1.  
 
)‫ﺃ‬(
‫ﺍﺌﺘﻼﻑ‬Coalition
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬)‫ﺃﺤﺯﺍﺒـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻓـﺭﺍﺩﺍ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ﻴﻜﻭﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬(‫ﻨﺎﻓﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺩﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ‬ ،‫ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬.‫ﻭﻴﻌﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺨـﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘﻠﻴﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻲ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻗل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺌﺘﻼﻑ‬Minimal-Winning Coalition
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺌﺘﻼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺴﺤﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺒﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﺌﺘﻼﻑ‬Open Coalition
‫ﺼـﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﺎﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬)‫ﺒﻌـﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻥ‬(‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺌﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬‫ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺌﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﺌﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ‬)‫ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ‬.(

2. ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬Federation
‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺤﻤﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ،‫ﻤﺠﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﺭﺩ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘـﺼﺎﺼﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺘـﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻨـﺴﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨـﺼﻴﺹ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﺎﺕ‬‫ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺴـﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻻﺘﺨﺎﺫ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻔﺩﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬Confederation
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅـﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻔﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻔﺩﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫ﻜـل‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﺸﺄ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻤﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻜﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻜﺎﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻴﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺠﻨـﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻅ‬
‫ﻨﺯﺍﻋـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻨﺯﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺤﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬ ،‫ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺤـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺤـﻼل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻨﻔﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺇﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻔﺩﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻔﺩﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻭﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺩﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺨﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﻬﺎ‬.
‫ﺍﺘﻔﺎ‬‫ﻕ‬Agreement
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺼﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﻴﻨﺸﺊ‬‫ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ،ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ،ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ،ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌـﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫،ﻭﻴﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺭﻱ‬ ‫،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ،ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻗل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬.

3. ‫ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬Consensus
‫ﺍﺘ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻔﺎﻕ‬)‫ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬(‫ﺘﺘﻌﻠـﻕ‬
‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻱ‬:‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬)‫ﺘﻨﺘﻤـﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻭﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺴﻭﻴﺔ‬(‫ﻟﻺﺘﺤـﺎﺩ‬ ،‫ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺼـل‬ ‫ﺃﺘﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻔﺩﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬.
‫ﺇﺜﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺘ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻌﻠﻕ‬"‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻡ‬"‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼل‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻨﻰ‬.
‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬Association
‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴـﺎﺘﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺫﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴـﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻁـﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺨـﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺘﺨـﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬Public Eating's
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺎﺘﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻔﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬‫ﻜﺜﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ،
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻐﻤﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻴﻔﻴـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬.

4. ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﺭ‬-‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺘﺏ‬Basic Wage
‫ﻋﻘـﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬.‫ﺒﻌ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬‫ﺃﺠـﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻓﻊ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘـﺭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺠـﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ،‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ،‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﺃﻀﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺩل‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻼﺀ‬ ‫ﻜﻌﻼﻭﺓ‬ ،‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ‬...‫ﺍﻟﺦ‬.
‫ﻋﺭﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬Martial Law
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺠﺄ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺍﺌﺢ‬‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬‫ﺒﺘﻌﻁﻴـل‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ،
‫ﻜﻨـﺸﻭﺏ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟـﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺘﻼﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺒﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺯﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬.
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬Administration
‫ﻴﺘـﺼل‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺸﺅﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ،‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺨﺩﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺘﺎﺏ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬٠
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬Business ministration
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺨﻔـﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘـﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒل‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ‬٠‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬

5. ‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﺼل‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﺼل‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﺩ‬Despotism
‫ﺘـﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻐﻴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻷﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺩﺭ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻏﺭﺍﻀﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺜل‬.
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬Intelligence
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﺹ‬
‫ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋـﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻔﻕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺒﺭﺯﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻭﺸﺭﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻜﻲ‬.‫ﺠﻲ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻲ‬"C.I.A.
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀ‬Constitution Referendum
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺜﻼ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﺘـﺸﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻹﻗﺭﺍﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻡ‬
،‫ﻓﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﺴـﺘﻔﺘﺎﺌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻀﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﹼ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺍ؛‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺘﻪ‬.‫ﻟﺩﺴـﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤـﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺴﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺸﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬.‫ﺴـﻴﺎﺩﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺘﻨﻔـﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓـﻼ‬ ،‫ﺒﻨﻔـﺴﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺴﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬.

6. ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀ‬Public Opinion Poll
‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺭﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ‬‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬.‫ﻭﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺤﺙ‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼل‬Autonomy
‫ﻭﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴـﺘﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﻨﻔـﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺸﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺨل‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺎ‬ ،‫ﻨﻔـﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﺕ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ،‫ﻭﻴﺨﻀﻊ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺅﻭﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﺎﺭﺱ‬ ،‫ﺫﺍﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻘﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻴﺎ‬.
‫ﺇﻀﺭﺍﺏ‬Strike
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻀﺭﺍﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل‬ ‫ﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺩﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬.‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬‫ﺇﻀﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﺃﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻏﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻗﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺅﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻀﺭﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻀﺭﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻀﺭﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺈﻀﺭﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻊ‬.
‫ﺇﻋﻼﻡ‬Information
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬.

7. ‫ﺸﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬Exhaustive Ballot
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺸﺢ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺼل‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬:‫ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺔ‬)‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬٥٠%‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸـﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺒـﺸﺭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺒﻌﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﻴﻥ‬.
‫ﻏﻴﺎﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬Absentee Voting
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜـﺯ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻜﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻗﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ،‫ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻲ‬.‫ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺼﻭﺍﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﻻﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻴل‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬.
‫ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺔ‬Minority
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻨﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﺘﻀﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬.‫ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻗل‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺘﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ‬٥٠%‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻴـﺩﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬.
‫ﻫﻭﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺘﻠـﻙ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫،ﻭﻴﺘﻔﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺘﻔﺎﺀ‬Autarky / Self – Sufficiency
‫ﻤـ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺠﻴﺎﺘـﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤـﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ،‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻠﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻠل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺼﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻪ‬ ،‫ﹺﻴﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺍﻷﺠﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬.

8. ‫ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭﻴﺔ‬Majority
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﹼﻭﻥ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻋﺔ‬.‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬)‫ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭﻴﺔ‬(‫ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬)Plurality(‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻴﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬٥٠%‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬.
‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ‬‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬)‫ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬(‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬٥٠%‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻌﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺼﻭﺍﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻟﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﺄﻥ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﻨﺎﻉ‬Abstain from voting
‫ﺇﺠـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺨـﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﻡ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻤلﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺅﻭل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺨﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺀ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎﻴﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺭﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﺒﺩﺍﺀ‬٠
‫ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬Prerogative
‫ﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺘﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬)‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺱ‬(‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺽ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺘـﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺭﺴﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ‬.‫ﺃﺸـﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗـﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ‬.
‫ﺃ‬‫ﻋﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬Arab Security
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﺸـﺭﻗﺎ،ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭل‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻭﺍﺤل‬ ‫،ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﺭﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺤل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬

9. ‫ﺠﻨﻭﺒـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫،ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺸﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﻤﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﺤﺎﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬Critical Election
‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻘﺢ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺏ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬.‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬‫ﺘﺠـﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻤـﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺒﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬Indirect Election
‫ﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻏﻠﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺨﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬)‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺎﺌﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬(‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺨﺒﻭﻥ‬‫ﻭﻫﻜـﺫﺍ‬ ،‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺨﺒﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺼﺏ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻏﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬.
‫ﺍﻨﺸﻘﺎﻕ‬Cleavage
‫ﺼـﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺜﺎﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼل‬.‫ﻭﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺸﻘﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ﻋﻘﺎﺌﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬…،‫ﺍﻟﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻁﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﺭﻟﻨﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬(‫ﺃﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬‫ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬.

10. ‫ﺍﻨﻀﻤﺎﻡ‬Accession
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻫـﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﻀﻌﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬ ، ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ،ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻻﻁﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬٠
‫ﺇﻴﺩﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴ‬‫ﺎ‬Ideology
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺯﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﻏﻴـﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴـﺫﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻴـﺴﺘﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﻬﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺩﺍﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻜﺭﺍﻩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺎﺒﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ل‬.
)‫ﺏ‬(
‫ﺒﺭﺍﻏﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬Pragmatism
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬‫ﺃﺴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤل‬
‫ﺠﻴﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻏﻤﺎﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬.‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺩﺃﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﻍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬:-‫ﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻥ‬ ،‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﺒﻲ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺠـﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻜﺭﺭ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺤـل‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺨﺭﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘل‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺼﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬.

11. ‫ﺒﻴﺭﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬Bureaucracy
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﻓﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬""bureau‫ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬“‫ﻤﻜﺘﺏ‬"‫ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ،"kratos"
‫ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬"‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬"‫ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ،:‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴـﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔـﻭﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬ ،‫ﺒـﺎﻟﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻅﻔﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻤﺴﻙ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺫﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬.
)‫ﺕ‬(
‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ‬Social Insurance
‫ﻭﻋـﺎﺌﻼﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺭﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻋﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻴﺨﻭﺨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠـﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺌﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺯﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺼﺎﺒﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬.‫ﺘـﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻨـﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ‬.
‫ﺘﺤﺎﻟﻑ‬Alliance
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺘﺠـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻤـﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻓﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﺯﺍل‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬
‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻘـﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻼﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻨﺘـﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺯﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻻﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬.‫ﻴﻨـﺸﺄ‬

12. ‫ﻋ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻑ‬‫ﺒﺘﻘـﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺘﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ‬٠
‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬Coat-tails effect
‫ﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ‬‫ﺸـﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒـﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺴـﻴﻨﺘﺨﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺼﺏ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺸﺢ‬-‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺼﺏ‬-‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺄ‬‫ﺃﺼـﻼ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨـﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻴـﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺌﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺸﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺸﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻤﻨﺎﺼﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻭﻨﻐﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺸﺤﻲ‬…‫ﻴﻨﺘﺨﺒـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺠﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻻﻩ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺦ‬.
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﺴـﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻔـﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺼﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ‬.
‫ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺎﻟﻑ‬Defensive Alliance
‫ﻋﺴﻜ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﻫﺠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺭﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺍﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻋﺘﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬.
‫ﻤﻐﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺎﻟﻑ‬Closed Coalition
‫ﻤﻌـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴـﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺎﻟﻑ‬)‫ﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻥ‬(‫ﻤـﺸﺎﺭﻜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.

13. ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬)‫ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬(‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬(،‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ،
‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬.(
‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬‫ﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻲ‬Parliamentary Investigation
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺎﺭﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬)‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬(‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬.‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﺩﻓﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺨﺒﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻁـﻼﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔـﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺜﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺴﺎﺕ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻜﻴﻡ‬International Arbitration
‫ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜـﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﺯﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﻲ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬Short Rang Planning
،‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺴـﻨﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺼﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤـﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻗﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻘﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ،‫ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴـﺫ‬ ‫ﻗﻴـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ‬ ،‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬.
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺒﺩﻭ‬

14. ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﻭﺩﻗﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻲ‬.
‫ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬Vote
‫ﻓـﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻴﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺸﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﻻﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﺏ‬.
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺜﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬Vote of Confidence
‫ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ‬.
‫ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬Cumulative Law
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺼـﺼﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺨﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺒﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﺈﻋﻁﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺨﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺘﻴﻥ‬.‫ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺨﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺸﺤ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺨﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬‫ﻴﺤـﺼل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺸﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺸﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﺼل‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺸﺢ‬.

15. ‫ﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬Tactical Voting
‫ﻟﻐـﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻴﻪ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬Block Vote
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺜﻠﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺩﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺘﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺜﻠﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﺘﺴﺏ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺩﻭﺒﻭﻥ‬.
‫ﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭ‬Purge
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬)‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺘـﺸﺭﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺘﺂﻤﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ‬(‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺤـﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﻴﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺍﺌﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬.‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺒﺭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨـﺔ‬‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻔﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﺎﺴـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﻡ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻬﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬‫ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬.
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ‬Pluralism

16. ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬)‫ﺩﻴﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻗﻴـﺔ‬...
‫ﺍﻟﺦ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻜﺘﺴﺏ‬.‫ﻨﻤـﻁ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻤﻘﺭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬.
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﺩﻱ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻁﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
.‫ﻓﻴـﺼﻼ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩﺍ‬‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬.
‫ﺘﻌﻬﺩ‬Engagement
،‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻀﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺩﻴل‬Constitutional Modification
‫ﻟﻠـﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﺼﻭﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺼﻼﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺨﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ،‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺭﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺎﺘﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
)‫ﺍﻷﻤﺔ‬(‫ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﻕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺴﺎﺘﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺠﻴﺯﻫـﺎ‬‫ﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺼﻭﺹ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺩﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺼﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺒـﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺴﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ‬.

17. ‫ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬Technocracy
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺼﻁﻼﺡ‬١٩٣٢‫ﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘـﺼﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ،‫ﻭﺴﻭﺍﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ‬
،‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻁـﻼﺏ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬:-
١.‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺴـﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺫﻟـﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬.
٢.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺫﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﻌل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻟﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻀﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ‬.
‫ﺩﺒﻠﻭﻤﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬Diplomatic Representations
‫ﻤﻬﻤﺘﻪ‬‫ﻭﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬ ،‫ﻤـﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟـﺩﻯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻓﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬Proportional Representation
‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻨـﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ‬ ،‫ﻤﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻤﻡ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﺔ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬. (

18. ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ‬Balance of Power
،‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻭﺫ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬‫ﻭﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘـﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺴـﻴﻁﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﻭﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺌﺜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺼﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ‬
،‫ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭﻭﺴـﺎ‬ ،‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬‫ﺇﻋﻼﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺌل‬
‫ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬.‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻫﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺩﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻰ‬ ،‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬.
‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬Voeux
‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬
‫ﺇﻟﺯﺍﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﻪ‬
)‫ﺙ‬(
‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﻘﺔ‬Ministerial Vote of Confidence
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺒﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻨﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺼﻁﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻭﻴ‬ ‫ﺸـﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺨﺫ‬‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤـﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻤـل‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ‬ ، ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬

19. ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺼﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻌﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺠﻭﺍﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺒﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻭﺴـﺤﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻟﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺨﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬Bicameral
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻻﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬.‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺨﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ‬‫ﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺭ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﺔ‬)‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬.(‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻘﺽ‬ ‫ﺤـﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺒﻌـﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻲ‬.‫ﻭﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠـﺱ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺼﺎﻟﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ‬.
)‫ﺝ‬(
‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎل‬Agenda
‫،ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺅﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺎﻟﺠﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺴـﻴﺒﺤﺜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻋﺎﺕ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴـﺏ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫،ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬‫،ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩﻯ‬ ‫،ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫،ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎﻟﺱ‬

20. ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬Lobby
‫ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤل‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﻼ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺩ‬ ،‫ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻤﺎﻋـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻜﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬.
)‫ﺡ‬(
‫ﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺼﺎﻨﺔ‬Parliamentary Immunity
‫ﻤﻬﺎﻤـﻪ‬ ‫ﻴـﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺌـﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺌﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻀﻁﻠﻊ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺼﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺒﺜﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺒﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺄﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺄﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻀﻊ‬‫ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬.
‫ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺎﺘﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻁﺒـﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺘﻤل‬
‫ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‬:
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻼﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻤﺔ‬.
‫ﺠﻬـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﻘﻼﺘـﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺌﺏ‬ ‫ﺸﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬ ،‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻭﻤـﺩﺍﻫﺎ‬

21. ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺘﺼﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻘﻰ‬‫ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻭﻨﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺘﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺭﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺭﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺘﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺴﻼﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻨﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺼﺔ‬Electoral Quota
‫ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸـﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﺢ‬.‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﻹﻋﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺼل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺏ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺸﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴـﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻨـﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻴﺴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺯﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺤﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬)‫ﺘﻔـﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺒﻊ‬‫ﻴﺴﺭﺓ‬.(
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬"‫ﺍﻟﺭﻓﺽ‬"Veto
‫ﻴﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻤﺸﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬:‫ﻭﻓﺭﻨـﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺨﻭل‬‫ﻗﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻊ‬ ،‫ل‬.

22. ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬Franchise
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬.‫ﺴـﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‬.
‫ﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬Absolutism
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻴﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓـﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻭﺍﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺯﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬.‫ﺤﻴﺎﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﺯﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬‫ﻴﻤﺎﺭﺴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺤـﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬)Absolutism(‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬)Totalitarianism.(
‫ﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬Civil Rights
‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬‫ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻤـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌـﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻤﺎﻨﺎ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﺠﻨﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬Rule of Law

23. ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬.
‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜـﻭﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬.
‫ﺍﺌﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬Coalition Government
‫ﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻔﻕ‬ ،‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺯﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺅﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺅﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺩﻑ‬.
‫ﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬Parliamentary Government
،‫ﺍﻟـﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺭﺌﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻅل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﻤﻠﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻅل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬Due Process
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻅﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻭﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺸﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﺨﻀﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻤﺴﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻀﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬.
)‫ﺥ‬(

24. ‫ﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ‬Privatization
‫ﻭﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﻁﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ‬.
‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬Public Services
‫ﻟﻠﻘ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﻴﺎﻡ‬‫ﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘـﺎﺠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ‬‫ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬.
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻐـﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬـﺎﺘﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬ ‫ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﻭﺍﻹﺴـﻌﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬...‫ﺍﻟﺦ‬.
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‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬Constituency
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺨﺒﻴﻥ‬(‫ﻋﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺩﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬.‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﺩﺒﻠﻭﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬Diplomacy

25. ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓـﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻴـﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻘﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬.‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺤﻴﻁـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺤـﺫﺭ‬ ،‫ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻬﺫﻴﺏ‬ ،‫ﺘﺼﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻤﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺤﻔﻴﻅﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺜﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ،‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬.
‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬Constitution
‫ﹸ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﺴـﻠﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﹸﺤﺩﺩ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬ ،‫ﻭﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬.
‫ﻤﺅﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬Provisional Constitution
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫ﺴـﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻅﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻤل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬‫ﺒـﻪ‬.‫ﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺎﺘﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﺩﺭﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻨﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻘﻼﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺌـﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺴـﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺴﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻁﻤﻭﺤﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺭﻩ‬.
‫ﺩﻋﺎﻴﺔ‬Propaganda

26. ‫ﺍﻻ‬‫ﺍﻻﻗﻨﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎل‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻴﺴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺴـﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﻌﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬.
‫ﺩﻜﺘﺎﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬Dictatorship
‫ﻴﺘﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺩﺴـﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻴﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻻﻩ‬
‫ﻋﺭﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬.‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﺎﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬.‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻜﺘﺎﺘﻭﺭﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺤـﺼل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ،‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬.
‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﺎﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺩﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬‫ﺤﻜﻤـﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻑ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬.
‫ﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺴـﺎﺘﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﺠﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬…‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓـﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟـﺦ‬
‫ﺴـﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﻁـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻜﺘﺎﺘﻭﺭﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻜﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﺎﺘﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻜﺘﺎﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻕ‬.
‫ﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬parliamentary Cession
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻌﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﻭﻴﺠﺘﻤـﻊ‬ ، ‫ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ،‫ﻭﺇﻗﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺩﺭﺱ‬ ،‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻗـﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻤﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺤﺙ‬ ،‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻌﻘﺩ‬.
‫ﺩﻭﻏﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

27. ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺌﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬"‫ﺭﺃﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺫﻫﺒﺎ‬"‫ﻤـﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺒـﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻴﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻲ‬،‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻤﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬،‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻗﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻏﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴـل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻀﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﺯﺍﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺸﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺫل‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﻱ‬.
‫ﺩﻴﻤﺎﻏﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺼﻁﻠ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ،‫ﻤﺘﻼﻋﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴـﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺩل‬ ‫ﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻤﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤـﺎﻫﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺤﻭﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﺎﻏﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬‫ﺒﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ،ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺠﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺂﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻠـﻕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﻋﺙ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻭﺀ‬ ،‫ﻭﺘﻁﻠﻌﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻤﺎﻏﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﺨﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻁﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻐﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺩﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺩﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺭﺠﻌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻔﺎﻀﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻀﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺜﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬.
‫ﺩﻴﻤﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺎ‬Demography

28. ‫ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬:
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬.‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻤﺎﺘﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺠـﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻓﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻭﻻﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌـﺩﻻﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺠﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻤ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺭﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺭ‬.
‫ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﻭﺭﻭﺍ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻬﻡ‬.
‫ﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬Democracy
‫ﻜﻠﻤﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﻪ‬":‫ﺩﻴﻤﻭﺱ‬"، ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬"‫ﻜﺭﺍﺘـﻭﺱ‬"‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺅﺩﺍﻫـﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻤــﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﺫﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫،ﻭﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫،ﻭﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬ ،‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺘـﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ،‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻤـﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺍﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻭﻟﻭﺍ‬ ،‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻱ‬‫ﻷﺤﻜـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘـﺎ‬ ،‫ﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬.‫ﺇﺠﻤـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘـﺸﺭﻴﻊ؛‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺍﻗﺒﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺼـﺒﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ،‫ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬
"‫ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬
)‫ﺭ‬(
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺩﻴﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬Radicalism

29. ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﺒـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻩ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺠﺫﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬.
‫ﺠﺫﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻴﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻜﺎﻟﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭﻴﻭﻥ‬.
‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ،‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺤﻭ‬ ،‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ‬)‫ﺭﺍﺩﻴﻜﺎﻟﻲ‬(‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺒﺭ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺫﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺼﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬.
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻱ‬Public Opinion
‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻐل‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺽ‬.
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺎﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻱ‬Adverse opinion
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻴﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬٠
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﺠل‬
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺭﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬.‫ﻭﺘﻌـﺎﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋـﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺴـﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬.
)‫ﺱ‬(