1. Explain dendrochronology. How do these researchers evaluate historical climate?
2. Explain the bulk flow process in plants. In your answer, be sure to describe bulk flow driven
by negative pressure and bulk flow driven by positive pressure.
3. Explain the mutualistic relationships that are important for proper plant nutrition using the
relationship between bacteria and roots or fungi and roots as an example.
4. How does acid rain influence cation absorption by plant roots?
Solution
Dendrochronology is the study of the growth of tree rings. New growth in trees takes place in a
layer of cells near the bark. A tree\'s growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the
year in response to seasonal climate changes, resulting in visible growth rings. Each ring
indicates a complete cycle of seasons, or one year, in the tree\'s life.
In multi-cellular organisms, often substances must be transported across very large distances.
Sometimes the sites of production or absorption and sites of storage are very far from each other;
diffusion or active transport would not suffice. Special transport systems become necessary to
move substances across long distances and at much faster rate. Water and minerals, and food are
generally moved by mass or bulk flow system. Mass flow is the movement of substances in bulk
from one location to another because of pressure gradient between the two points. It is a
characteristic of mass flow that substances, whether in solution or in suspension, are swept along
at the same pace, as in a flowing river. This is unlike diffusion where various substances move
independently depending on their concentration gradients. Bulk flow can be achieved either
through a positive hydrostatic pressure gradient (e.g., a garden hose) or a negative hydrostatic
pressure gradient (e.g., suction through a straw).
Symbiosis is the intimate association between two distantly, related species that are mutually
benefiting each other from this association. These associations are necessary because neither
organism can survive in nature if the two organisms are separated. Nutrients are often depleted
from the soil; most plants try to gain their required nutrients form symbiotic relationships. The
common partners of this relationship are either fungi or bacteria. The relationship between plants
and fungi is symbiotic because the plant obtains phosphate and other minerals through the
fungus, while the fungus obtains sugars from the plant root.
Acidic water dissolves the nutrients and then washes them away before the plants and other trees
can absorb them to use. acid rain also causes the release of cations such as aluminum into the
soil..
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Named Entity Recognition"
1. Explain dendrochronology. How do these researchers evaluate histo.pdf
1. 1. Explain dendrochronology. How do these researchers evaluate historical climate?
2. Explain the bulk flow process in plants. In your answer, be sure to describe bulk flow driven
by negative pressure and bulk flow driven by positive pressure.
3. Explain the mutualistic relationships that are important for proper plant nutrition using the
relationship between bacteria and roots or fungi and roots as an example.
4. How does acid rain influence cation absorption by plant roots?
Solution
Dendrochronology is the study of the growth of tree rings. New growth in trees takes place in a
layer of cells near the bark. A tree's growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the
year in response to seasonal climate changes, resulting in visible growth rings. Each ring
indicates a complete cycle of seasons, or one year, in the tree's life.
In multi-cellular organisms, often substances must be transported across very large distances.
Sometimes the sites of production or absorption and sites of storage are very far from each other;
diffusion or active transport would not suffice. Special transport systems become necessary to
move substances across long distances and at much faster rate. Water and minerals, and food are
generally moved by mass or bulk flow system. Mass flow is the movement of substances in bulk
from one location to another because of pressure gradient between the two points. It is a
characteristic of mass flow that substances, whether in solution or in suspension, are swept along
at the same pace, as in a flowing river. This is unlike diffusion where various substances move
independently depending on their concentration gradients. Bulk flow can be achieved either
through a positive hydrostatic pressure gradient (e.g., a garden hose) or a negative hydrostatic
pressure gradient (e.g., suction through a straw).
Symbiosis is the intimate association between two distantly, related species that are mutually
benefiting each other from this association. These associations are necessary because neither
organism can survive in nature if the two organisms are separated. Nutrients are often depleted
from the soil; most plants try to gain their required nutrients form symbiotic relationships. The
common partners of this relationship are either fungi or bacteria. The relationship between plants
and fungi is symbiotic because the plant obtains phosphate and other minerals through the
fungus, while the fungus obtains sugars from the plant root.
Acidic water dissolves the nutrients and then washes them away before the plants and other trees
can absorb them to use. acid rain also causes the release of cations such as aluminum into the
soil.
