Foot and Mouth Research: Cattle Disease

Foot And Mouth Research Paper
FOOT AND MOUTH: CATTLE
Key Facts
– Foot and Mouth (FMD) is recognized as a highly contagious viral disease which affects cloven–
hooved animals, such as cattle (Bos Taurus) (Grubman and Baxt, 2004).
– The mortality rate is very low as affected animals can recover from the disease, however, due to
the loss of production and infectious state of the disease, infected animals are usually culled.
– The outbreak of FMD in the United Kingdom in 2001 caused the destruction of about 6 million
animals from 9,515 farms and losses of £8 million. It then spread to Ireland, the Netherlands and
France.
Aetiology
Aphthovirus is the virus that causes FMD.
Epidemiology
FMD is spread by direct and indirect contact with infected substances, mechanical vectors ... Show
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It can also survive 14 days in dry faecal matter, 39 days in urine and up to 28 days in soil.
After infection with the FMD virus, the average incubation period in cattle is 2–14 days. The
incubation period of FMD can vary and is highly dependent on the environment, host, virus strain
and the way in which the individual got infected (e.g. inhalation or ingestion).
Diagnosis
Symptoms of FMD include:
– Drop in milk production and blisters on teats
– Lameness or difficulty walking due to blisters on feet
– Significant increase in body temperature for 3 consecutive days
– Vesicles that discharge clear or cloudy fluid
– Sticky and foamy saliva
– Weight loss/anorexia due to painful tongue and mouth blisters
– Abortions
– Heart disease and sudden death
In cattle, the clinical signs of the disease are easily confused with the symptoms of vesicular
stomatitis (Alexandersen, Zhang, Donaldson and Garland, 2003). Therefore, laboratory testing is
essential for diagnosis. Bodily fluids are taken for testing. If no vesicles can be found, fluid can be

collected by pharyngeal swabbing for virus isolation or reverse transcription PCR. Serum (blood)
samples may also be tested this way (OIE Terrestrial Manual,
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Mastitis Research Paper
Pathogenesis: A Microscopic Look at Mastitis
The external progression of mastitis is well known by farmers, veterinarians and researchers alike. A
cow picks up a pathogen, somatic cell count increases, the udder becomes inflamed and milk quality
and production decreases. Less widely known however is what is actually occurring at a cellular
level inside the udder in response to the infection.
A cow's main external defense mechanism is the keratin plug in the teat that provides a physical
barrier to prevent bacteria migrating into the teat. Due to the time taken for the plug to reform after
milking (30 mins to 2 hours), as well as any chemical, physical, or thermal injury to the teat, there
are still opportunities for pathogens to invade. Once the bacteria penetrate the teat and migrate into
the udder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cytokines are components that promote cellular inflammation, manifesting as the telltale external
sign of clinical mastitis– a hot, inflamed udder. The cellular inflammation is induced to make the
udder environment hostile to the invading bacteria, which are unable to exist at high temperatures
(usually around 40⁰C – 45⁰C). The high temperature causes structural proteins of the bacteria to
breakdown. However, this inflammation also denatures the milk proteins, leading to decreased
manufacturing properties and lower quality products.
To learn more about the impact of somatic cells on manufacturing, see the article How Are High
Somatic Cell Counts Cutting into Your Cheese Production? For more information on pathogens that
cause mastitis, see the article Why Pathogen Matters for Mastitis Control
Understanding mastitis at a cellular level helps make sense of the external physical changes seen as
clinical mastitis. Having the whole picture gives a greater understanding of the risk factors, disease
progression and long term effects of the

Canadienne Cattle Research Paper
Canadienne Cattle Canadienne Cattle are dairy cattle that originated in Canada and is starting to
become more popular in the United States. Canadienne cattle were the main cattle breed up until
1850. The breed developed it's own official herd book in 1886 when they were almost extinct. The
population of the Canadienne was nearly 300,000 head before the book was developed. Today, the
breed is not as common, but it still thrives (The Canadienne Cow, 2009). The Canadienne is a breed
that certainly has a stature of its own. It is a "small to medium sized specialty dairy breed". A cow
will weigh anywhere between 400 and 500 kilograms (or 800–1100 pounds). The average
Canadienne bull will weigh around 800 kilograms or 1700 pounds. The head of

Ayn Rand's Diary Essay: The Pain Of War
I could not stand to see Kuti suffer as he did. We were used to the hunger. I'm sure he would have
grown to have the same resistance, but he was no more than a child, and a child cannot grow on the
meager amount we were able to provide to him every day. His whimpering and wailing, weak from
lack of strength, caused many restless nights for us all, yet none of us complained. It was impossible
to blame him. After all, it was our own inability to provide that caused it. When his crying grew to
be unbearable as it so often did, I would bring him to my teat and allow him to drink the little it
could provide. He would slip into a restful sleep as I removed him from my breast, but it would
never last for long. The gnawing hunger would return, and he would once again wail out. My teat
dry, I would have no way to provide relief to him, and he would restlessly battle with hunger until
exhaustion once again claimed him. The knowledge that the harvest would not come soon enough to
save him always weighed on my mind. And perhaps that's why I did what I did. Most nights, after
the sun had slipped far beyond the horizon and all were soundly asleep, I would don my sari – and
later, when I was able to afford them, glass bangles – and paint my body, then slip out into the night
air. The town, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though most would see my work – for that's all it was to me – as shameful, I felt a sense of pride
having helped the child. I provided him with milk, rice, and salt, which was the most he was able to
handle, weak as he was. I would only give this to him when no others were nearby. I could not have
them asking how I obtained what I did. I carefully hid the money I made and that which I bought,
having seen it fit to buy jewelry to appear more enticing to the men which sought out the service I
provided. It was not enjoyable work, but it was what I had to

Research Paper On Milking A Cow
Milking a cow
Tools, equipment and machinery used for milking a cow
Milking machine: The milking machine is a system consisting out of varies parts that work in
combination with each other to milk a number of cows at the same time. The following parts form
the basic framework of the milking machine.
Claw;
Teatcups;
Milk tubes (many different shapes and sizes);
Pulsator;
Bulk tank
Milking machines are used to extract milk from cows when the herd is larger than about 4 cows. The
milking unit is the portion of a milking machine for removing milk from an udder. It is made up of a
claw, four teatcups, long milk tube, long pulsator tube, and pulsator.
The claw is manifold which connects the short pulse tubes and short milk tubes from ... Show more
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The two rigid, stainless steel teatcup shells applied to the front two quarters of the cow are visible.
The top of the flexible liner is visible at the top of the shells as are the short milk tubes and short
pulsation tubes extending from the bottom of the shells to the claw.
The bottom of the claw is transparent to allow visualization of milk flow.
When milking is completed the vacuum to the milking unit is shut off and the teatcups are removed
Milking machines keep the milk enclosed and safe from external contamination. The interior 'milk
contact' surfaces of the machine are kept clean by a manual or automated washing procedure
implemented after milking is completed twice or three times per day.
Milk contact surfaces must comply with regulations ensuring that they are food grade materials
(typically stainless steel and special plastics and rubber compounds) and are easily cleaned.
Most milking machines are powered by electricity but, in case of electrical failure, there can be an
alternative means of motive power, often an internal combustion engine, for the vacuum and milk

pumps because milking cows cannot tolerate delays in their scheduled milking without suffering
serious milk production

The Benefits Of Robotic Dairy Farms
For the past 100 years, dairy farmers have been expanding the efficiency of their farms by utilizing
new technology and approaches in management. With an increasing global population and more
people moving away from rural areas, the pressure that is placed on the dairy industry grows and
thus, the need for new technology escalates (J. A. Jacobs, J. M. Siegford 2012). Robotic dairy
systems were first introduced in the late 20th century in Europe and have been slowly gaining global
popularity ever since (W. de Jong et. al 2003). The mean rate of adoption for this technology is 7.0%
per year (A. Heikkila et. al, 2012). 2. Literature Review 2.1 Strengths of Robotic Dairy Farms A
survey conducted by several researchers showed that automatic ... Show more content on
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This is advantageous as during dry–off periods and calving lower milk yields can help prevent
intramammary infections which is beneficial for both production and cow health (Dingwell et al.
2004; Rajala–Schultz et al. 2005). The system also provides information on each cow, including
udder health, body weight changes, somatic cell count, milk production and reproductive status.
This allows farmers to make decisions about milking frequencies or predict early signs of illness in
the herd (J. A. Jacobs, J. M. Siegford 2012). During milking, most AMS provide a predetermined
amount of feed to the cows. This allows farmers to be able to supplement a cow should she require it
due to certain stages of lactation, body condition or anticipated milk yield. As the feed is highly
palatable it could act as a motivating source, allowing the cows to associate visiting the AMS with
the positive experience of eating the feed (Madsen et al. 2010). 2.2 Weaknesses of Robotic Dairy
Farms A key factor for success in using AMS is that the cows must be active cows that voluntarily
enter the milking and feeding stations (K. M. Svennersten–Sjaunja and G. Pettersson 2008). In a
study conducted with 25 farmers in North America, 70% of farms had to cull 4% of cows as they
were unable to adapt to the new system due to unsuitable udder configuration, restlessness and
failure to enter milking stall voluntarily. This percentage declined over time. Some farmers

Sexual Dymorphism (SSD)
Sexual dimorphism is any difference, morphological or behavioral, between males and females of
the same species. Sexual dimorphism can include differences in weaponry, ornamentation, size,
vocalization, chemical signal, gametes, behavior, and parental care. It is seen in exaggerated forms
in the birds of paradise, though it is present in many other species as well. In mammals one way
sexes are sexual dimorphic is in their size. In many mammalian species the males are larger than the
females this is known as sexual size dimorphism or SSD. SSD is cause by many factors but this
paper will focus only on those relating to reproduction and feeding.
In many species the social hierarchy that leads to sexual dimorphism begins at birth. Young will ...
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This social hierarchy is what determines who the male will be allowed to mate with or if he will be
able to mate at all. This type of behavior is agonistic and consists of both aggressive and submissive
behavior such as fighting, escaping, rolling over and charging. These behaviors are characteristic of
male–male interactions but may also occur in some species female–female interactions to establish
dominance within a harem such as lionesses. These behaviors also occur mainly during rutting or
mating season. This behavior is mainly seen in ungulates but it does appear in other species when
males come into contact during a mating season. In these challenges the winner of the fights is often
determined by the size of the individual as well as the size of its horns or antlers. Another reason is
because males need to mount the female in order to inseminate her. In some species the female may
crouch for the male to do this, such as the lion, but in many species such as the ungulates crouching
is not easily done and so the males must be larger in order to mount the female. (Scott 2014, Dunn
2014 and Breed

Conjoined Judith Minty Summary
Bridget Fernandez Mary Petersen English 102 16 September 2014 Conjoined by Judith Minty The
poem "Conjoined" was written by Judith Minty and published in 1937. She was born in Detroit,
Michigan and gradated from with her Master's in English from Western Michigan University in
1993. She then became the director of a Creative Writing Program at Humboldt State University.
She published several poems, and other writings that have been in over fifty anthologies and literary
magazines. Minty uses several literary elements to express amazing and vivid imagery and develop
the theme of an unhappy and broken marriage. Minty depicts this through the diction, metaphors,
and similes. Conjoined is made up of 15 lines separated into 3 stanzas. The first ... Show more
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In the first line she draws a metaphor of a married couple from the joining of two onions under one
transparent onion skin. This metaphor is unique and surprising but shows the inseparability of a
marriage. She then goes on to describe it as a monster that is deformed which is a comparison to her
marriage. An example of how a simile is used to develop the theme further would be in line 5
through 6. A simile is a direct comparison of two unlike objects so this allows us the comparison to
be seen much more clearly by using the word like. In these lines she describes her marriage as "an
accident like the two headed calf rooted/ in one body fighting to suck at its mother's teats;/ or like
those other freaks, Chang and Eng." She is developing her theme further with this simile because
she is comparing her marriage to the two headed calf and the freaks who are two separate
individuals but they are stuck in one body just wanted to separate themselves. The comparison to the
calf is very important because by looking at the line closely she says, "fighting to suck at its
mother's teats." This comparison shows that each of them has to fight to survive. Feeding one calf
neglects the other and it makes them weak which could be threatening and restricting. Then the
comparison she draws with the famous Siamese twins, Chang and Eng, shows that she views
marriage as being

Animal Welfare ( Dairy Cattle ) Code Of Welfare Essay
Animal Welfare (Dairy Cattle) Code of Welfare 2014 Overview This code gives animal owner and
the person in charge of the animals' guidelines of minimum standard of care and management taken
when caring for dairy cows in New Zealand. The code of welfare for dairy cows would be especially
important as the dairy industry is becoming increasingly important in New Zealand, the high
demand in dairy product would mean more farmers would have to provide adequate care and
welfare for the ever increasing dairy cows produced. This code gives the owner or the person in
charge of the animals a list of 6 minimum standards to follow whilst managing dairy cows, the
minimum standards listed includes the stockmanship, the physical environment, health, and
husbandry practices. The owner or person in charge of the cattle must follow the minimum
requirements, the failure to comply to the minimum standards may be used as evidence to prosecute
under the Animal Welfare Act (1999). Positive Attributes The code of welfare for dairy cows at part
4.4 states that cow and calves must be able to lie down and rest for a sufficient amount of time per
day to meet their behavioural needs (Placeholder1). This is proven to an important aspect while
managing dairy cows as providing an open paddock for the cows to lie down and rest would
increase the cows' well–being and comfort as well as increasing production (D. B. Haley, J. Rushen,
& A. M. de Passillé, 2000), as opposed to cows being housed in tie–stalls

Breast Feeding : An Essential Way Of Expressing Love...
body is an essential way of expressing love towards it. Though, the intimacy of breast feeding it is
easy for a mother is given her baby closeness, warmth and comfort; feeding that it derives nutrients
for its soul through affection and security, as well as nutrients for its body. Breast feeding provides
lose contact between mother and the child. Babies show how they like close body contact by their
clear enjoyment of being carried, as they are in rural areas all over the world. Being carried fills
their environment with the human warmth, movements and sounds that we beginning to understand
are important both before and after birth. Other benefits–Breast feeding perfectly combines the three
fundamentals of sound nutrition–food, health and care. A number of studies shown a strong link
between the early initiations of breast feeding and reduces risk of post partum haemorrhage.
Initiating breast feeding immediately following birth stimulates the contraction of the uterus and
reduces blood loss. This obviously reduces maternal mortality and morbidity (Hanson, Lars et al,
1996). In recent years, research has also demonstrated that this immediate post partum benefits is by
no means the only way in which breast feeding can improve women's health. A recent large sample
study in United States demonstrated that women who breast fed their children has a lower risk of
breast cancer in the premenopausal period, and the longer they breast fed, lower the risk
(Rasmussen, Kathleen M, et

A Research On Dairy Barn
Imagine your modern–day dairy barn, with your usual milk cows: manure scrapers clean the floors
constantly, feed–pushers keep the feed fence ready, and tagged collars give unique insights about
each cow. But beyond all of the conventional gadgetry this barn has something else: no people. This
dairy barn features the Lely Astronaut, a new, reliable employee that uses the cow's behavior to
cause them to enter the stall and increase their milk production, and requires almost no human help.
Lely is a Dutch company founded in 1948, and since then has been one of several industry leaders
committed to building revolutionary products that use simple behaviors as an advantage to both the
dairy business and the cattle involved. Lely has come the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Another benefit is that to a consumer on the outside looking in, the system is well rounded, and it's
easy to see the cows are happy and healthy. But what motivates the cattle to enter the Astronaut?
Cows begin learning to enter stalls like this early in their life– and it all revolves around one thing.
Food! At six days old the calves enter a small stall to get their milk. This then turns into bigger
stalls, where full grown cows eat their daily feed. When it's time to learn how to enter the Astronaut,
where nutrient–rich concentrates and relief from a full udder awaits, it's usually no problem getting
the cows inside. The secret here is association, a fairly simple idea that goes all the way back to the
1890's with Pavlov and his dogs. Once the cattle learn to associate the milking stall with only good
things, they're willing to enter by themselves, without the usual poking and prodding of a directed
cow system, making things much easier for both the people and the cattle involved. Getting inside
the Astronaut is not a problem either. Cows prefer a straight, uncomplicated route, and Lely has
designed the I–flow just for that purpose. Although it sounds like an app for your iPhone, the I–flow
has reduced milking time by 4% and has increased the average milk per cow

The Inventions Of The Cotton Gin During The Industrial...
During the Industrial Revolution, many inventions were produced. In 1793, Eli Whitney invented
the cotton gin. Eli Whitney was a farm boy and was trying to make a name for himself as a
manufacturer. About a few days later, he developed a machine to restructure the cotton industry. The
pasteurization was created by Louis Pasteur in 1864. Louis Pasteur was a chemistry professor and
was studying fermentation. He created this invention for beer because there was trouble with
brewing and kept going bad while no one knew why. There is a big time difference between the year
date they were both created. They both have been known for many years and are still being used to
this day. These two inventions have made a huge impact throughout history and people's lives.
Cotton has been known for many years, but it was not used as much as compared to today. For many
years, the only way to separate the cotton seeds from its fibers was to pull them out by hand. It was
a very slow and hard occupation. The way the cotton gin worked was by; the cotton needs to fall
through the feeder hopper, goes through a place where it comes into the wire teeth, which seizes the
fibers for the seeds and comes out of the machine. Although the cotton gin was a very advantageous
machine, it affected many slaves. It came with a number of unintended consequences, especially
towards slavery. During this era, cotton was the most arduous plant since the seeds needed to be
removed and that was a wearying process.

The Plague Of Witch Trials Essay
New England in the seventeenth century was a difficult place to live. The raging winds of winter, the
ravaging Indian tribes and the many diseases that killed both livestock and family members often
had inhabitants believing that they were being punished by God for their sins, or that their afflictions
were caused by something much more sinister. Anyone who threatened traditional gender and
societal roles was seen as a potential threat to both themselves and the rest of the community. The
outbreaks of witch accusations that occurred throughout New England during this time reflected
how unsettled the settlers really felt about their lives. This is reflected in both the Salem,
Massachusetts witch trials and the Stamford, Connecticut witch trials even if these trials had
different results. The trouble in Salem began in January, 1692 when Tituba, a slave from the West
Indies was talking to Elizabeth Parris, daughter of the Reverend Samuel Parris, and his niece,
Abigail Williams about their futures. After telling them their futures, the girls begin to cry
hysterically and act strangely as if bewitched. These fits could be brought on by the idea that their
futures as Puritan child–bearing women was at risk or also by the girl's wanted attention that they
had no chance at getting regularly in Puritan society. Tituba also is undergoing torments at this time,
seeing specters and having the same type of fits that the other girls are having. As the fits begin to
happen to other

Craniofacial Malformation Research Paper
A multitude of factors have been presented that contribute to the difficulties involved of eating with
CP. CP a craniofacial malformation that occurs when the baby's lips and palate do not fuse together
properly during the embryonic stage of life. Complete separation of the hard palate and lip makes it
challenging to create enough pressure to generate sufficient suction during feeding. If the infant is
having trouble creating sufficient suction, then it will become difficult to get the necessary nutrition.
It is essential for the infant to get an adequate amount of nutrition to ensure a safe surgery. A variety
of techniques have been established making it possible to have a successful feeding such as feeding
plates, the Haberman feeder, modified

Effect Of The On Reproductive Health
Effect on Reproductive Health The subsequent immune suppression that is caused by infection can
be detrimental to the affected cow's reproductive health and efficiency. Since a dairy operation relies
on a steady volume of milk being produced, it is vital that cows conceive regularly in order to start
their next lactation cycle in a reasonable amount of time. Therefore, reduced reproductive efficiency
due to mastitis can become a chronic and costly problem for producers. Conception The metabolic
stress associated with mastitis can cause cows to be anovular (having an irregular ovulation cycle)
for prolonged periods of time32. Follicular growth is inhibited, which prevents ovulation and the
inflammation caused by mastitis produces higher levels of prostaglandins that interfere with
regulation of the oestrus cycle33. Hormone levels too high or too low at the wrong point in the cycle
will prevent regular oestrus and ovulation. An anovular period of approximately 40 days after
calving is normal and needed for the reproductive system to heal34. This time frame can become
longer due to infections and incur non–productivity costs to the farm. The disruption of the regular
cycle results in an increased period of time between calving and the next conception as well as an
increased number of services required to achieve conception. Research from the University of
Minnesota states that cows without mastitis become pregnant 25% faster than cows with mastitis32.
In addition, calving

Agricultural Science Project
Project:
Agricultural Science
Name:
Ciara Murphy
Farm:
Rathconrath Co. Westmeath
Livestock:
Breed of Cow:
On my farm the farmer bred British Friesian Cattle. Friesian cattle are a breed of cattle known today
as the world's highest production dairy animal. Originating in Europe Friesian's were bred it what is
now called the Netherlands. The farmer chose British Friesian over any other breed as he finds they
are a more dual–purpose cow. This means the cow produces good milk and also has a good
conformation.
Breeding:
On my farm the farmer breeds his British Friesian herd with a stock bull. This is a bull kept on the
farm for breeding purpose's to bring the Heifer's into heat. My farmer's herd was a spring–calving
herd which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many advantages to them for example high yield and good eating quality. The farmer
rotates the crop every year as it prevents the build–up of potato cyst nematode.
Cultivation practises:
Potatoes need deep and well–cultivated soil. Ground left without vegetation on it over the winter
months is susceptible to nitrogen leaching. As a result, ploughing to a depth of 22cm, rotovation and
bed formation occur in spring to produce a fine seedbed. Potatoes are then sown 10 cm below the
ridge by hand. I learned from talking to the farmer that the seeds should be spaced 20–25cm apart to
help with individual growth of the plant.
Establishment:
On my farm the farmer does a soil test before he sows the potato crop. This is to find out the
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) content of the soil. The farmer then applies a compound
fertilizer such as 10–10–20 to their potato crop before planting the seed. This is done by
broadcasting the fertilizer and then incorporating it into the soil in one of the final cultivations.
Weed control:
Once 15 to 20 per cent of the potato plants have emerged after sowing the potato crop is sprayed
with an herbicide. The contact herbicide kills all plants including the potatoes however the potato

crops will quickly recover. I was told the residual herbicide prevents any weed seeds germinating.
Weeds were also controlled on my farm by a process called earthing up. This covers the growing

Why The Animal Has Been Presented At The Vet
Case Study
Summary:
10 year old female dog was admitted into the clinics hospital as tumour on her mammary gland had
increased in size considerably and has begun to impinge movement of the right front limb. A
temperature of 40.2 degrees was determined, dog admitted for fluid therapy, tests and expectantly
bilateral mastectomy surgery.
Patient Details and History:
Patient Signalment:
Name: Zoey
Species: Canine
Breed: Bichon Frise Cross
Colour: White
Sex: Female
Desexed: No
Weight: 7.2kg
DOB: 19 Feb 2005
Explanation of why the animal has been presented to the vet.
Dog presented to the clinic by her owner for concerns as the dog wasn't being her normal self. The
owner was also concerned that the lump on Zoey's teat had grown considerably since the dog's last
visit in March 2015. The owner advised the vet that due to the growth of the lump the dog hadn't
been able to move as freely as she used to and seems to be in pain.
History relevant to the case.
Dog presented to the clinic on February 19th 2015 as lump had appeared and grown considerably in
size since her last heat in early January. Dog has had lumps present on teats for years, none of them
had changed in size or texture since first appearance. Lump that had appeared after her last heat was
positioned on her second teat on the left side. The owner hadn't noticed any change in the dogs
eating, drinking or behavioural habits. Vet noted that the dog's temperature was on the higher side as
it was 39.4 degrees. The vet

Effect of Concentration on Enzyme Activity Lab Report
Lab Report
(Effect of concentration on enzyme activity)
Biology
Noor Alawadhi
11– KC
Introduction:
An Enzyme is a protein, which is capable of starting a chemical reaction, which involves the
formation or breakage of chemical bonds. A substrate is the surface or material on or from which an
organism lives, grows, or obtains its nourishment. In this case it is hydrogen peroxide. This lab
report will be explaining the experiment held to understand the effects of the changes in the amount
of substrate on the enzyme's reaction.
Research question:
What does the changes in the amount of substrate on an enzyme's reaction effect on?
Hypothesis:
I forecast that the more concentrated the hydrogen peroxide is the higher the volume of ... Show
Make sure you rinse your glassware carefully between procedures. Repeat this procedure five times.
5. Use this data to calculate the rate of reaction of this enzyme 6. Plan and conduct your own
investigation into one other factor that affects the activity of catalase, you may use this as the basis
for your investigation but if it is to be for moderation of internal assessment you must modify it
substantially.
Results: Different type of hydrogen peroxide | Volume of foam cm³ | 0.5% | 5 cm³ | 1% | 7 cm³ | 2% |
13 cm³ | 4% | 21 cm³ | 6% | 24 cm³ |
The volume of the foam using different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide:
Conclusion:
As I forecasted the results proved correct that, the more concentrated the hydrogen peroxide is the
higher the volume of the foam is and the less concentrated the hydrogen peroxide is the lower the
volume of the foam will become. Other than the table of results the graph is also evidence to my true
hypothesis. Each time the concentration of hydrogen peroxide doubles the level of foam increases

but the more the concentration the foam reaches its constant point therefore slowly increasing. An
example is when the 2% concentration of hydrogen peroxide was added the foam level was 13cm³
but when 4% was added to the next trial the level of foam greatly increased to 21 cm³ and as it
reached its constant point, when 6% it slowed down and increased only 3 cm³ more which became
24 cm³.
Evaluation:

Personal Narrative: Transferal Into Adulthood
Off the Teat
It was the time for the transferal into adulthood, or at least to start acting the part. The days of just
stepping through this thing called life–lackadaisically–were over. The playgrounds were morphing,
but at the time I didn't know into what. With new and anticipated responsibilities, things started to
become a real pain in the ass and at the same time really interesting.
Dreams of adulthood of anticipated events were constant. Three substantial ones were:
 DRIVING. Holy shit, being able to fire up a 2 ton piece of steel and have it rip down the road at
seventy miles an hour and put rapid distance between me and my family. I love ya' dudes and dude–
ettes, but freedom beckons.
 GETTING MY OWN PAD. Load up the above mentioned vehicle with my stereo; 500 albums
(Pre 1200), my limited porn mag collection, and Pabst Blue ribbon clock, while packing up and
leaving home my childhood collection of toys; knick–knacks, feelings and fears. Though the last
two didn't fit and followed.
 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I couldn't wait to get to Home Plate and greatly anticipated the other three bases with wonderment.
(I'd like to take my post puberty penis on a trial run.)
My parents–bluntly and subliminally– started bringing up the topic of planning for the future like
careers and college. It was an excepted fact that I wasn't going to Yale, or even Stony Brook
University that was ten miles away. I could have gone to Stony Brook and only have to give up one
teat while still suckling the other. I never really thought of higher education. I was just
concentrating...somewhat–on graduating from High School. [Regent Diploma...what's that?) When I
grow up I want to be a hippy, man. "Honey, why don't you just apply to a couple, in case you change
your mind" my mom would

Essay about Lely Robotic Milking System
Lely Robotic Milking; How it works General Purpose: To inform. Specific Purpose: At the end of
my speech, the audience will be educated in what the robotic milking systems are and how they
operate to create an effective and efficient way of milking. Thesis: Many of you probably know or
have heard of the old fashion way of milking, but today I want to inform you of what the Lely
Robotic Milking System is and how it works. I. INTRODUCTION A. Technology...that word means
so many things to many different people. When you look into the dairy industry you will find
several different types arise. B. One specific company which deals with dairy technology is Lely,
who specializes in the robotic milking systems. C. Robotic Milking Systems ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
B.ii. The weight on the collar keep the transponder in the correct position at 11'oclock to allow the
robot to receive the information gathered. B.iii. Two types of identification may be used for each
cow. B.iii.1. First type is the collar which can be easily read when standing on the sides. B.iii.2.
Second types are the ear tags, which come in handy when standing in front of or behind the cow. C.
To help the collars operate is the CRS, which as mentioned before is the computer system. C.i. The
CRS keeps track of all the cows and their individual information. C.ii. The CRS is what will call the
farmer if problems arrive and is also what is able to solve the problems. D. The Last step in the
process is the robot itself which is step by step explained by a certified robot repairmen and installer.
D.i. To start the process the back gate will open to let a waiting cow in. D.ii. The machine will read
the responder to find her information and when the last time she was milked. D.ii.1. If she has come
in within the last hour, the robot will open the front gate to let her out. D.iii. If she is on time and
needs to be milked, the robot will move on as normal. D.iii.1. As she walks in she steps onto a black
mat which will read her current weight and get an ideal amount of feed dispensed into the feed
trough at the front of the

Hyperboles In Romeo And Juliet
The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, is a story about how a young female and
male fell in love but they came from rival families. Romeo was from the family of montagues and
Juliet was from the capulets. Those two families were constantly getting into arguments and fights
because they highly dislike eachother. Romeo and Juliet fell in love which caused problems within
the families. Although in the end Romeo and Juliet passed away together. This story was a tragic
love story yet there were many things to prov that this story was more of a comedy then a tragedy.
Things that the author, William Shakespeare included in this story to prove that this story is indeed a
comedy is that the author created a comical backgrounds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The nurse was constantly saying things throughout the play that could of esily been replaced with
more serious or not so funny things. For example in the play the nurse stated, "I would say thou
hadst sucked wisdom from thy teat." That comment could have been changed to not have a funny
side to it if this were a serious play or movie. Mercutio is also saying sarcastic or funny things
throughout the play which couldve also been changed to have a more serious affect on this play and
movie. Mercutio in the play said, "And sometime comes she with with a tithe pigs tail." This is alos
a not so serious comment that wouldnt have been necessary for a serioius love play and movie. The
author alos decided to use many hyoerboles and exagerations throughout the play that shouldt be in
a serious play. Although the authors usage of hyperboles and exageration help prove the fact that the
Tragedy Of Romeo and Juliet is indeed a comedy. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet is a comedy for
many reasons, some of the main reasons are the authors decision to use many exagerations and
funny comments. There are many things to prove that The Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet is indeed a

Head Start Program Evaluation
Just like this week's content, my school is a "mixed bag" of evaluations. First, we have our Head
Start Program, which is federally funded, so they have their own evaluations. These evaluations
consist of "board members" coming in to evaluate/assess the teacher and classroom as well as
meetings that the teacher and her paraprofessional have to attend every other month. These meetings
help them focus on the current curriculum that their program has in place to ensure that the program
is doing what it is meant to do.
Grades K–5th is a little different. They assess their reading program through what is known as
PALs. PALs is "Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening" ("PALs Quick Fact," 2007). Not only
does this evaluation determine how

Mastitis Research Paper
Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland (Damron 685). It looks nothing like it should.
Mastitis makes the milk very stringy and clumpy. It can be caused by many different things. Most
common bacteria that causes mastitis are: Coagulase–negative staphylococci bacteria and
Mycoplasma capricolum. Other things that can cause mastitis are yeast infections and frequent use
of penicillin. Mastitis can be fatal if it is not treated. Your does (nanny goats) will usually show
signs of mastitis by one or both of the teats being swollen and warm to the touch. Its very painful for
them. Sometimes mastitis shows no signs until it is too late to treat. Treatment for mastitis can be
very costly! First you have to make sure your goat has mastitis.

The Achievements Of Julius Caesar And The Octaviar Series
Moving into the IMP CAESAR series, many of the themes of victory tied to Octavian's successes
are repeated, but with distinctive iconographic inclusions. The IMP CAESAR series complements
the CAESAR DIVI F series, but is typically dated between 29 BCE – 27 BCE based on Dio's
accounts. Unique to the series, several types depict commemorative monuments including: the Curia
Julia (RIC 266); a single span triumphal arch (RIC 267); a columna rostrata with a statute of
Octavian (RIC 271); and a temple with a naval trophy (RIC 273). RIC 268, an aureus dated between
29 BCE – 27 BCE adeptly uses familiar imagery associated with Julius Caesar and Octavian to
connect Octavian's power obtained through his victories to that of Julius Caesar. The obverse of the
coin contains the image of Octavian without any legend, while the reverse depicts the figure of a
draped Victory, standing on a globe. In her hand is a wreath with a vexillum resting on her shoulder
and drifting behind her head. This frontal arrangement of Victory on a globe is interesting for two
reasons. First, it has been associated with a statute from Tarentum that Octavian placed in the Curia
Julia in 29 BCE. As evidence of this, leading scholars often connect that the RIC 268 figure is
reproduced on the pediment of the colonnaded building, which scholars have identified as the Curia
Julia on RIC 266. Julius Caesar built to Curia Julia on the Forum Romanum in 44 BCE. Octavian, in
placing the statute in the Curia Julia,

Cleft Palate Research
Cleft palates are birth defects. It is a malformation at the roof of the mouth or a split in the top lip.
The defect begins at the embryonic stages of an infant's life (Masih, Chacko, Thomas A. , Singh,
Thomas R. , & Abraham 2014). There are many theories of what factors into a child developing a
cleft palate. Some of those risks are: maternal alcohol consumption, drug abuse, smoking during
pregnancy, and aged paternal genes (Tettamanti L. , Avantaggiato A. , Nardone M. , Silvestre–Rangil
J. , Tagilabue A. 2017). Surgically, cleft palates are one of the most common facial abnormalities,
because they appear every thousand live births universally (Tungotyo, M. , Atwine, D. , Nanjebe D.
, Hodges A. , & Situma M. 2017; Tettamanti L. , Avantaggiato A. , Nardone M. , Silvestre–Rangil J.
, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2017). Unfortunately, there are many deficits associated with cleft palates: dental abnormalities,
distorted speech, cosmetic deformities, malnutrition, disorganized swallowing, and growth
difficulties (Tettamanti L. , Avantaggiato A. , Nardone M. , Silvestre–Rangil J. , Tagilabue A. 2017).
The first and most pressing consequence associated with cleft palates is malnutrition and feeding. A
study conducted by Tungotyo, M. , Atwine, D. , Nanjebe D. , Hodges A. , & Situma M. (2017),
discovered that 30 to 50% of children with cleft lips and cleft palates face malnutrition. These
children struggle with nurturing themselves, because their abnormality prevents them from
producing suction around the teat/nipple and collecting the milk. Malnutrition affects the infant's
ability to thrive and gain appropriate amounts of weight (Tettamanti L. , Avantaggiato A. , Nardone
M. , Silvestre–Rangil J. , Tagilabue A. 2017). In order to thwart malnutrition, there are many
intervening feeding approaches to help nurture infants with

Anterior Teats Research Paper
The anterior teats of a sow are generally preferred by piglets. On average, anterior teats yield more
colostrum which contain the antibodies needed to protect the newborn piglets from disease (Fraser
and Lin, 1983). Because colostrum is only produced by the sow for 24–48 hours and the
concentration of immunoglobulins decreases after birth, it is important for piglets to suckle and
obtain as much colostrum as possible (Wennberg, 2012). Previous studies have shown that piglets
suckling from anterior teats have greater chances of survival as well as larger weight gains (Orijuela
and Solano, 1995). A problem, however, is that with only a few anterior teats, there is competition
between littermates for the better teats. With competition present, the piglets rely on certain
advantageous traits that make them better able to compete for the better teat. The larger piglets have
an advantage over smaller piglets when competing for the best teats. During struggles for the
desirable teats, the bigger piglets have more victories and therefore suckle at the anterior teats more
than smaller piglets (Rosillon–Warnier and Paquay, 1984). In this fight for better teats, the ... Show
Accordingly, we will collect the weights and behavioral observations of the piglets. The weight,
amount of fighting, and teat occupied will be recorded for each piglet. My goal will be to understand
which piglet trait is a greater contributing factor to teat order. I will also study the correlation
between pre–weaning aggression and post–weaning fighting and if more frequent fighting while
nursing will indicate more fighting after weaning. My project will investigate the effects of piglet
size and aggression on teat order as well as the effects of pre–weaning piglet aggression on the
amount of post–weaning piglet

Good Nutrition and a Well Balanced Diet in Children
The Importance of Good Nutrition and a Well Balanced Diet in Children 0 – 6
Good nutrition and a healthy balanced diet are important for young children, introducing a healthy
eating plan at a young age will benefit a child later in life. For the first 6 months of a child's life their
nutritional needs are meet with either breast milk or formula milk. Breast milk is mostly
recommended as it contains more nutrients and immune boosting substances. There are many health
benefits of breastfeeding. Reports suggest that breastfeed babies are less likely to have illnesses and
infections, as well as have better mental development, better mouth formation and stronger teeth.
(breastfeeding.ie, Feb`13).Formula milk is also nutritional and has its ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The easiest way to prevent this from happening is to * Attacking the source of infection by
identifying and treating the sick child, this can be done by use of a quick morning health check and
sending home the sick child if necessary * Attacking the route of infection by general and personal
hygiene practices i.e.; washing of hands and disinfecting of toys and surfaces. * Protecting the next
person by good hygiene practices, healthy diet and immunization.
Infections and disease can be spread in a number of ways * By Air – coughing, sneezing which can
lead to cold, flu and chickenpox .Symptoms of which are cough, fever, runny nose or rash. * By
Human Waste – i.e.; urine, stools which can lead to salmonella, hand foot and mouth disease.
Symptoms of which are nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. * Direct contact with infected hair, skin
and objects can lead to scabies, head lice or impetigo. Symptoms include rash, itching or visible nits
or eggs. * Direct contact with infected blood or bodily fluids which can lead to HIV, AIDS or
hepatitis B and C. Symptoms which include fatigue, yellow skin and weakened immune system.
Ways to help reduce the spread of infection include, * Hand washing – using running water and
liquid soap dispensers if possible * Washing and disinfecting toys daily * Washing frequently used
surfaces often and floors daily * Wearing disposable

American Buffalo Research Paper
The taxonomy for a buffalo and a cow are very similar. Depending on what type of buffalo depends
on what species it is. For the American buffalo, the specie is bison. Bison is a common meat for
many Americans because it is considered to be leaner than cow. Because the buffalo and cow are so
similar, the lactation and physiology aspect are similar with few changes. Buffalos tend to have
longer teats and thicker teats. In buffalos, the milk is stored in the secretory tissue even after a 10 to
12 hour milking interval (Borghese et al., 2007). The milk must be removed completely so the milk
production will not decrease and apoptosis will not take place. When the issue of disease comes up,
many people will say mastitis is large problem for mammals classified as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also when the buffalo releases milk, it can clean the bacteria that accumulated inside the teat post
dip that got trapped in the keratin lining. When mastitis is prevalence, it comes in two forms;
subclinical and clinical. When a cow gets mastitis, the somatic cell counts increase which causes a
decrease in milk yield (Sahin et al., 2017). Milk ejection is important for the buffalo. Certain events
trigger the body to release milk. Presence of the calf during milking, feeding during milking, manual
udder stimulation, and oxytocin ejection are reasons for the buffalo to release milk. Buffalos have a
low proportion of cisternal milk and needs these premilking stimulations to receive the milk from
the alveoli compartments. It is important to keep records of milk flow and milk ejection. Milk flow
varies between species and environmental factors play a role in it. Buffalos tend to have a lower
milk flow rate than cows because of low milk yield. To increase milk yield, the buffalo needs to
have a dry period. The buffalo needs about two to three months to be dried off. The dry period
should begin when yield falls below 2.5

Soma Brave New World Analysis
In the book Brave New World consumption is a key element. During the book a pill known as
"Soma" is addressed when ever an issues arises for the characters. In Chapter 17 Mustapha and John
are having a conversation were Mustapha is trying to convince John that soma can and has solved
humanity's oldest issues. Soma allows the people of the world to escape and never have to deal with
any sort of problem and or unpleasant emotion that may occur when life is getting "too real". Soma
seems as though it is a hallucinogenic drug. This drug is used to create a hypnotic, serene, state of
mind is widely acceptable and encouraged to be used. We discover in the end that the World State
uses Soma as a tool to keep citizens from having any discrepancies

What Is Mastitis?
Mastitis can be best defined as inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue. Mastitis is
usually an immune response to a bacterial invasion in the teat canal, but it can also be caused by
chemical, thermal, or a mechanical injury to the cows' udder. There are several bacteria that can
cause the disease. The bacteria are easily spread through the bedding cattle are kept in and through
the production system; making mastitis a multi–factorial disease. Some studies have shown that
environmental factors play a large role in the spreading of the disease. Mastitis is a major endemic
in dairy cattle. It is easier to find mastitis in dairy cattle because they are handled every day, and
their udders are much more visible than beef cattle that

The Effect of Catalyst an the Rate Of Reaction Essay
The Effect of Catalyst an the Rate Of Reaction
Chemistry Coursework
Does The Number of Drops of Catalyst Effect The Rate Of Reaction
Candidate Name: Ben Dodds
Candidate Number: 7158
School: Oundle School
Completion Date:
Introduction
We are studying the reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid, the reaction is catalysed by copper
sulphate and this experiment is to test whether the amount of drops effect the rate of reaction.
Word Equation
Zinc(s) + Sulphuric acid(aq) à Hydrogen(g) + Zinc Sulphate(aq)
Symbol Equation
Zn + H2SO4 à H + ZnSO4
This reaction is catalysed by Copper sulphate (CuSO4)
Ionic Equation – Cancel Spectator ion (SO42–)
Zn + 2H+ à Zn2+ + H2
For this reaction to work there must be hard collisions between ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...

Then the time was taken for the reaction to produce 20 cm3 of hydrogen. The reaction was then
repeated with different drops of copper sulphate.
Variables and Things that are kept constant
===========================================
The variables are the number of drops of the catalyst, Copper
Sulphate1 Drop,
2 Drops,
5 Drops,
7 Drops,
10 Drops and
15 Drops.
The things that are kept constant are the amount of zinc, the number of solution and the strength of
the acid, mixing the distilled water and the 2M acids carefully to make 1M acids.
This is a fair test because the only thing that is changed is the drop of the copper sulphate and that is
what was measuring. We will be repeating the experiment to get a better average.
The only thing that can make his test unfair is the pressure and the temperature, if we wanted to be
more accurate we would put the reaction in a bath to keep the temperature constant as water heats up
a lot slower than air so during the time it takes to do the experiment the heat will remain the same.
Names and Quantities of the Solutions Used
==========================================
I will use 50cm3 1M Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4.To get 1M acid solution you add 25cm3 of Distilled
water and of sulphuric acid in either measuring cylinders or a graduated flask, which is more
accurate.
I will use Copper Sulphate, CUSO4 as the catalyst. I will use the following amounts of catalyst:
1 Drop,
2 Drops,
5 Drops,
7 Drops,
10 Drops and
15 Drops.

Piglet And Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia is an expression used to describe a below average glucose level. Due to young age,
piglets have trouble walking and feeding off their mother (or sow) to get essential nutrients. One of
these essential nutrients is glucose (or sugar). This nutrient is essential because it give the animal
energy to become mobile. When born piglets already have low levels of glucose; however, the
animal body is supposed to compensate by using the low glycogen reserves located in the piglets
liver. The glycogen reserves are supposed to give the piglets a sufficient amount of glucose until the
piglets are able to move towards and to feed off the sow. The piglet is dependent on the sow for
energy provided by the lactose in the sows milk; however, if the piglet is deficient in not getting
enough lactose to maintain the piglets energy, the level of the piglet's energy will suffer from
Hypoglycemia because... The piglet body temperature will drop below a stainable level, go into a
coma and die. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By doing so the piglet would be getting the energy to continue feeding which in turn will allow
growth. However, if the piglet suffers from Hypoglycemia the piglet is unable to feed off their
mother. When a non–hypoglycemic piglet struggles to feed the non–hypoglycemic piglet uses its
low glycogen reserves in the liver which compensates for the non–hypoglycemic piglet to give in
enough energy to feed off of the non–hypoglycemic piglet's mother. If piglets suffer from
hypoglycemia the piglet its deficient in glucose and is unable to use it low glycogen reserves. The
piglet that suffers from hypoglycemia will struggle to move and to survive since it the piglet does
not have any energy and cannot feed. The piglet will go into a coma and later

Automatic Milking Systems: The Advantages And...
1. The automatic milking system Automatic milking, also called Automatic milking system (AMS),
is the milking of dairy cattle without human labor. They have been commercially available since the
1990s. Since the 1970s, there has been a lot of research into how to facilitate the milking of dairy
cattle, by reducing the necessary human labor, the cost, the time, and the hygiene of milking. The
basis of milking is to extract milk from the animals and it is favorable to do this in such a way to
maintain the lactation period for around 300 days. This is obtained by consistent milking intervals,
usually twice daily, all activities therefore need to be scheduled around the milking process of the
specific farm. AMS and voluntary milking allows for the cow to decide her own milking time and
interval, rather than being milked as part of a group at set ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Advantages of the use of milking robots: 1. The elimination of manual labor – as I mentioned
earlier, the farmer only needs to attend the animals for inspection, supervision, feeding etc. The
robot takes care of the milking process. 2. Milking consistency – the milking process is always
consistent, for every single cow, and every visit. Also, it reduces the frequency of teat injury as each
four, separate milking cups are removed individually, so that none of the empty quarters stay
attached while the other three are finished. Some of the newer models are also able to vary the
pulsation rate and level based on the milk flow of each quarter, of each individual cow. 3. It
increases the milking frequency – it is increased to around 2,5 times per day per cow. Which results
in less stress on the udder and increases the comfort of the cow. It also increases the milking
frequency and increases the amount of milk yield per cow. But the milk usually increases in water
and not solids. 4. Causes lower environmental stress – it is documented that cows that can selected
themselves when they want to get milked are less

The Salem Witch Trials Essay
The Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch trials help chaos throughout colonial Massachusetts
affecting many others along the east coast. Due to the Salem Witch trials being such a famous event
many believe that this was the first Witch hunt, however this not the case it was the first in America.
Approximately 141 innocent people were imprisoned with a total of 19 deaths (insert aftermath
citation). Salem witch hunt started in 1692 as accusations by the small Puritan community of nearly
500 arose (cite form youtube?). It all started by one line in the bible "thal shalt not suffer a witch to
live." The discrepancy between whether the Salem Witch trials were used to take out enemies or the
acquisitionists actually believed these were witches is unknown. Contrary to popular belief none of
the accused were surrounded by pitch forks and chased to the middle of town to be burned at the
stake. There was a form of due process after a male or female was accused. The description on how
to seek out a witch is described on the book Maleficavm released in 1496. The characteristics of a
witch varied from a witch's teat to dangerous tests, none the less there had to be concrete evidence.
Once a witches teat is discovered it is poked with a needle to test is they would bleed. In addition
risky tests such as a floating test were held. If the colonist was to float they were deemed as a witch
however if they sunk they were not. Torture was also a common way to get the accused to admit to

Essay On A Old Farm House
"I keep an extra coat in the barn." He shrugged out of his jacket, holding it out to her. "Take this."
He was much more layered than her and they weren't far from the barn. "You don't have to do that
Rick," she said, beginning to shake her head. "I'm fine. Really. It's just a little windy is all." "It's
only gonna get colder and there's a lot to do out here." She gave him a soft smile, taking the coat
from him. "Thanks." Once they were in the barn she watched in fascination as he mucked out the
stalls and supplied the animals with fresh hay and feed. Then he and Carl demonstrated how to
groom the horse. It was obvious that she was a little out of her element and had probably never been
in close proximity to cattle or ridden a horse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I'll tell you that. Smells a lot better." "It's easy Michonne," Carl said, pulling her in the opposite
direction, towards where the cattle were kept. "I'll show you." And show her he did. "You have to go
up to them slowly like this," Carl said in a low voice as he patted the side of the cow. "Then we have
to clean them with warm water." She watched as he washed the cow teats with warm water before
demonstrating how to dry them off. He then demonstrated how the "strip" the teat and placed a
bucket underneath to show her how to milk by hand. In the end, she managed to milk one of the
cows on her own and did a very adorable victory dance after her accomplishment. After leaving the
barn, they spent the rest of the day indoors, playing some dusty board games that Rick didn't even
know was in the house. They were remnants of the house's previous inhabitants. Michonne insisted
that they had to play, because it was the ultimate snow day activity. He smiled, thinking of how long
it had been since he was able to just be carefree as Michonne seemed to be. Little did he know; her
carefree attitude would eventually extend to him and his developing household. In the short hours he
spent getting to know her, she revealed herself to be funny, light–hearted and had a unique
perspective of life. She wasn't afraid to have fun or get in touch with her inner child. She wasn't
someone who led a normal life and she lived just as she wanted, doing what made her happy.

Nine Ways To Teat Red Spots
How to teat Red Spots
Red spots are superficial pink, red, or brown marks caused by a breakout. They eventually fade over
time, but can be treated by following the steps below (http://www.paulaschoice.com/expert–
advice/acne/_/red–marks–and–acne–scars#difference).
Nine ways to treat marks that work for any skin tone.
Step 1: Only use well–formulated, gentle skin–care products.
It's tempting to try different scrubs to get rid of discoloration, but they can tear into the skin, giving
your skin a hard time to heal. Instead, use gentle facial products like a Hydralight gel face cleanser.
Wet face.
Apply a small amount of cleanser to your face and eye area. o Use vigorous, yet gentle, circular
motions.
Rinse well (http://www.paulaschoice.com/shop/skin–care–categories/complete–skin–care–
collections/_/Hydralight–Advanced–Kit/). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Limit use to three times per week.
Increase frequency to every other night.
Then finally each evening as tolerated http://www.paulaschoice.com/shop/skin–care–
categories/targeted–treatments/_/Clinical–One–Percent–Retinol–Treatment/).
Note: Some people may experience a delayed sensitized reaction to retinol. Do not assume that if no
reaction is seen after a few applications that you can apply this treatment more frequently. Pay close
attention to how your skin responds and adjust, use accordingly.
Caution: If sensitization occurs (redness, flaking, tenderness, or drying of skin):
Reduce frequency of use or mix one pump of the retinol treatment with your favorite serum or PM
moisturizer.
If sensitization persists, discontinue use.
Protect skin daily with sunscreen rated SPF 25 or greater.
Step 5: Consider medical help.
Research shows that red or brown discolorations where a breakout once was, responds well to a

series of Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) treatments. Your dermatologist would perform this method.
Another option is a monthly BHA or AHA peel performed by a cosmetic dermatologist. Lastly,
microdermabrasion is another option performed by a dermatologist by following the steps below

Environmental Pathogenesis In Bovine Mastitis
Streptococcus uberis, depending on the strain (virulent/avirulent), can be a major environmental
pathogen in Bovine mastitis, an inflammation in the udder, mostly in lactating cattle. Symptoms of
Bovine mastitis include protein aggregates in the milk, pain, and swelling of the mammary gland. In
severe cases, Bovine mastitis can cause fever and become fatal. Streptococcus uberis pathogenesis
in Bovine Mastitis Bovine mastitis spreads from the mucus of the digestive tract orally through
licking other cattle or fur–fur contact, allowing Streptococcus uberis to adhere on the bovine
mammary teat duct. As mammary gland susceptibility increases, S.uberis enters the mammary
epithelial cells by endocytic–like invagination through extracellular matrix ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
FBA and EFT proteins in S.uberis cell wall and cytoplasm we found as potential antigens against
mastitis by interfering with S.uberis dissemination, colonization and replication machinery. Diseases
in cattle caused by S.uberis remains a problem as it covers 38% of the costs for production diseases,
culling and decreased milk production. Moreover, various antibiotic uses against bovine mastitis
could form resistant strains of S.uberis which could spread through the food chain and cause
zoonotic infections during pasteurization

The Importance Of Disagreeing With Ralph Waldo Emerson
I have to disagree with Ralph Emerson's quote witch states "unless you try to do something beyond
what you have already mastered, you will never grow."(Ralph, Waldo Emerson).In todays medical
filed there are thoses who are trained specialist that have masteredthere specifi medical filed and
only focus on that medical filed as a profession and nothing else. another example is in our society.
There are those who mastered a certain skill and are able to make a living off of it. In todays society
there are some illness that a simple doctor can not treat, therefore we have trained specialist who
have mastered a single medical filed to help teat those who are in need of there assistance. Say that
you start to develop a rash, who would

Study on Teat Tablets of Sodium Ibuprofen
1. The aim of the study was to work out a prescription for a teat tablet with sodium ibuprofen of
high rate of therapeutic agent release. Studies have been undertaken on the evaluation of xylitol and
sorbitol effect on morphological and physicochemical parameters of the produced tablets and on
pharmaceutical availability of sodium ibuprofen.
2. Two kinds of tablets containing 50 mg of sodium ibuprofen were developed. Sorbitol was the
basic formulating component of batch A tablets and xylitol of batch B tablets. Quality tests of the
produced forms of a drug (PP IX) were performed and the tests of therapeutic agent pharmaceutical
availability by pharmacopeal paddle method and by a method with a teat.
3. The tablets of both batches had smooth surface and the same shape. The content of the therapeutic
agent was within the limit 95–105% of the declared value. No essential differences were
demonstrated in the profile of sodium ibuprofen release from the tablets of both batches in the
paddle test. However, the observed significant decrease of the hardness of batch B tablets
contributed to the expected rapid sodium ibuprofen release from tablets tested by the method with a
teat.
4. The batch A and B teat tablets with sodium ibuprofen demonstrated the expected physicochemical
parameters and high pharmaceutical availability in the spatula test. Batch A tablets with xylitol
showed more beneficial applicative parameters and a high value of Q coefficient was obtained for
them in

Foot and Mouth Research: Cattle Disease

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