Hemoglobin types can be associated with various diseases. Hemoglobin S causes sickle cell disease where red blood cells become rigid and crescent shaped, blocking vessels. Sickle cell trait carriers have one normal and one abnormal beta chain. Hemoglobin E causes mild anemia and spleen enlargement in those with two copies, while one copy usually does not cause symptoms. Hemoglobin C disease causes minor anemia and spleen enlargement in homozygotes. Hemoglobin H occurs in alpha thalassemia and is unstable, forming solid structures in red blood cells. Hemoglobin F is elevated in some disorders and provides protection against sickling in sickle cell disease.
challenges in interpreting abnormal hemoglobin study- the key is to correlate with patient age, ethnicity,RBC indices & morphology findings. Two tier approach for correct characterization of abnormal hemoglobins of HPLC &/or capillary electrophoresis.
challenges in interpreting abnormal hemoglobin study- the key is to correlate with patient age, ethnicity,RBC indices & morphology findings. Two tier approach for correct characterization of abnormal hemoglobins of HPLC &/or capillary electrophoresis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
1. Hemoglobin types and associated Diseses
Asmaa AbdelRahman Abdelhakeem
20141614
Group A
2. Types of Hemoglobin and associated with
Diseases
this is the primary hemoglobin in:SHemoglobin-1
.sickle cell diseasepeople with
Those with Hb S disease have twoabnormal betachains and two
normal alpha chains. The presence of hemoglobinS causes the red
blood cell todeform and assume a sickle shape whenexposedto
decreasedamounts of oxygen(such as might happen whensomeone
exercises or has infectioninthe lungs).
Sickledredblood cells are rigidand can block small blood vessels,
causing pain, impairedcirculation, anddecreasedoxygendelivery, as
well as shortenedredcell survival.
dwiththalassemiaor Hemolglobinc....Associatey) copSsingle beta (β:Sickle celltrait**
Hemoglobin E:-2
** is one of the most common betachain hemoglobinvariants in the
world.
)E
People who are homozygous for Hb E (have two copies of β#
redbloodcells, and, microcyticmild hemolytic anemiagenerally have a
a mild enlargement of the spleen.
does not cause symptomsA single copy of the hemoglobinE gene#
unless it is combinedwithanother mutation, such as the one for beta
thalassemiatrait.
Hemoglobin c:-3
HemoglobinC disease (seenin homozygotes, thosewithtwocopies) is
rare
3. Usually Heterozygotes (hemoglobinC trait).
minor amount of hemolyticusually causes aHemoglobinC Disease
.anemia and a mildto moderate enlargement of the spleen.
:Hemoglobin H-4
#Hb H is an abnormal hemoglobinthat occurs insome cases of alpha
thalassemia.
It is composedof four beta(β) globinchains and is produceddue to a
severe shortage of alpha(α) chains.
Althougheachof the beta(β) globinchains is normal, the tetramer of 4
betachains does not functionnormally.
It has an increasedaffinity for oxygen, holding onto it insteadof
releasing it tothe tissues andcells.
HemoglobinH is also associatedwithsignificant breakdownof red
solidstructures) as it is unstable and tends toform(hemolysisblood
withinredblood cells.
Serious medical problems are not common in people withhemoglobin
anemia.H disease, thoughthey oftenhave
Hemoglobin F:-5
#Hb F is the primary hemoglobinproducedby the fetus, and its role is
to transport oxygen efficiently inalow oxygenenvironment.
Productionof Hb F decreases sharply after birthandreaches adult
levels by 1-2 years of age.
Hb F may be elevatedinseveral congenital disorders.
andbetathalassemiaLevels canbe normal to significantly increasedin
andinsickle cell anemiaare frequently increasedinindividuals with
sickle cell-betathalassemia.
4. Individuals withsickle cell diseaseandincreasedHbF often have a
milder disease, as the F hemoglobininhibits sickling of the red cells.
Hb F levels are alsoincreasedina rare conditioncalledhereditary
persistence of fetal hemoglobin(HPFH).
This is a group of inheriteddisorders inwhichHbF levels are increased
without the signs or clinical features of thalassemia.
are alsomyeloproliferative neoplasmsandothereukemiaslSome
associatedwithmildelevationinHbF.
Hemoglobin barts:-6
Hb Barts develops infetuses withalphathalassemia.
It is formed of four gamma (γ) proteinchains whenthere is a shortage
of alpha chains, ina manner similar tothe formationof HemoglobinH.
If a small amount of Hb Barts is detected, it usually disappearsshortly
after birthdue to dwindling gamma chain production.
These childrenhave one or two alpha gene deletions andare silent
carriers or have the alpha thalassemiatrait.
If a childhas a large amount of Hb Barts, he or she usually has
hemoglobinH disease anda three-genedeletion.
andusually dohydrops fetalisgene deletions have-Fetuses withfour
not survive without bloodtransfusions andbone marrow transplants.
Hemoglobin SC disease:-7
inheritance of one beta S gene and one betaC gene results in
HemoglobinSC disease.
have a mild hemolytic anemiaand moderateThese individuals
.enlargement of the spleen
5. occulsive-vasoSC disease may developthe samePersons withHb
as seeninsickle cellanemia, butblocking) complications-(blood vessel
most cases are less severe.
Hemoglobin D disease:–Sickle Cell-8
individuals withsickle cell –Hb D disease have inheritedone copy of
hemoglobinS
sickle crisesandmoderateThese people may have occasional
.hemolytic anemia