The document analyzes approaches to teaching critical thinking in schools. It discusses special programs that have been implemented, such as explicit instruction programs, as well as embedded and immersion programs. Research finds mixed programs are most effective while immersion programs are least effective. The document also discusses critical pedagogy's view of critical thinking as a way to recognize and overcome oppressive power relations. It proposes open curriculum as an inspiration for reflecting on possibilities of teaching critical thinking differently from special programs. The conclusion characterizes the predominant special program approach as individualistic and instrumentalist, calling for alternative approaches.

1. Radulovic,Lidija;Stancic ,Milan
What is needed to develop
critical thinking in schools?
CEPSJournal7 ( 2017) 3. S. 9 - 25
Presentedby :
DianEka Rachmawati
ApriliantyW.

2. •The presentation presents:
• An analysis of the predominant approach to
education for critical thinking through the
implementation of special programs and
methods.
An attempt to establish different approaches to
education for critical thinking

3. Introduction
•Numerous reasons to doubt the critical thinking.
•In public discourse, schools are still criticised for
not teaching pupils how to think.
•Our own experience as university teachers tells us
that critical thinking is not the strongest side of
students who enter university.

4. Students performs the worst result
for the critical review’s tasks.
 Therefore, as the starting point, we
will take the overview of education for
critical thinking.
 Implementation of special programs
and methods.
 Try to outline the foundations for
different approaches

5. Education for Critical Thinking
through the Implementation of
Special Programs and Methods.
•Higher-order thinking skills (critical thinking) started
developing during the last decades of the twentieth
century.
•These programs were aimed at training teachers in
using adequate pupils’ activities in teaching.
•three main types of the aforementioned programs:
explicit instruction or general programs, embedded
instruction, infusion programs, immersion programs,
mixed programs.

6. What are the results of such an education? –
The perspective of research on programs’
effects.
•Mixed Programs are more effective.
•Immersion Programs are least
effective one.

7. Critical thinking is a necessary
competency so that oppressive
power relations and social
inequality could be recognized
and overcome (McLaren, 1994).
Education for critical thinking from the
perspective of critical pedagogy.

8. Open curriculum as an inspiration for reflecting on
possibilities of education for critical thinking.
the curriculum is perceived as ‘ongoing social
activity shaped by various contextual influences’
(Cornbleth, 1988, p. 89) (i.e. curriculum as
praxis (Grundy, 1987)).
Curriculum as a product (technocratic model) is
perceived as just as one of the contextual
elements taking part in shaping the curriculum
in process (contextual model).

9. 12 Strong Strategies for Effectively
Teaching Critical Thinking Skills
1. Begin with a Question
2. Create a foundation.
3. Consult the classics.
4. Creating the country.
5. Use information fluency.
6. Utilize peer group.
7. Try one sentence.
8. Problem solving.
9. Return to role playing.
10. Speaking with sketch.
11. Prioritize it.
12. Change their
misconceptions.

10. What We Can Learn and Conclude?
We could characterize the predominant
approach to education for critical thinking
through the implementation of special
programs and methods as cognitivist and
rationalistic, individualistic, instrumentalist,
and decontextualised.
Different approaches to education for
critical thinking in schools are possible and
they differ from the predominant approach.