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THE HOMO SPECIES - April Denise Globio
- 3. HOMO HABILIS
- 4. HOMO HABILIS • One of the earliest members of the genus homo. • Lived in the east and south Africa; they also lived in south Asia • Also known as ‘handy man’
- 5. HOMO HABILIS • Has a slightly larger braincase and smaller face and teeth than in ‘Australopithecus’ • Their brains were half the size of humans • They had a rounded skull with smaller face and teeth
- 6. HOMO HABILIS (2.33- 1.44 million years ago) • They lived in dome shape huts made of bones, sticks, and rocks • They eat berries, birds, nuts, leaves, roots, eggs, and raw meat • They are nomadic • They are hunter and gatherer • They do not have religion and they did not do any type of ceremonies
- 7. HOMO HABILIS (2.33- 1.44 million years ago) • They make sounds, do gestures, have signs and they also grunt for their language. • In terms of clothing, they did not wear any clothes • For painting and carving they did not do that
- 8. ADDITIONAL LEARNINGS: Year of discovery (1960): A team led by scientists Louis and Mary Leakey uncovered the fossilized remains of a unique early human between 1960 and 1963 at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The speciman, OH 7, was found by Jonathan Leakey, so was nicknamed “Johnny’s child”. Because this early human had a combination of features different from those seen in Australopithecus, Louis Leakey, South African scientist Philip Tobias, and British scientist John Napier declared these fossils a new species , and called “homo habilis” which means handy man because they suspected that it was this slightly larger- brained early human that made the thousands of stone tools also found at Olduvai Gorge.
- 10. HOMO RUDOLFENSIS • Also called ‘ Australopithecus rudolfensis’ • It is an extinct species of homonini tribe known only through a handful of representative fossils • Its scientific name is Pithecanthropus Rudolfensis • KNM-ER 1470
- 11. HOMO RUDOLFENSIS • Its name came from the location where the type specimen KNM- ER 1470 was found (Lake Turkana, East Rudolph, Kenya) • It has a larger braincase compare to H. habilis • Smaller jaw with human-like teeth, rounded upper jaw • Relatively flat and long face
- 12. HOMO RUDOLFENSIS • Although no associated archeological evidence was found with any Homo rudolfensis remains, they were living at a time when it is known that human ancestors were making tools
- 13. ADDITIONAL LEARNINGS: Year of discovery (1986): Russian scientist V.P. Alexeev named the species in 1986 after Richard Leakey’s team uncovered Homo rudolfensis fossils near the shore of Lake Rudolf/Rudolph (Lake Turkana) in 1972. Alexeev originally named the species Pithecanthropus rudolfensis, but the genus name Pithecanthropus later replaced by homo.
- 14. HOMO ERECTUS
- 15. HOMO ERECTUS • Its name means “upright human” • It is an extinct species of archaic humans that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological epoch • It is in fact an Asian species distinct from African H. ergaster
- 16. HOMO ERECTUS • Compared with earlier fossil humans, note the expanded braincase relative to the size of the face • Microscopic study of the teeth indicates that he grew up at a growth rate similar to that of a great ape • “Turkana Boy” most complete fossil individual of this species
- 17. HOMO ERECTUS • Generally considered to have been the first species to have expanded beyond Africa • Considered as highly variable species, spread over two continents • Possibly the longest lived early human species (about nine times as long as our own species)
- 18. ADDITIONAL LEARNINGS: Year of discovery (1891): Eugene Dubois, a Dutch surgeon found the first Homo erectus individual (Trinil 2) in Indonesia in 1891. In 1894, Dubois named the species Pithecanthropus erectus, or ‘erect ape-man’. At that time, Pithecathropus (later changed to homo) erectus was the most primitive and smallest-brained of all known early human species; no early human fossils had even been discovered in Africa yet.
- 19. HOMO SAPIENs
- 20. HOMO SAPIENS • Systematic name used in taxonomy (also known as binomial nomenclature) for the only human extant human species • Its name is Latin for ‘wise man’ • Evolved in Africa during the time of dramatic change 300,000 years ago
- 21. HOMO SAPIENS • Can generally be characterized by the lighter build of their skeletons compared to earlier humans • Modern human have very large brain • Jaws are also less heavily developed, with smaller teeth
- 22. HOMO SAPIENS • Scientist sometimes use the term “anatomically modern Homo sapiens” to refer to members of our own species who lived during prehistoric times
- 23. ADDITIONAL LEARNINGS: History of discovery: Unlike every other human species, Homo sapiens does not have a true type specimen. In other words, there is not a particular Homo sapiens individual that researchers recognize as being the specimen that gave Homo sapiens its name. Even though Linnaeus first described our species in 1758, it was not customary at that time to designate type specimens. It is rumored that in 1994 paleontologist Robert Bakker formally declared the skull of Edward Drinker Cope as “lectotype”, a specimen essentially serving as the type specimen. When Cope, himself a great paleontologist, died in 1897, he wille his remains to science, and they are held by the University of Pennsylvania. But a type specimen must be one examined by the original author who names a species, so Cope’s remains do not qualify.