Please follow the data and description : Impact of absorption on transmission ranges : In general the sound, light needs a medium to travel along the desination. Witht the transmission there might be some level of difference or the deprecation at the destination and source comparitively. This ranges from the level, range, medium and all other factors. These also vary extensively based on the distances greater than about a hundred meters from the source. This variation is caused by changes in weather conditions and by topographical features such as ground cover, hills and other obstacles between the source and the receiver. There are several important factors which affect the propagation such as geometric spreading, atmospheric effects, and surface effects as discussed below : a) Geometric Spreading : This generally refers to the spreading of energy as a result of the expansion of the wavefronts. Geometric spreading is merely independent of FREQUENCY and has a major effect in almost all the propagation situations. b) Air Absorption : In general there are two types where the energy is absorbed by the atmosphere. These are molecular relaxation and viscosity effects. High frequencies are absorbed more than low. The amount of ABSORPTION depends on the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere. c) Wind and Temperature Gradients : The speed that the energy propagates in a gas depends on the temperature of the gas. Higher temperatures produce higher speeds of sound. Since the temperature of the atmosphere is not uniform there are local variations in the sound speed. For example, under normal conditions the atmosphere is cooler at higher altitudes. This results in the waves being \'bent\' upwards. This will result in the formation of a shadow zone, which is a region in which sound does not penetrate. In reality some sound will enter this zone due to scattering. Scattering occurs when sound waves are propagating through the atmosphere and meet a region of inhomogeneity and some of their energy is re-directed into many other directions. d) Ground Absorption : This is to be noted in general as the energy is propagating over the ground, and then the ATTENUATION will occur due to acoustic energy losses on REFLECTION. These losses will depend on the surface. Smooth, hard surfaces will produce little ABSORPTION whereas thick grass may result in sound levels being reduced by up to about 10 dB per 100 meters at 2000 Hz. High frequencies are generally attenuated more than low frequencies. These are some of the effects or the types where the absorption impacts the transmission of the data or the energy from the source to the destination. Hope this is helpful. Solution Please follow the data and description : Impact of absorption on transmission ranges : In general the sound, light needs a medium to travel along the desination. Witht the transmission there might be some level of difference or the deprecation at the destination and source comparitively. This rang.

1. Please follow the data and description :
Impact of absorption on transmission ranges :
In general the sound, light needs a medium to travel along the desination. Witht the transmission
there might be some level of difference or the deprecation at the destination and source
comparitively. This ranges from the level, range, medium and all other factors. These also vary
extensively based on the distances greater than about a hundred meters from the source. This
variation is caused by changes in weather conditions and by topographical features such as
ground cover, hills and other obstacles between the source and the receiver.
There are several important factors which affect the propagation such as geometric spreading,
atmospheric effects, and surface effects as discussed below :
a) Geometric Spreading :
This generally refers to the spreading of energy as a result of the expansion of the wavefronts.
Geometric spreading is merely independent of FREQUENCY and has a major effect in almost
all the propagation situations.
b) Air Absorption :
In general there are two types where the energy is absorbed by the atmosphere. These are
molecular relaxation and viscosity effects. High frequencies are absorbed more than low. The
amount of ABSORPTION depends on the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere.
c) Wind and Temperature Gradients :
The speed that the energy propagates in a gas depends on the temperature of the gas. Higher
temperatures produce higher speeds of sound. Since the temperature of the atmosphere is not
uniform there are local variations in the sound speed. For example, under normal conditions the
atmosphere is cooler at higher altitudes. This results in the waves being 'bent' upwards. This
will result in the formation of a shadow zone, which is a region in which sound does not
penetrate. In reality some sound will enter this zone due to scattering. Scattering occurs when
sound waves are propagating through the atmosphere and meet a region of inhomogeneity and
some of their energy is re-directed into many other directions.
d) Ground Absorption :
This is to be noted in general as the energy is propagating over the ground, and then the
ATTENUATION will occur due to acoustic energy losses on REFLECTION. These losses will
depend on the surface. Smooth, hard surfaces will produce little ABSORPTION whereas thick
grass may result in sound levels being reduced by up to about 10 dB per 100 meters at 2000 Hz.
High frequencies are generally attenuated more than low frequencies.
These are some of the effects or the types where the absorption impacts the transmission of the
data or the energy from the source to the destination.

2. Hope this is helpful.
Solution
Please follow the data and description :
Impact of absorption on transmission ranges :
In general the sound, light needs a medium to travel along the desination. Witht the transmission
there might be some level of difference or the deprecation at the destination and source
comparitively. This ranges from the level, range, medium and all other factors. These also vary
extensively based on the distances greater than about a hundred meters from the source. This
variation is caused by changes in weather conditions and by topographical features such as
ground cover, hills and other obstacles between the source and the receiver.
There are several important factors which affect the propagation such as geometric spreading,
atmospheric effects, and surface effects as discussed below :
a) Geometric Spreading :
This generally refers to the spreading of energy as a result of the expansion of the wavefronts.
Geometric spreading is merely independent of FREQUENCY and has a major effect in almost
all the propagation situations.
b) Air Absorption :
In general there are two types where the energy is absorbed by the atmosphere. These are
molecular relaxation and viscosity effects. High frequencies are absorbed more than low. The
amount of ABSORPTION depends on the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere.
c) Wind and Temperature Gradients :
The speed that the energy propagates in a gas depends on the temperature of the gas. Higher
temperatures produce higher speeds of sound. Since the temperature of the atmosphere is not
uniform there are local variations in the sound speed. For example, under normal conditions the
atmosphere is cooler at higher altitudes. This results in the waves being 'bent' upwards. This
will result in the formation of a shadow zone, which is a region in which sound does not
penetrate. In reality some sound will enter this zone due to scattering. Scattering occurs when
sound waves are propagating through the atmosphere and meet a region of inhomogeneity and
some of their energy is re-directed into many other directions.
d) Ground Absorption :
This is to be noted in general as the energy is propagating over the ground, and then the
ATTENUATION will occur due to acoustic energy losses on REFLECTION. These losses will
depend on the surface. Smooth, hard surfaces will produce little ABSORPTION whereas thick

3. grass may result in sound levels being reduced by up to about 10 dB per 100 meters at 2000 Hz.
High frequencies are generally attenuated more than low frequencies.
These are some of the effects or the types where the absorption impacts the transmission of the
data or the energy from the source to the destination.
Hope this is helpful.