The document discusses environmental chemistry topics to be covered in a chemistry module, including air, water, and soil pollution. It then provides details about the composition and layers of Earth's atmosphere. The main layers discussed are the troposphere, which contains around 75% of the atmosphere's mass, and the stratosphere, which contains the ozone layer that absorbs harmful UV radiation. The formation and importance of the ozone layer in screening UV light is also explained.
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution And Atmospheric Stability ...NiranjanHiremath12
1. Meteorology2.Air Pollution Meteorology3.Benefits Of Analyzing Meteorological Data
4. Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution
4.1 Primary parameters
4.1.1 Wind Direction And Speed
4.1.2 Temperature inversion
4.1.3 Atmospheric Stability
4.1.4 Mixing Height or Mixing Depth
4.2 Secondary parameter
4.2.1 Precipitation
4.2.2 Humidity
4.2.3 Solar radiation
4.2.4 Visibility
5. Methods for measurement of meteorological variable
6. Lapse Rate in Air Pollution Meteorology
7. Atmospheric Stability
7.1 Super Adiabatic
7.2 Sub Adiabatic
8. Plume Behaviours
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution And Atmospheric Stability ...NiranjanHiremath12
1. Meteorology2.Air Pollution Meteorology3.Benefits Of Analyzing Meteorological Data
4. Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Pollution
4.1 Primary parameters
4.1.1 Wind Direction And Speed
4.1.2 Temperature inversion
4.1.3 Atmospheric Stability
4.1.4 Mixing Height or Mixing Depth
4.2 Secondary parameter
4.2.1 Precipitation
4.2.2 Humidity
4.2.3 Solar radiation
4.2.4 Visibility
5. Methods for measurement of meteorological variable
6. Lapse Rate in Air Pollution Meteorology
7. Atmospheric Stability
7.1 Super Adiabatic
7.2 Sub Adiabatic
8. Plume Behaviours
Importance of Atmosphere –
Physical and chemical characteristics of Atmosphere –
Vertical structure of the atmosphere –
Composition of the atmosphere –
Temperature profile of the atmosphere –
Lapse rates –
Temperature inversion –
Effects of inversion on pollution dispersion.
Atmospheric stability
Earth’s atmosphere is a thin blanket of gases and tiny particles — together called air.
Atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth.
The Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases and water vapour, and also of some amount of aerosols (dust, smoke, condensation products of vapor)
It contains life-giving gases like Oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants.
It envelops the earth all round and is held in place by the gravity of the earth.
It helps in stopping the ultraviolet rays harmful to the life and maintains the suitable temperature necessary for life.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY:
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
• Air Pollution: Types, Source And Influence.
• Acid Rain, Green House Effect, Ozone Layer and
Its Depletion.
• Water Pollution: Factors affecting purity of
water, sewage water, industrial waste,
agricultural pollution- pesticides, fertilizers,
detergents. Hard and soft water, removal of
hardness. Disadvantages of hard water.
• Soil Pollution: Pesticides, Herbicides, Fungicides,
Long Term Use Of Fertilizers, Plastic Waste.
3. INTRODUCTION
In Greek, (atmos sphaira)‘atmos’ means
gas and ‘sphaira’ means sphere
In general, atmosphere refers to
gases around a massive solid
sphere.
Atmoshpere:
4. Earth’s Atmosphere
• Gases in layers covering the earth’s
surface.
• They are held as a result of gravitational
attraction.
5. Atmosphere and life..
Life is possible only with
atmosphere, with appropriate
composition of gases.
Thus an atmosphere serves as an
umbrella for the life.
Atmospheric science/aerology :
Study of atmosphere and its
effects on other systems.
6. Atmosphere and life..
Atmosphere plays an important
role in maintaining life-
By absorbing harmful radiations
(e.g. UV radiation and by
maintaining almost constant
temperature and pressure by
various phenomena.
By the exchange of gases in
various processes like breathing,
7. Earth’s
Atmosphere
Earth is surrounded by mixture of
gases (often referred to as ‘air’
from Greek word for ‘mixing’)
with varying amounts of water
vapour.
Mass of atmosphere is
estimated as ~5×1018 Kg
9. The massive atmosphere of earth
varies in thickness with
altitude.(generally decreases)
However the temperature profile
is somewhat complicated.
~ 75% of atmosphere is with in 11
Kms from earth’s surface.
11. Troposphere:
Begins from the surface –
extends upto 9-10 Kms at the
poles and 10-15 Kms at the
equator
The boundary between
Troposphere and Stratosphere-
Tropopause
12. Troposphere contd...
The upper limit of troposphere may
vary by a Km or more, depending
on- temperature, nature of
terrestrial surface etc.
The temperature of the troposphere
falls off uniformly with altitude until
the cold layer (-57o C), tropopause is
reached.
13. ~ 75% of the mass of the
atmosphere is associated
with the troposphere.
The global energy flow
makes troposphere a
Turbulent region(In Greek
‘tropos’ means “turn”)
Troposphere contd...
14. In the standard atmosphere
model, the average temperature
at the sea level is 150C
(59° F).
Typically, the temperature drops
about 6.5° C with each increase in
altitude of 1 km (about 3.6° F per
1,000 feet).
Troposphere contd...
15. The rate at which the temperature
changes (usually fall in temperature) with
altitude is called the "lapse rate".
Mathematically, Lapse rate (Γ) = [Change
in Temperature (ΔT)]/[Change in altitude
(ΔZ)] ; Γ= -ΔT/ ΔZ
Thus a positive lapse refers to fall in
temperature with altitude.
17. Stratosphere
The second layer of Earth’s
atmosphere.
It begins at 10-15 Km from the
earth’s surface and extends up to
~50-60 Kms.
18. Stratosphere contd...
• In contrast to troposphere, it has a
negative temperature lapse rate. i.e.
It has warmer layers at top and
cooler layers at the bottom.
• With this layer, the inversion in
temperature begins.
19.
20. • The temperature of the stratosphere increases
with altitude and ranges from -57oC to -3oC.
• This layer of atmosphere contains the highest
levels of ozone (O3), between 15-50 Kms- Ozone
layer.
Stratosphere contd...
21. OZONE
• Ozone is a molecule made up of three
oxygen atoms, with molecular
formula O3
• It is formed by the photolysis of
Oxygen by ultraviolet solar radiation
at wavelengths below 242.5 nm in
the stratosphere.
23. UV Radiation
UV ranges from 100-400 nm
• UV A: 400-315 nm (significantly less
harmful to DNA, although there are
reports of skin burns and skin cancer)
• UV B: 315- 280 nm (harmful to the skin
and is the main cause of sunburn,
excessive exposure results in genetic
damage)
• UV C: 280-100 nm (very harmful to all
24.
25.
26. • Thus the most harmful UV to all living
things are completely absorbed and
screened out by the molecular oxygen
and the ozone layer.
• The ozone layer is mainly found in the
lower portion of the stratosphere from ~
20 to 30 kilometres above Earth’s surface.
• The thickness of the ozone layer varies
seasonally and geographically.
27. • The ozone layer was discovered by the
French physicists Charles
Fabry and Henri Buisson.(in 1913 )
• Gordon Miller Bourne Dobson,
(G.M.B.Dobson)-
a British physicist and meteorologist
designed a spectrometer, which could
measure the ozone from the earth’s
surface.
28. Ozone molecules are capable of
absorbing UV light between 200
and 310 nm.
Upon absorption of the UV
radiation, Ozone is split-up into an
oxygen atom and a molecule of
oxygen.
Ozone Depletion
O3 → O2 + O
29. • Now, this Oxygen atom recombine
with Ozone (O3) to give O2
O3 + O → 2O2
• Thus, the overall ozone in the
stratosphere is balanced by the
photochemical production and
recombination.