporary impairments to cognition, physical, and psychosocial functions. Various terms are used to... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on the velocity, mass, shape, and direction of the impact determines the degree of injury. The higher the velocity the more the damage to
the brain tissue. As with any open area to the body, the patient is at high risk for infection related to an object piercing the skull and from
environmental contamination. Closed head injuries are caused by blunt trauma in which a concussion, contusion, and laceration to the brain may
result. The most severe of the closed head injuries is anoxal injury (diffuse type). Diffuse anoxal injury is used related to high speed acceleration
/deceleration as with automobile accidents. (Workman, 2006). With this type of injury there is significant damage to the axons in the white matter.
Lesions may be found in the corpus callosum, midbrain, cerebellum and upper brainstem. Depending on the severity, small areas of hemorrhage
followed by possible enlargement of the lateral ventricles may be detected on CT scan. For severe cases, the majority present in a coma. Survivors
usually require long term care. There are other factors that must be considered in the dynamics of head injuries: acceleration and deceleration. An
acceleration injury is caused by an external force placing the head in motion. A deceleration injury occurs when the moving head suddenly is stopped
or hits an object. These forces can result in shearing, straining, and distortion of brain tissue, particularly of

Symptoms And Injuries Of A Traumatic Brain Injury
Nearly two million people experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year. The degree of severity from the incident may range from no
underlying brain injury to severe compression of brain tissue. Irregular interior surface of skull can damage fragile tissues of brain during acceleration,
deceleration, or shearing forces. Direct mechanical trauma can injure cortical tissue. Traumatic hematomas can damage subcortical structures and lead
to vasospasm and ischemia. Sudden movement of skull on its vertebral axis produces injury by rotation, acceleration, deceleration, or damage to long
axons interconnecting brain regions. Traumatic brain injuries are most often classified by severity, but also by mechanism of injury and location.
Damage ranges from scalp trauma to cerebral contusion, with concussions somewhere in the middle, depending on severity. Physicians look for the
following in a patient to assess the extent of injury: confusion, disorientation, loss of consciousness, amnesia, neurologic dysfunction, and intracranial
lesion. They then determine whether the TBI is mild, moderate, or severe. Moderate TBI must present at least one of the following symptoms: loss of
consciousness at least 30 minutes, but less than one day; change in consciousness and mental status longer than one day; amnesia longer than one day
but less than seven; GCS in first 24 hours between 9 and 12; abnormal neuroimaging. Severe TBI: loss of consciousness > 24 hours, alteration of
consciousness

Traumatic Brain Injury Paper
Aphasia Caused by Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) accounts for approximately 30% of all injury–related deaths each year in the
U.S. (CDC 2015). Survivors experience a range of disabilities that depend on the location and severity of the lesion, including language impairments
referred to as Aphasia. Aphasia does not affect a person's actual intelligence, however, aphasia will affect a person's ability to use words and to
understand others. Aphasia can affect someone's ability to speak and comprehend, as well as other abilities from the language part of the brain such
as reading and writing. The incidence of aphasia is an estimated 80,000 new cases in the U.S per year, and the prevalence of aphasia is approximately
1 million... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A contributing factor to this is how difficult it is for people with aphasia to produce sentences that flow smoothly and to connect their sentences.
Computer software is helpful in speech therapy because it allows the patients to be able to record themselves speaking, replay it so they can hear
exactly what they sound like, and be able to string together partial sentences. This computer program helps the patient produce sentences as they are
being formulated. The goal of this program is to "investigate the utility of a two–step treatment that supplements improvements achieved from the use
of the software with explicit structural treatment." (Aphasiology 2009). The results of this study show that this specific approach improves the speech
of patients suffering from aphasia, even chronic and non–fluent

Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injury

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