A presentation about the principles of an ecosystem. Made for grade 12 science.

1. The Principles of
Ecosystem
Niccolo John B. Borja

2. Additional
Information
 Ecology is a field of science that studies the
interactions between organisms and their
environments.
 Ecologists study how organisms interact with
one another as well as how they have adapted
to their environments.
 An ecosystem is an ecological unit that includes
all the interacting parts of an environment. It is
a self-sustaining collection of organisms and
their physical environment.

4. The different
principles of
ecosystem
Speciation
Diversity
Habitat
Adaptation
Interdependence
Evolution

5. Speciation
 Involves the formation of a new species.
 A species is a group of individuals that can
interbreed but cannot breed with any other
group.
 For a new species to arise, populations or
segments of populations must become
isolated.

6. Two forms of
isolation
 Geographic isolation – The physical separation
of members of a population as a result of
changes in an environment.
 Reproductive isolation – The inability of
previously interbreeding organisms to produce
offspring. One reason is the difference in
ecological needs and breeding conditions
among organisms of the same species.

10. Diversity
 Refers to the number of different species within
an ecosystem.
 The size of the ecosystem, and its distance to
the equator affects it.
 Larger ecosystems usually have a larger
number of different habitats and smaller
ecosystems within them.
 Therefore, larger ecosystems contain more
species within it.

11. Diversity
 The region closest to the equator, known as the
tropics, has the highest diversity of species.
 Because of abundant amounts of sunlight, high
rainfall, and warm temperatures, the growing
season never stops in the tropics.

14. Habitat
 Refers to the physical area where an
organism lives.
 It is shaped by the soil, water, and air, and by
the living organisms themselves.

19. Adaptation
 Adaptation is the process by which a species
becomes better suited to its environment.
 It may also refer to any change that increases
the likelihood of an organism to survive or
reproduce.

22. Interdependence
 Each organism is part of an intricately-linked
system of living and non-living elements.

25. Evolution
 Evolution is a process observed in organisms
where a species’ traits change through many
successive generations.

28. Evolution
 The interactions of different organisms affect
and influence the evolution of a species.
 Many plants have evolved to have tough leaves
to prevent herbivores from eating them. While
some herbivores have developed larger, flatter
teeth that are suited for tough leaves.
 Coevolution occurs when two or more species
evolve in response to each other.

29. Thank you for listening!