Epithelial dysplasia refers to disturbances in epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation seen microscopically. It is characterized by cellular atypia and graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Key features include basal cell hyperplasia, abnormal mitosis, nuclear hyperchromatism, increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, dyskaryosis, poikilokaryonosis, loss of polarity, anisocytosis, koilocytosis, and individual cell keratinization.

1. Presented By : AsmaaA.Rahman

2. *Definition
*Epithelial dysplasia, a term referred to
intraepithelial neoplasia, is the sum of
various disturbances of epithelial
proliferation and differentiation as seen
microscopically. Individual cellular features
of dysplasia are called epithelial atypia.

3. Epithelial dysplasia is graded
as mild, moderate and
severe.

4. *
1. Drop-shapedreteprocesses
2. Basalcellhyperplasia
3. Irregularepithelialstratification
4. Nuclearhyperchromatism
5. Increasednuclear-cytoplasmicratio
6. Increasednormalandabnormalmitosis
7. Dyscaryosis(nuclearatypism)
8. Karyomegaly(Enlargednuclei)
9. LargeprominentNucelioli)
10. Poikilokarynosis
11. Cellularpoleomorphism
12. Lossof polarity& Disorientation
13. Anisocytosis
14. Koilocytosis
15. IndividualCellkeratinization
16. KeratinpearlformATion

5. *1-Drop shaped reteProcesses

6. 2-Basalcell hyperplasia
* The basal cell layer is the germ layer which
undergoes constant proliferation. Hyperplasia
occurs due to increase in the rate of mitotic division.

7. *

8. *4-Nuclear hyperchromatism
*hyperchromatism. : the development of excess chromatin or of
excessive nuclear staining especially as a part of a
pathological process.
nucleus staining darker than normal by haematoxylin.

9. 5-Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
• The relative size of nucleous to cytoplasmic contents of the
cell
• normal ratio is ¼

10. 6-Increased normal and abnormal mitosis
Abnormal mitotic figures are seen (Y-,X, and K
shaped). Also there is increase in normal 11-
shaped mitotic figure.

11. 8. Dyskaryosis (Nuclear atypism):
Abnormal shape of the nucleus. It is due to abnormal
number and arrangement of the chromatin.

12. 9-Karyomegaly( enlarged nuclei )
• Due to increase DNA, increase
nucleoproteins or nuclear oedema.

13. 10. Large prominent nucleoli
The nucleolus becomes prominent in:
• cells which are actively synthesize proteins.
• in the majority of rapidly growing malignant
cells.

14. 11. Poikilokaryonosis:
• It is the formation of a cell with multiple nuclei

15. 12-Cellular pleomorphism
The cell takes various forms due to:
• Defect in the formation of the protein forming the
cytoskeleton.
• Loss of desmosomes.

16. 13-Loss of basal cell polarity
This is due to loss of desmosomal junctions that
normally unite the cells together due to:
• Defect in the formation of the newly dividing cells.
(Cytoskeleton)
• Breaking of the junctions by the action of malignant
enzymes in frankly malignant lesions e.g.
hyalurinidaze enzymes.

17. 14-Anisocytosis
is a medical term meaning that a patient's red blood cells are
of unequal size. This is commonly found in anemia and other
blood conditions. False diagnostic flagging may be triggered
by an elevated WBC count, agglutinated RBCs, RBC
fragments, giant platelets or platelet clumps.

18. 15-koilocytosis
*A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has
undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a
result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus

19. 16-Individual cell keratinization
• It is a form of dyskeratosis.
Dyskeratosis means abnormal keratin formation.
The cell undergoes early maturation and becomes filled up
with keratin intraepithelialy.

20. 17-Keratin Pearl Formation
• Desmosomal junctions are maintained and the
polyhedral cells mature thus forming keratin in the
centre of the epithelial nest