Gay-Lussac Lab Report

Gay-Lussac Lab Report
100g of Metal Formula of Oxide Mass O2 Needed (g) Mass of Oxide Formed
Lithium Li2O 115 215
Iron Fe2O3 43 143
Zinc ZnO 49 149
Lead PbO2 15 115
"Describe the contribution of Gay–Lussac to the understanding of gaseous reactions and apply this
to an understanding of the mole concept"
Joseph Gay–Lussac's Law
The law of combining volumes: "When measured at constant temperature and pressure, the volumes
of gases in a chemical reaction show simple, whole number ratio's to each other."
E.g. 1L Hydrogen(gas) + 1L Chlorine(gas) = 2L Hydrogen Chloride(gas)
E.g. 2L Hydrogen(gas) + 1L Oxygen(gas) = 2L Water(gas)
E.g. 3L Hydrogen(gas)+1L Nitrogen(gas) = 2L Ammonia(gas)
(Simple Ratios)
"Recount Avogadro's law and describe its importance in developing the mole concept" ... Show
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"Distinguish between empirical formulae and molecular formulae"
A molecular formula really does describe the atoms present in a molecule.
The molecular compound methane has formula CH4, because that's exactly what each molecule
contains... 1 carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms.
Lattice structures, either ionic or covalent are NOT molecular. E.g. Sodium chloride, NaCl, salt.
The formula does NOT describe a molecule, but only gives the simplest ratio between the bonded
atoms... This is the empirical formula Number of Moles in a Given Mass N=m/MM No. Of moles =
mass of substance/molar mass
5. The relative abundance and ease of extraction of metals influences their value and breadth of use
in the community
"Define the terms mineral and ore with reference to economic and non–economic deposits of natural
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Titration Research Paper
Quantitative Chemistry –Titration Determination of the Molarity of an Unknown Solution through
Acid–Base Titration Technique
1. Introduction
1.1 Aim
The aim of this investigation was to determine the precise molarity of two (NaOH(aq)) sodium
hydroxide solutions produced at the beginning of the experiment through the acid–base titration
technique.
1.2 Theoretical Background
Titration is a method commonly used in laboratory investigations to carry out chemical analysis.
The most frequent chemical analysis performed through titration is when determining the exact
concentration of a solution of unknown molarity. This technique is usually used in redox and acid–
base reactions. Redox reaction is when reduction – ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, after the titration was performed as explained on the previous paragraphs, the data
needed to calculate the molarity of NaOH(aq) was obtained.
1.3 Preliminary calculations
1.3.1 The first important value to be obtained from the investigation was the volume of NaOH(aq)
used. This was done by the following equation: eq.3 – for 1st solution produced
Average volume volume of 2nd trial – volume of 1st trial2= V1 eq.4 – for 2nd solution produced
Average volume volume of 2nd trial – volume of 1st trial2= V2
1.3.2 The next step when determining the molarity of NaOH(aq) was to calculate the moles of
HCl(aq) by using the volume HCl(aq) provided on the lab scripts and the molarity obtained from the
bottle of HCl(aq) used during the investigation. The eq.5 and eq.6 below was used to calculate: eq.5
– moles1 = V1 (dm3) × molarity (M) eq.6 – moles2 = V2 (dm3) × molarity (M)
1.3.3 The third important equation, for both solutions, worth noting are the number of moles of
NaOH(aq) present in the reaction. This was obtained by using ratio of the moles of NaOH(aq) :
HCl(aq) used during the investigation. This can be recalled by eq.2 eq.2 – HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) 1 : 1
1.3.4 Hence, moles of both solutions of NaOH(aq) will be the same as the number of moles of
HCl(aq) since the mole ratio is 1:1. That is for every one mole of HCl(aq)

Personal Essay: Immigration To The United States
I find nothing absurd regarding my habits. I've simply engaged all of my talents towards one goal, to
know everything about everyone. By acquiring information about each and every person, I can
avoid the devastation of which I encountered throughout my childhood. Authority and society have
been the target of my schemes, from the start. To me, authority resembles a sham; people fail to
acknowledge the tragedy that awaits them, and society fails to acknowledge its corrupt system. My
journey began during my younger ages; my parents, recent immigrants to the US, unknowingly
moved to a shabby residence in the Bronx. A shooting took place, and, unable to convey an alibi,
they were charged with manslaughter and were sentenced to 87 years in prison. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the highest degree of importance fell upon the dialogue of the encounter. I was perplexed
and I fell upon to ponder once again. How would I convey my message and leave with the
information that I so strongly desired, yet as I became lost in my thoughts, I became wary of the
time and got into my

Copper Carbonate Lab Report
The reaction characteristics of basic copper carbonate 〖mCuCO〗_3⋅n〖Cu(OH)〗_2 were
observed by changing the reaction mole ratio. The reaction mole ratio of sodium carbonate to copper
chloride (II) was controlled from 1.08 to 1.68. Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of copper carbonate
powder. At a reaction ratio of 1.08, paratacamite (Cu_2 Cl(OH)_3 ), beside alkali copper carbonate,
was formed because of incomplete reaction at a copper content of 53.9 wt%. Lack of sodium
carbonate may cause incomplete reaction with copper chloride (II) because of low pH (6.0) of the
solution [12]. The copper content according to the reaction mole ratio were 57.7, 50.5, 58.8, 59.3,
and 59.8 wt% at the reaction mole ratios of 1.20, 1.32, 1.44, 1.56, and 1.68, respectively. ... Show
The malachite basic copper carbonate formed as CuCO3 ⋅ Cu(OH)2 shows bright green, whereas
that of azurite formed as 2CuCO3 ⋅ Cu(OH)2 shows strong blue. In this study, most of the
manufactured copper carbonate was converted to malachite basic copper carbonate of bright green
at the reaction mole ratio of >1.20. In the case of low reaction ratio of sodium carbonate, m, the
stoichiometric coefficients of CuCO3, is higher than n, the stoichiometric coefficient of Cu(OH)2,
so that the amount of CuCO3 is generated is more than that of Cu(OH)2. With increasing reaction
mole ratio of sodium carbonate, m is lower than n so that the generation rate of CuCO_3 is lower
than that of Cu〖(OH)〗_2. Therefore, copper content increased with increasing sodium carbonate.
With assumption of same value of m and n, theoretical copper content becomes 57.5

Science Fair Project : The Freezing Of Water
The Freezing Of Water
Mrs.Petit
Period 4 This science fair project is important in ways that people should use to form certain things
that could help people see that there is a better conservation of goods. This could help better the
community by using different substances from housing areas then put them to use. The freezing
point Is determined by how much of particles were broken down In the mixture. When its in
freezing point the potential of that solution will be equal in both states. Also this project would solve
certain issues people may have with freezing water in different ways. This could help scientist figure
out what and how the freezing point of water could help preserve the goods that we use in everyday
life. In everyday life people freeze stuff but what if there was a way to freeze things without using
just coolness but other tempatures. Also if people would consider using salt and sugar to tell if there
is a difference I'm tempature it could spark a new way to do things in this economic system we have.
Footnote – substance Is the molecular weight in grams. Molar Mass is basically in grams per mole
for example salt has a molar mass of 5.8g per mole. The mass of an element refers to
6.0221415x1023 molecules of the substance. Molar Mass helps us figure out how many grams per
mole we need to do this project and it helps us know how much we need to put into the solution. If
you don't Find

Molar Volume Lab
Introduction The objectives of the Molar Volume of a Gas Lab are based on an understanding of the
creation of a gas and how to measure that volume. Based on the chemical reaction Zn (s) + 2HCl
(aq) –> ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 students have to produce a determined volume of hydrogen gas produced
from a predicted amount of zinc metal and to evaluate the results based on percent error, technique
of experiment, and procedure quality. In order to complete this lab students must have a well
rounded understanding of the science concepts of the phase of gas and the properties of a gas, the
experiment apparatus and how it works, the environment of the procedure including standard
temperature and pressure and kinetic molecular theory. To complete the calculations students must
understand stoichometry and conversion factors. A gas is a phase of matter that has no shape, no set
volume, is easily compressed, and is less dense then both solids and liquids. When matter changes
its state, gases can be formed. When liquids vaporize and when solids sublimate gases are formed.
In the Molar Volume of a Gas Lab the gas is formed when a measured amount of Zinc metal is
combined with five milliliters of Hydrochloric Acid the single replacement reaction occurs causing
zinc metal to displace the hydrogen and form hydrogen, a gas and zinc chloride, a salt. In this
reaction a gas is formed and bubbles of hydrogen are seen. The apparatus needed for this experiment
consists of a small tub of water, graduated cylinder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chemical reaction being: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq)–> ZnCl2 + H2 and calculating the amount of .1167
through a stoichiometric calculation (which can be seen as calculation two in the calculation

Balanced Equation Lab Report
First we have to find the Balanced Equation: Fe2O3 + 3CO yields 2Fe + 3CO2
Then you would need to find your number of moles for Fe, which is 0.07890
Then you would need to find your number of moles for CO, which is 0.34451
So that also helps us because it tells us that 1 singluar mole Fe behaves with 3 mole CO.
0.07890^3 mole of Fe which gives us a total of 0.2367 mole
1 singular mole of Fe behaves with 2 mole of Iron, you would then do 0.07890^2 to get: 0.1578 mol
of Iron.
Then you would take 55.845 (iron's singular mole) and multiply it by the 0.1578 and that would be
the theoretical yield which is 8.812341
Your percent yield would be: 0.82044415
The balanced equation I came up with is 3CaCO3 + 2Li3N yields 3Li2CO3 + Ca3N2 as my answer.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First you want to balance the equation to: PCI5 + 4H2O yields H3PO4 + 5HCI
Then you would take 208 g of PCI5 which give you 5 mole of HCI and 75.5 g of PCI5 give you 5
times 75.5 divided by 208, which gives you a final answer of: 1.8149
First you want to find your balanced equation, which is going to be: 2C6H6 + 15O2 yields 12CO2 +
6H2O.
Then you find the mole of C6H6 which is going to be 78.1.
Then you find the mole of Carbon from one singular C6H6, which is going to be

Love In A Pot Of Salsa Short Story
Love in a Pot of Salsa
I love to travel, but for me, it's not about going on vacation. My family doesn't just flock to a tourist
site. We choose to stay with a local family or in a small town inn where for the most part, no one
speaks English. And we are there not to lie on a beach or descend upon the most popular tourist
spot, but to savor a new culture, and through the friendships we form, add new colors to our hearts
and spirits. This is the story of how I learned about love in a pot of salsa.
When I was twelve, my family of amateur chefs decided to adventure to Tlaxcala, Mexico, a town
famous for Pueblan cooking, a blend of pre–Hispanic, Spanish, French, and Lebanese influences.
Pueblan cooking's most famous dishes include mole poblano (a rich chili chocolate sauce smothered
over tender chicken that features more than thirty ingredientes), chiles en nogada (poblano chiles
filled with roast meat, fruit, and spices, then topped with a walnut cream sauce and scarlet
pomegranate seeds to resemble the three colors of the Mexican flag), and molotes (a fist–sized
golden cornmeal pastry filled with beef brisket), to name a few delicious dishes.
We stayed with Jon and Estella, a beaming couple in their late sixties. They housed us in their adobe
castle, which was surrounded by a brick wall carpeted in a profusion of crimson bougainvillea. In
the early morning, you stepped outside to inhale the sight of La Malinche, Tlaxcala's snow–covered
volcano steaming in the crisp air. And

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Moles
Moles are disturbing particularly in the event that they are on obvious parts of our body. Once in a
while they vanish with age, however for the most part they remain with us as an ugly stamp on our
skin. Accordingly we generally pay special mind to approaches to evacuate them.
Before going to talk about how to evacuate moles let us first get a fast thought regarding what moles
are and why or where they create?
Moles are little hued spots on the skin made up of cells called Melanocytes. The logical name for
moles is melanocytic naevi. Moles are regularly brownish in colour albeit some might be darker or
skin–hued. They can be level or raised, smooth or harsh, and some have hair developing from them.
Moles are typically roundabout or oval with a smooth edge.
Moles can change in number and appearance. Some blur away after some time, frequently without
you understanding. They additionally some of the time reacts to hormonal changes, for instance
amid:
pregnancy – when they may get slightly darker
teenage years – when they increase in number
Yet, before you go for the surgery strategy, ensure you see how mole evacuation surgery is
performed and the advantages and disadvantages of this technique. Generally your mole will be
analyzed preceding surgery strategy to figure out if it is generous or harmful. After which, an
appropriate system will be prescribed to you and your dermatologist will examine with you about
the expenses and the dangers required in this mole expulsion surgery. Mole expulsion surgery is
generally done on an outpatient premise. You typically will get this choice accessible in the
workplace of your dermatologist. There are different sorts of mole evacuation surgery, counsel with
your dermatologist to know which sort is appropriate for you. Mole evacuation surgery is not
agonizing and in the event that you select laser expulsion, it will leave a negligible

Molarity Of Hcl
This experiment is designed to demonstrate how to use volumetric tools and how to calculate the
molarity of an unknown based on the usage of these tools. Volumetric tools include burets, pipets,
and volumetric flasks and can be used to react an unknown substance with a substance of known
concentration to find the molarity of an unknown. This specific experiment sought to find the
concentration of an HCl solution by reacting it with a standard NaOH solution. An indicator was
added to show when this reaction had occurred (Beran 2012). The hypothesis predicted that the
molarity of the unknown substance would have a concentration of HCl that lied between .07M and
.09M. This was based on the prelab activity with practice calculations that had numbers ... Show
This is most likely because the hypothesis was based on the pre–lab activity, which had calculations
very similar to the predicted molarity range, though was not actually based on the experiment
performed. Additionally, the standard deviation indicates that the data is quite precise, with a
deviation of only .002. This deviation could be due to slightly inaccurate measurements, potentially
caused by instruments that were not cleaned properly or NaOH not falling into the Erlenmeyer flask
when it was being swished during titration. For example, the buret may not have been rinsed to the
fullest extent, causing minor contamination. However, small errors are inevitable in experiments and
can only be minimized.
Conclusion
This experiment appropriately exemplified how to use volumetric instruments when finding
molarity of an unknown concentration. It also showed how to calculate the molarity of one
substance based on titration recordings. Although the data had small divergence, the data recorded
was still fairly precise due to an experiment with minimal user

Mole Removal: A Man's Life
Mole Removal
The great love of the man's life was his red mountain bike. He rode it on groomed trails, over rutted
terrain, on the highway, uptown, downtown, to the grocery store, and everywhere around the
mountain town where he lived. Along the way were numerous stops to chat with a friend or
neighbour. He loved people. Because he was accident–prone, some of these visits had a comic twist
as unplanned adventures presented themselves. The man's experiences were classic folklore in his
family and in the community. Many times, he returned from an outing rumpled from some sort of
rutted road experience, still laughing. He found excitement wherever he went–or better said,
excitement found him.
During a summer visit, his daughter noticed a large, dark mole on the top of his shoulder. It was
obviously a cancerous lesion, judging by its size, colour, texture, and irregular edges. The man
reported that he was aware of it, but was simply not worried. When he was pressed to go to the
doctor, he just smiled in a non–committal way. For a man who enjoyed a robust life, he wasn't
inclined to waste time on an ugly mole! He had things to do and people to see. The conversation
quickly turned to his latest escapade, when he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His daughter made the dedication speech at a morning meeting, sharing many of her father's
experiences. The entire audience had known her father for years and were well acquainted with his
escapades. The story about the mole–removal technique brought the house down. Sadness was set
aside for a while as, one by one, colleagues rose to tell their own stories about her dad. It was magic.
There was a feeling of loving fellowship, and, of course, laughter and fun. It was a testament to a
man who had lived life at 100 mph and was always already for a new quest. He had been such a
glorious part of their lives and, now, he was on the best adventure of all–the heavenly

Analysis For Vitamin C
Analysis for Vitamin C
Introduction Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid C6H8O6, is important because the body uses it
in order to grow and repair tissues.1 Humans are unable synthesize vitamin C, therefore it is
essential to consume the recommended daily amount around 60 mg/day.2 The goals of this lab were
to determine the amount of vitamin C in a sample of apple juice. Also, another objective was to gain
experience with redox reactions and titrations. "A titration is a method of analysis that determines
the precise endpoint of a reaction and therefore the precise quantity of reactant in the titration
flask".3 Titrations are important because they provide accurate information on how to find the
unknown concentration of a solution. Consequently, it is crucial that titration techniques are precise
so the information is accurate. The information is calculated using the chemical formula.
+I2 →+2 HI Ascorbic acid Dehydro–L–ascorbic acid
Experimental
The first step in calculating the amount, in mg, of vitamin C in the unknown sample was
determining the amount of iodine needed to react with the solution using titration. Once the volume
of iodine needed to react was found, the next step was to determine the molarity of the Iodine. In
order to do this, the moles of ascorbic acid was needed. It was found by multiplying the mass of
ascorbic acid used by its molar mass. The moles of ascorbic acid is the same as the moles of Iodine
because of the one to one mole

Molarity Lab Report
The concept investigated in this lab was the relationship between absorbance and concentration, or
molarity. This relates to the guiding question, "How could you make 1 liter of Pirate Purple #2
dye?", because in order to create more dye, you must obtain an equation from the graph to calculate
the amount, in grams, of blue and red dye that must be mixed to create the certain shade of purple.
The molarity of a substance is the amount of moles per one liter of liquid that it contains. A solution
is a mixture that contains two or more substances. A solute is one substance that is dissolved in
another substance, while a solvent is the matter that the solute is dissolved in. When plotted on a
graph, absorbance and concentration (molarity) have a

Personal Narrative: Understanding Significant Figures In...
At the beginning of the school year, I knew very little about chemistry. However, I believe that I
now know various concepts that were taught in my chemistry class. There are many concepts that
were taught throughout the year that I have liked, such as stoichiometry and understanding
significant figures. There are also several concepts that I have not liked, such as mole–to–mass
conversions for compounds and finding the ratio of diffusion rates. For the most part, the concepts
that I enjoyed learning were the concepts that I understood quickly. One of the concepts that I liked
the best in chemistry was stoichiometry. When I first started learning stoichiometry, I did not like it
at all. I actually hated it. I hated it because I could not figure out how to solve the problems
correctly. I was trying my hardest on the homework assignments, but I was still making bad grades.
I did just not understand the process of how the problems were solved. I knew that I had to do
something before the test or I was going to have a bad grade in the class. So, the night before the
test, I went home with the intention of teaching myself how to do stoichiometry problems. After
reading chapter 12 of my chemistry book, Chemistry Matter ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I found that the concept of understanding significant figures was fairly easy. Significant figures are
digits that are used to express an accurate degree of measurement. They include all digits in a
number except for all leading zeros (Dingrando, Tallman, Hainen, and Winstrom, 2005). Significant
figures always include all nonzero digits (Dingrando, Tallman, Hainen, and Winstrom, 2005). So,
understanding significant figures, a concept that I learned in my chemistry class, was a reasonably
simple concept to understand. Therefore, significant figures was one of the subjects in chemistry
that I enjoyed

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Green. Blue. Purple. Orange. Yellow. Red. Pink. Teal. Peach.
Gray. What do all these colors have in common? Each color symbolizes the ribbons our nation
proudly uses to help educate and raise awareness about cancer. Each ribbon symbolizes a family
member, friend, co–worker, significant other, and/or neighbor who suffer from some form of cancer.
Many different varieties of cancers are widely known; however, cases show that Gestational
Trophoblastic Diseases are extremely rare but potentially dangerous forms of uterine cancer that can
affect pregnant woman during the beginning stages throughout fertilization (Gestational
Trophoblastic Disease, 2012). There are two forms of the Gestational Trophoblastic Disease,
Hydatidiform mole is a non–cancerous form, where a fetus may or may–not develop. Out of all the
types of uterine cancers presently known, Hydatidiform Mole¬¬––commonly known as a "molar
pregnancy"––affects one out of every 1,000 pregnancies (Hydatidiform Mole, 2012).
Choriocarcinoma is the cancerous form and is even less common by affecting roughly two to seven
pregnancies out of 100,000 in the United States. In addition, choriocarcinoma molar pregnancies are
more common in Mexico, Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and African countries. Furthermore,
Caucasian women in the Unites States are at higher risk than African American Women.
Consequently, women over the age of 40 or women who have had prior molar pregnancies or
miscarriages

Condumetric and Gravemetric Lab Report Essay
Conductimetric Titration and Gravimetric Determination of a Precipitate
Objective:
* Measure the conductivity of the reaction between sulfuric acid and barium hydroxide * use
conductivity values to determine equivalence point * measure mass of a product to determine
equivalence point gravimetrically * calculate molar concentration of barium hydroxide solution
Procedure:
* First, combine 10.0 mL of the Ba(OH)2 solution with 50 mL of distilled water. Then, measure out
60 mL of 0.100 M H2SO4. Set up a conductivity probe and open programs by connecting to logger
pro. After that, start to titrate with increments of 1.0 mL. Keep titrating with smaller increments until
it is pretty close to the 100 microsiemens/cm mark. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reactant ions reacted and decreased as more product formed. By measuring the conductivity
throughout, the equivalence point was determined. With the equivalence point and the
stoichiometric relationship, the molarity of barium hydroxide can be determined. Another way to
calculate the molar concentration of barium hydroxide would be to calculate the number of moles of
the insoluble barium sulfate by gravimetric determination.
Data Analysis: 1. 7.6 10–4 mol H2SO4 2. 0.076 M Ba(OH)2 3. 0.0008351 mol BaSO4 4. 0.0835 M
Ba(OH)2 5. Equivalence Point: 24% error, Gravimetric determination: 17% error. The gravimetric
determination was more accurate because an exact amount of precipitate was formed.
Conclusion:
In this lab an attempt was made to determine the concentration of a Ba(OH)2 solution by using the
conductimetrically determined equivalence point of the reaction between Ba(OH)2 and H2SO4 and
by gravimetric determination. The molarity using the equivalence point was determined to be 0.076
M, with a percent error of 24% (actual value was 0.100 M). The molarity using gravimetric
determination was 0.0835, an error of 17%. One possible error is the presence of bubbles in the
buret. Bubbles would have caused the buret reading to be too high, resulting in a larger equivalence
point. Another possible error deals with the colloidal nature of barium hydroxide due to its relatively
low solubility. The colloidal barium hydroxide would make it

Chem 1211K Lab Report Essay
Chemistry 1211K Lab Report
Briana Limage
Drawer #D20
Tuesday December 2, 2014
Lab Day and Time: Tuesday 2–5
Unknown # 4224034–DF14
Introduction
The purpose of this semester long experiment was to determine an unknown organic acid. An
organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. A base reacts with acids to form salts.
Titrations are used to determine the concentration of unknown substances. The purpose of the KHP
experiment was to determine the molarity of NaOH. HCl titrations are mainly to check technique
and used to verify the molarity of NaOH solution. The hypothesis is that this acid is C4H3OCOOH.
Experimental
Procedure for melting point:
The identification of the melting point of the organic acid was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
pH was recorded every time 1.00 mL of NaOH was added to beaker. When the amount of NaOH
added to the beaker was about 5.00 mL away from the expected end point, NaOH was added very
slowly. Approximately 0.20 mL of NaOH was added until the pH made a jump. The pH was
recorded until it reached ~12. This was repeated two more times. The pKa of each trial are
determined using the graphs made on excel.
Results and Discussion
Melting Point:
Starting (°C)
Final (°C)
Rough Melting Point
139
159
Melting Point
131
133
Standard Melting Point
138

140
No correction had to be made to the melting points because the standard melted in the range labeled
on the bottle. The melted point observed is the correct melting point.
KHP:
Table 1
Trial
Mass KHP (g)
Mol KHP / mol NaOH
Initial Volume (mL)
Final Volume (mL)
Total Volume (mL)
1
0.3113
0.001524
5.62
22.70
17.08
2
0.3017
0.001477
9.98
26.40
16.42
3
0.3178
0.001556
14.39
31.85
17.46
Table 2
Trial
Mol NaOH (mol)
Corrected Vol. (L)
Molarity NaOH (M)
Average Molarity (M)
Molarity Deviation (M)
Average Deviation (M)
1
0.001524
0.01708
0.08923
0.08943
0.0002
0.0003

2
0.001477
0.01642
0.08995
0.08943
0.00052
0.0003
3
0.001556
0.01746
0.08912
0.08943
0.00031
0.0003
Percent deviation= (Average deviation/average molarity) X 100
Percent deviation= (0.0003/0.08943) X 100 = 0.38%
Calculations for the molarity of NaOH were:
The results showed the molarity of the NaOH solution. This experiment was completed twice and a
new average molarity

Molar Mass Lab Report
Introduction The mole is equivalent to 6.022 X 10²³, which indicates how much particles of element
is in one gram. The molar mass can be found in the atomic mass from the periodic table. The Lab 11
involves how much oxygen (O) magnesium (Mg) combines through combustion and form
Magnesium Oxide. The magnesium strip of unknown mass was used as main ingredient for
experiment. The lab also requires crucible with cover, crucible tongs, ring pad, and Bunsen burner.
Procedure
The metal cup with a lid was measured and later with magnesium to find magnesium's weight. The
cup was placed in the fire to let magnesium be burned and go through chemical reaction with
oxygen. The product was very brittle, white powdered substances. The product was measured

Flight 82181
Celebrity Airlines Flight 82181
Found on Celebrity Airlines Flight 82181 were a number of substances brought on by passengers.
Given that the crash was ruled a terrorist attack, identification of all substances found on and in the
bodies and luggages of the victims needed to be made. To do this, empirical and molecular formulas
were put into use when determining substance identities. Each substance was tested to find the
percent composition of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, and then used to find the empirical
formula of the substance by using 100 grams of each substance to represent 100% made up by the
elements combined. The mass of each element in the substance calculated from the percent was then
divided by the molar mass of that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Victims number 6 and 10 were both found with matching substances, in their bloodstream and
pocket, respectively, composed of 75.42% carbon, 6.63% hydrogen, 8.38% nitrogen, and 9.57%
oxygen (Table 2). The steps described above to find the molecular formula were taken, and the
molecular formula was found to be C21H22N2O2, or strychnine, commonly known as rat
poisoning, a substance highly toxic to humans. From this data, it can be concluded that victim
number 10 had murdered victim number 6 with the strychnine, as it was found in victim 10's pocket
and victim 6's bloodstream, and anyone with any common knowledge or with the ability to read
knows not to ingest rat poisoning, making it obvious that victim 6 was murdered. To identify the two
victims, any other substances found on their person and in their personal luggage had to be
identified and then matched with any prior knowledge of the victims. Victim 6, the murder victim,
was found two other substances: C14H18N2O5 , aspartame, and C8H10N4O2 , caffeine, (page 7).
Both of these two substances are found in Diet Coke, something the mother of Miley Cyrus said she
never travelled without, (page 8). Furthermore, in the luggage of victim 10, a substance with the
molecular formula of C12H17NO (page 7), also known as DEET or insect repellent was found.
Based off of this evidence, coupled with family interviews, victim

Freezing Point Depression Lab Report
Introduction
Molar mass is a fundamental quantity of chemistry. There are multiple ways to find the molar mass
of a substance experimentally; one way is to use Freezing Point Depression by using the following
equation: ΔT= kf*m (Robinson, 2018). The purpose of this lab was to do just that; measure the
freezing point depression of a solution when a solute is added to a solvent, and from that, determine
the molar mass of an unknown substance, along with learning about the influence that solutes have
on liquid properties. A concept of importance to this experiment is freezing point. According to
LibreTexts, "Freezing point depression is a colligative property observed in solutions that results
from the introduction of solute molecules to a solvent...and ... Show more content on
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Colligative properties, such as boiling point and freezing point, are dependent on the amount of
solutes added, not necessarily their identities (LibreTexts, 2018). A fascinating concept related to
freezing points is Supercooling. Supercooling is a state where liquids do not form ice even when
they reach temperatures below their normal freezing point; they are trapped in a metastable state
(Esrf.eu, 2018). The best example of this is clouds at high altitudes: they contain tiny droplets of
water that do not have seed crystals, and therefore do not form ice despite the low temperatures
(Esrf.eu, 2018). The concept of freezing point depression is applicable in many parts of everyday
life. The most common example of freezing point depression is in the salting of roads when it snows
(Kimbrough, 2006). As the melting of the first flakes on the warm road occurs, a solution of salty
water is created which has a lower freezing point than pure snow (Kimbrough, 2006). Now, the
temperature will not get cold enough to freeze the salty solution the way it can freeze water, keeping
ice and snow from bonding to the pavement (Kimbrough, 2006). In this lab, the freezing point
depression was calculated experimentally by adding an unknown solute to Lauric Acid,

Pirate-Purple Dye Synthesis
Section 1: Introduction and Guiding Question: In an experiment attempting to make 1–Liter (L) of
Pirate–Purple (P–P) dye solution, an experimenter must first understand how the color purple was
made. The color purple was created through a mixture of the two primary colors blue and red.
During the pre–lab for the experiment, the experimenters were given two dyes: Blue 1 (B1) and Red
3 (R1). Using the stock dyes given, the experimenters were required to create serial dilutions of each
dye. A solution was a "homogenous mixture of two or more substances," which was necessary to
know as the pre–lab of the experiment focuses on creating solutions of varying concentrations,
understanding molarity, and how absorbance allows experimenters to ... Show more content on
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An analytical wavelength was the wavelength at which a color of the visible light spectrum will
experience the strongest absorption, and the less diluted solutions with higher concentrations will
absorb more of the transmitted light. Once the B1 and R3 dyes have their absorbencies calculated,
the experiments can then attempt to answer the guiding question, "how could you make 1–L of
Pirate–Purple dye solution?" The guiding question was related to the background information
because the background information was necessary to use absorbency and molarity to understand
how to make 1–L of Pirate–Purple dye solution. Absorbency can be used to find molarity by using
an equation for the slope of a graph made during the pre–lab which describes the relationship
between concentration and absorbency, the equation was ( y=m(x)+b). In the equation,
(y=absorbance), (x=moles), (m=slope), and (b=concentration). By rearranging the equation into: (x=
((y–b))/m), which allows the experimenters to calculate moles from absorbency. Using the newly
made equation, experimenters can use the given molar mass of B1 dye: 792.84 g/mol and the given
molar mass of R3 dye: 879.83 g/mol to calculate the ratio of B1 and R3 dyes to create the three
given P–P dye solutions given. The goal of the experiment was to determine the absorbency of B1
and R3 dye in each sample given P–P dyes and then by using dimensional analysis to convert
absorbency into moles then into molar

Acetone Molar Mass
The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate how to calculate the molar mass of a volatile
liquid using the ideal gas law. By vaporizing a small sample of acetone and condensing it into liquid
while measuring temperature, pressure, volume, and mass, the number of moles of the gas substance
and its molar mass can be calculated. An accurate calculation of the moles of acetone gas was
allowed due to the hole in the foil of the test tube, which ensured that excess oxygen was driven out
of the test tube and only acetone gas was left. In order to accurately calculate the mass of the
acetone gas, the test tube was placed in an ice water bath to condense the acetone gas into a liquid.
An uncertainity of 0.001g was appropriate for the mass measurements ... Show more content on
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First, when the acetone was vaporized in the boiling–water bath, it was assumed that the pressure
inside the test tube was equal to the outside air pressure due to the hole in the aluminum foil. If this
assumption produced a source of error, it would have led to an inaccurate measurement of the mass
of acetone gas in the test tube, leading to an inaccurate calculation of the substance's molar mas.
Second, when the acetone was vaporized in the boiling–water bath, it was assumed that the
temperature of the water was equal to the temperature of the gas. This assumption could produce a
source of error which would lead to an inaccurate measurement of the molar mass of acetone gas
due to flaws with the ideal gas equation. Third, since the barometric pressure was measured using an
online weather service, it is possible that the pressure outside was not equal to the air pressure inside
the chemistry lab. This inaccuracy could lead to false calculations of acetone's molar mass due to
pressure's role in the ideal gas equation. Many of the systematic errors that are possible are due to
flaws with the ideal gas equation and assumptions about the "ideal" nature of the acetone sample
and "ideal" conditions of the laboratory. Finally, it was assumed that there was no excess
condensation on the test tube even after drying it. However, this assumption would lead to an
inaccurate measurement of the mass of the acetone gas, creating a larger

Gravimetric Analysis Of Copper Chloride Hydrate
Chemical formulas are central to chemistry; they describe, identify, and predict the properties of
compounds. Chemical formulas can be found by a process called gravimetric analysis in which
components of a compound are isolated, their masses are found, and the mass differences recorded.
Gravimetric analysis can be helpful when finding the formula of an ionic hydrate, an ionic crystal
bound to water molecules because it allows for the mass of water to be found allowing for further
separation of the remaining elements in the ionic compound. When water is removed from an ionic
hydrate, the ionic hydrate becomes an anhydrous ionic compound. Additionally, because of the Law
of Definite Proportions, the ratio of moles of water released to ... Show more content on
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The wire reacted with the solution to yield copper; any remaining aluminum was dissolved with a
few drops of 6M HNO3. Following the isolation of the copper, it was separated from the solution
with a Büchner funnel and flask. A piece of filter paper was weighed, and its mass was recorded.
Then, the filter paper was placed on the vacuum flask, which was turned on, and the copper solution
was poured over it. The copper was also rinsed with 95% ethanol solution before being set on a
paper towel to dry. Finally, one day after the previous step, the copper was weighed, and its mass
recorded. The recorded masses were then used to determine the mass of copper, chlorine, and water
in the unknown copper chloride hydrate. The resulting masses were used to find the formula of the
unknown copper chloride hydrate according to CuxClynH2O.
Results
The mass of water in the unknown Copper Chloride Hydrate is 0.22g, as found by the difference in
mass between the sample before and after heating. The mass of copper is 0.29 grams, and the mass
of chlorine is 0.49 grams. These values were found by isolating the copper then subtracting the mass
of the copper from the mass of the sample after heating to determine the mass of chlorine. The
masses were converted into moles with the general formula 1 mole/Molar Mass x mass of given
element/compound. For example, the moles of copper were found by multiplying 0.29 grams by 1
mole/63.546 grams (Molar Mass of copper),

Essays
Chapter 13 Homework Problems
Notes: 1.) Hand in your answers/work on a separate sheet (not a printout of these problems). 2.) You
can receive partial credit even if your answer is incorrect, but only if you show your work! 3.) Be
sure to include units (amu, g, mL, etc.) on any answers that need them. This is worth points! 4.) Be
sure to use the correct number of significant figures in your answers. This is worth points too!
1. Tell what kinds of intermolecular forces could occur between the following pairs of solute and
solvent, and place the list in order from weakest to strongest solute–solvent attraction. Some pairs
may experience more than one type of force.
a. water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
363 g of a 1.85 m solution of CS2 dissolved in acetone, C3H6O d. 675 g of an aqueous solution that
is 9.48% Ca(NO3)2 by mass
6. Suppose we make a solution by mixing water and ethylene glycol (C2H6O2, the main ingredient
in antifreeze).
a. Calculate the vapor pressure of water above a solution made by combining 90.0 g of water and
90.0 g of ethylene glycol at 383.15 K. The vapor pressure of pure water can be found in Appendix
B. b. What mass of ethylene glycol would we have to add to 1.00 L of water in order to reduce its
vapor pressure to 32.0 mmHg at 55.0˚C?
7. Use data from Table 13.4 to calculate the freezing and boiling points of the following solutions.
a. An aqueous solution of 0.625 m sucrose b. A solution of C6H14 dissolved in benzene that is
10.0% C6H14 by mass c. 5.00 g of PI3 dissolved in 485 g of ethanol d. 10.0 g (NH4)2SO4 and 6.00
g of KCl in 50.0 g of water
8. Every liter of seawater contains 3.40 g of various salts. Suppose all the salt is NaCl (not actually
true). What would be the osmotic pressure of seawater at 25˚C?
9. Glucose is about 0.100% of blood serum by mass. In the problems below, you can assume that the
rest is water.

a. Calculate the glucose concentration in ppm. b. Calculate the mole fraction of glucose. c. Calculate
the molality of glucose. d. You'd need more information to

Ideal Gas Formula Lab Report
Abstract: This experiment was performed to determine the molar mass of an unknown using the
ideal gas equation. The measurements needed to determine the molar mass were obtained by heating
the unknown to 90 degrees Celsius while recording the required measures such as the mass, volume,
and temperature as the unknown became a gas. Then the measurements were inserted into the ideal
gas equation PV=nRT. Using the ideal gas formula and measurements determined the molar mass
was found by rearranging the formula leaving the unknown's molar mass of ethylene glycol.
Procedure: In preparation 600mL of water was added to a beaker then an Erlenmeyer flask was
placed inside to determine the water level when the Erlenmeyer flask with unknown was added.
This was done to prevent water from spilling over the edge while also ... Show more content on
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The 600 mL of water was placed on the hot plate to heat it to 90 degrees Celsius so that the gas
would heat up and evaporate. Using gloves to prevent finger prints and residue that would increase
the mass a 5 cm square of aluminum foil was attached to the flasks neck then secured using a rubber
band. A rubber band was used in place of copper wire because both exhibit similar properties such
as how they handle heat and they both will securely hold the aluminum foil in place. During this
time the flask was weighted to gather the mass prior to the unknown being added. Then the cover
was removed and 5 mL of unknown was added to the Erlenmeyer flask and resealed. This is in
addition to an aluminum bib to further secure the cover and prevent gas from escaping the side. Next
a small hole was made in the center of the aluminum cover to allow the gas to escape as it
evaporates. The Erlenmeyer flask with the unknown was placed in the hot water at an angle so that
the

Lab Report On Ascorbic Acid
Introduction
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential nutrient used for the creation of certain biological
compounds and is naturally found in citrus fruits. 1 Ascorbic acid has a chemical formula of
C¬¬6H8O6 and reacts with Iodine to cause the reaction:2 C6H8O6(aq) + I2(aq) –> C6H6O6aq)
+2I¬–(aq) + 2H+
To determine the amount of vitamin C an amount of KIO3 solution with a known concentration had
it's iodine "freed" with the chemicals KI and H2S04, this allowed the iodine to react with the
dissolved vitamin C tablet. This was then titrated against a primary standard of sodium thiosulfate at
a concentration of 0.01102*10–5¬¬M. These chemicals cause the following reactions3:
KIO3(aq) + 5KI(aq) +3H2SO¬4(aq) –> 3I2(aq) + 3K2SO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)
2Na2S2O3(aq) + I2(aq) –> 2NaI(aq) + Na2S4O6(aq)
Since the volume of KIO3 solution and so is the molarity we can determine the amount of KIO3
solution that was freed. We can then compare that to the amount of primary standard used to
determine the amount of Ascorbic acid in the solution.
Procedure
The procedure given in the First Year Chemistry Lab Manual for Experiment G4 was followed with
the modifications below.
Instead of using a 500mL volumetric flask a 1L volumetric flask was used. This made calculations
that required Liters (L) easier as the numbers could be carried without doing any math. This also
made the experiment more accurate. Even though the absolute uncertainty increased so did the
volume of the container, this meant that

Molar Mass Case Study
Molar mass is the sum of the masses of each atoms in a compound or element. For example, Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) , a gas that is a combination of carbon and oxygen, has a molar mass of
approximately 44.01 g/mol. The unit that we'll be using in molar mass is g/mol and it is read as
grams per mole. The table on the right side is the list of the atomic masses of elements that are
commonly used in solving problems. If you think that atomic mass and molar mass is just the same
then you got it wrong. Molar mass and atomic mass is very different to each other. Atomic mass is
just the mass of an atom that is denoted by amu.
Steps on getting the molar mass of a compound: Ex. NH3 (ammonia)
1. Remember the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case, Hydrogen has 3 atoms present and there is only 1 atom present in nitrogen.
3. Multiply each element by the number of atoms present. N– 14.01 x 1 = 14.01 H– 1.01 x 3 = 3.03
4. Now, you can get the molar mass by adding each element's product. 14.01 + 3.03 = 17.04
5. Lastly, don't forget to write the unit of it so that you will not get a minus because the plays an
important part. NH3= 17.04 g/mol
MOLES,MOLECULES,FORMULA UNITS and ATOMS A mole is used to express the number of
atoms, particles and etc. It is the universal standard of each element and it is equal to Carbon–12
that's why people treat it as a special isotope. 1 mole of any substance is equal to 6.022 x 1023base
units and it is known worldwide as the Avogadro's number that is named after the Italian scientist
Amedeo Avogadro. Here is the visual representation of conversion of mass, moles and number of
particles or atoms present.
Table 2.0 Relationship of mass, moles and number of particles to each

Gfghvh
Experiment 1 Avogadro's Law
Multiple Choice Questions
1. How many atm of gas did you add to the flask? A. 1 atm B. 3 atm C. 4 atm D. 2 atm 2. What was
the volume of the flask? E. 100 mL F. 120 mL G. 150 mL H. 88 mL 3. How many grams of propane
were there in 1 atm? Choose the closest answer. I. 0.735 g J. 0.274 g K. 0.664 g L. 0.232 g 4. How
many grams of butane were there in 1 atm of gas? Choose the closest answer. M. 0.774 g N. 0.361 g
O. 0.664 g P. 0.214 g 5. How many grams of methane were in 1 atm of gas? Choose the closest
answer. Q. 0.244 g R. 0.337 g ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
d. The volume of the gas varied depending on the identity of the gas. 10. There are 6.022 * 10^23
molecules/mole. Based on the number of moles in 1 atm of gas, how many molecules is this?
Choose the closest answer. e. 10 * 10^10 molecules f. 3.7 * 10^21 molecules g. 6.8 * 10^21
molecules h. 8.4 * 10^23 molecules 11. The number of molecules in 1 atm of gas at constant
pressure and temperature is identical, regardless of the identity of the molecules in the gas. Which of
the following other statements are also true? i. The volume of a gas is independent of the pressure of
the gas. j. The temperature of a gas is independent of the pressure of the gas. k. The total number of
atoms in the gas at standard temperature and pressure can vary depending on the identity of the gas
l. The molecules in a gas slow down with increasing temperature. 12. How many moles of ATOMS
are there in 1 mole of methane (CH4)? m. 5 moles n. 1 mole o. 10 moles p. 3 moles 13. In this
experiment, the pressure (P) was 1 atm, the temperature (T) was 295 K, the volume (V) was 0.150
L, and the number of moles (n)was 6.2 * 10^–3 moles. The ideal gas law states that P*V = n*R*T.
Based on your experiment, what value do you get for R? q. 0.221 atm*L/(mol * K) r. 0.0112
atm*L/(mol * K) s.

Essay about Determination of the Composition of Cobalt...
Determination of the Composition of Cobalt Oxalate Hydrate Experiment 12 Robbie Kinsey
Partner: Debnil Chowdhury Chem. 1312–D TA's: Russell Dondero & Sylvester Mosley February 9,
2000 Purpose The purpose of this lab was to determine the percent cobalt and oxalate by mass, and
with that information, the empirical formula for cobalt oxalate hydrate, using the general formula
Coa(C2O4)b.cH2O. Procedure The powdered cobalt oxalate hydrate was weighed to about 0.3 g and
placed in a pre–weighed crucible. The crucible and the cobalt oxalate were then heated until the
cobalt oxalate decomposed into a stable, black solid, or Co3O4. Once the crucible was sufficiently
|trial one |trial two | |Mass of cobalt oxalate hydrate |.3012g |.3027g | |Mass of residue (Co3O4)
|.1777g |.1752g | |Percent Co in Cobalt Oxalate Hydrate |43.33% |42.509% | |Average percent
|42.92% | | | | | |Standardization of KMnO4 Solution | | |Concentration of Standard Na2C2O4
|.1mol/L | |Volume of Na2C2O4 dispensed |15.0mL | |Volume of KMnO4 required |34.3mL |
|Molarity of KMnO4 solution |.0175 mol/L | | | | | |Determination of Oxalate | | | |Mass of cobalt
oxalate |.3091g |.3031g | |Volume of KMnO4 used |38.6mL |37.1mL | |Percent oxalate in cobalt

Finding The Absorbance Value And T % Of Cobalt
OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of the experiment was to find the absorbance value and T% of cobalt (II) nitrate
solutions at various wavelengths. Using Beer's law to determine the concentration of an unknown
cobalt (II) nitrate solution with the %T and A values of the known Cobalt (II) nitrate concentrations.
THEORY:
The purpose of this experiment is to find out if we can identify an unknown Cobalt (II) nitrate
concentration by using Calorimetry. Calorimetry involves the use of light to determine a specific
solute in solution (Sullivan 238).A given molecule absorbs particular frequencies of light and passes
others. If we are able to determine the degree in which various frequencies are absorbed, the
population or concentration of a given molecule in solution can be determined. In this experiment
we are trying to find out the visible spectrum of the known Cobalt (II) nitrate solution by using
absorption versus the wavelengths to determine the analytical wavelength. Once the analytical
wavelength is found we can use that to identify the unknown Cobalt (II) nitrate solution, by using
the Beer's law.
Beer's Law is a direct liner relationship between the absorbance of light are a selected wavelength
and the concentration the absorbing species in the solution. (Sullivan 241). Beer's Law shows a
relationship between several concentrations. To determine if the determine our data consistent with
Beer's law, we will plot a graph of absorbance versus concentration with a linear regression

Glucose Concentration In Coke And Gatorade Lab Report
This experiment was performed to determine the glucose concentration in selected drinks, Coke and
Gatorade. Absorbance readings were measured providing us with values to then calculate the
glucose concentration, these values were then compared with theoretical values. Results that were
obtained from the experiment fell short of the theoretical values which resulted from human error.
Enzymes are biological molecules which act in aim to increase the rate of chemical reactions,
achieved by lowering the activation rate for the enzyme to react with substrates to produce one of
more products. Using a multi–step enzymatic reaction, we will be able to determine the
concentration of glucose in both coke and Gatorade (Laboratory Manuel 2017) which will be done
using a spectrophotometer. This is a method measuring both how much of a chemical substance is
absorbed and the intensity of the light passing through the sample solution. (Vo, K. (2015). This also
measures the concentration of NADPH which is a co–enzyme assisting the reaction which followed
by spectrophotometry rely on different absorbance forms either oxidised or reduced,
NAD+/NADH/NADP+/NADPH. NADPH responds well to a wavelength of 340nm and the glucose
concentration will be determined by a certain reaction sequence linking to the appearance of
NADPH. (Laboratory Manuel 2017)
The experiment aimed to establish the concentration of glucose in two sugar beverages, this is where
it is expected for coke to contain much higher

Determining The Chemical Formula For A Hydrated Compound...
Introduction:
This experiment is based on determining the chemical formula for a hydrated compound containing
copper, chloride, and water molecules in the crystal structure of the solid compound, using law of
definite proportion. The general formula of the compound is CuxClyzH2O, and aim is to determine
chemical formula of this compound.
Law of definite proportion, sometimes called Proust's law, states that a compound always has
exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. This means that contents of a compound does not
depend on its source or its method of preparation.
John Dalton wrote the modern atomic theory, a fundamental component of that is, the mole ratios of
elements in a compound will be small whole numbers. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Used stirring rods to completely remove copper from that wire. And then completed the removal of
copper using 5 drops of 6M HCl, adding it onto copper. There will produced copper in a solution.
Connected Buchner flask to the vacuum line and place filter paper in it to completely washed off the
copper. Then, add 95% ethanol to copper and leave it for 1 min and turned section back for 5 mins.
Measured mass of clean, dry watch glass. Transfer copper to watch glass and dry it under heat lamp
for 20 mins, allowed it to cool to room temperature and then accurately determine its mass.
Results:
Data table:
Included below is the measured mass of materials.
Mass of crucible (g) 9.1003
Mass of crucible and hydrated sample (g)
10.108
Mass of hydrated sample (g)
1.0217
Mass of crucible and dehydrated sample (g)
9.8870
Mass of dehydrated sample (g)
0.7867
Mass of water evolved (g)
0.2350
Mass of empty watch glass (g)
1.8904
Mass of watch glass and copper (g)
2.2850

Mass of copper (g)
0.3946
Figured out all the mass listed in the table from which: Mole of water: .2350g divide by 18.016
g/mol = .013 mol. Mole of copper: .3946g divide by 63.55 g/mol = .00621 mol.
Mole of chlorine : 1.0217g – .221g – .3946 g = .4061 g of chlorine .4061g divide by 35.45 g/mol =
.01146 mol.
Mole Ratios :
Mole of water : Mole of copper = .013/.00621 = 2.09
Mole of Chlorine : Mole of copper = .4061/.00621=1.8
So,

A Summary Of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Kimmy Schmidt a young, naive girl who comes to New York City in escape from her kidnapper.
Kimmy is seeking to make a name for herself in the big city with nothing. After discovering that she
was a doomsday cult survivor, Kimmy tries to live every moment to the fullest. In
Unbreakable:Kimmy Schmidt, Tina Fey, the director, portrays Kimmy as having an outwardly
colorful soul after coming up from the bunker, but in reality Kimmy is just attempting to live the lost
life of the teenager that she never could discovered in the bunker.
An interview with E!, Ellie Kemper had this to say about her character Kimmy: "Bad things will
happen. That's what life is, but the ability to overcome that and surmount it and let those experiences
define you is, I think, what makes [Kimmy] so inspiring."1 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is full of
obscure and selfish characters. Many of these characters have no sense of a moral compass and each
character comes with a unique backstory on life. While Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is written in a
comedic style and is absolutely the goofiest show you will come accross, Tina Fey frequently aims
and shoots at controversial subject targets, in order to have her opinion heard.
Feminism and race/sexuallity play an immense in shaping the story structure for. Feminism is a
major part of Kimmy's discovery of the "new world", and Tina Fey makes sure she uncovers this in
a very monotoned sense. At one point in the show, a random New yorker guy hits on Kimmy by

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Vinylimidazole
1–Vinylimidazole (VIm), 1–idobutane (IB), 2–aminoethanethiol (AET), acetylacetate, N,N'–
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N–hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), posstasium carbonate (K2CO3),
and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA).
4,4′–Bis(4–hydroxylphenyl) valeic acid (HPV), 4,4′–difluorobenzophenone (DBP), chloroform,
sodium hydroxide (NaOH), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), toluene,
hydrochloric acid (HCl), tetrahydrofuran (THF), iso–propanol (IPA), and dimethylformamide
(DMF) were purchased from TCI company (Tokyo, Japan).
1.1 Synthesis of amino terminated PBVIm–I and NHS terminated PAEK (PAEK–NHS)
The amino terminated PBVIm–I was prepared from ido–butylvinylimidazole (BuVIm–I) ... Show
The white solid PAEK was dissolved in THF/0.2 M HCl (25 mL/8 mL) and then precipitated in 600
mL of IPA solvent. The white precipitated solids were filtered and washed with de–ionized (DI)
water three times and then dried at 70 °C under vacuum. The dried PAEK was used to prepare
PAEK–NHS. To produce PAEK–NHS, the following solutions were prepared: (1) 2.32 g of dried
PAEK in 25 mL of DMF solvent; (2) NHS (0.69 g, 0.006 mole) in 3 mL of DMF, and (3) DCC (1.24
g, 0.006 mole) in 3 mL of DMF. After all the solutions were stirred at room temperature for 8 h
separately, the NHS solution (2) was added into the reactor and continuously stirred for 4 h. Then,
the DCC solution (3) was added slowly and stirred for 12 h. The temperature of the reactor was
raised to 40 °C for 1d. The solution from the reactor was filtered using a filter paper to remove white
solids, and then the pure solution was precipitated in 600 mL IPA several times. The PAEK–NHS
product was obtained after drying in a vacuum oven at 40 °C for 1d.
1H–NMR (PAEK–NHS, DMSO–d6): 7.02 (H–1), 7.85 (H–2), 7.04 (H–3), 7.32 (H–4), 1.62 (H–5);
2.45 (H–6), 2.01 (H–7), 2.85 (H–8).
1.2 Synthesis of PAEK–g–[PBVIm–I] and preparation alkaline anion exchange membrane (PAEK–
g–[PBVIm–OH])
PAEK–g–[PBVIm–I] was synthesized from 0.01 mole of PAEK–NHS and the excess amount of
PBVIm–I (0.015 mole) as shown in Fig. 1B. PAEK–NHS and PBVIm–I were dissolved in DMAc
and stirred at room temperature for 1 d

Chem 1212k Lab Report Essay
Deborah Bell
April 17, 2012
Chemistry 1212K Lab Synthesis Report
Introduction In this Chemistry Lab the main objective is to perform accurate chemical analysis for
the quantity of elements and compounds in a sample. There will be a compound made then
synthesized. The methods used were acid–base titrations, redox titrations, gravity filtration, and
distillation. General conclusions included
Procedures
Weight of Crucibles
1. The first experiment is Preparation of a Cobalt Amine Bromide Product ; Synthesis #3 was used
to create the compound. Added 5 grams of cobalt carbonate to 20 mL of hrdrobromic acid in a
beaker. Noticied a slight color change to dark purple. Solution frothed after it settled I mixed in
15mL water and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Procedure for Preparation and Standarization of 0.1M Na2S2O3 KIO3 + 6 HCl + 6 Na2S2O3 → 3
Na2S4O6 + KI +3 H2o + 6 NaCl
All standardizations are performed in triplicate. Weigh out .1000–.1200 gram KIO3. Add 70–80 mL
of deionized water. Swirl and dissolve. Add 3 mL of 6M HCl. Swirl and mix. Quickly titrated the
brow–red solution with 0.1M Na2S2O3 until it is light yellow. Then add 3.5 mL of starch indicator.
Titrate again until the dark color first disappears.
My results yielded a high Average Molarity .270M . The ideal would be around 1.000M . Deviation
was ± 1.20
Trial 1: (.1063 KIO31) (1 mol KIO214 g) x 6 mol S2O41 mol KIO= .00298.04150= .259 M
Trial 2:
.110 KIO311 mol KIO3214 gx 6 mol1 mol= .290 M
Trial 3:
.1047 g KIO311 mol KIO3214 gx 6 mol1 mol= .261 M | Initial vol | Final vol | total | Trial 1 | 7.21 |
18.42 | 11.21 | Trial 2 | 5.57 | 16.18 | 0.61 | Trial 3 | 7.43 | 18.93 | 11.50 |
6. Procedure for Analysis of % Co3 using standardized 0.1M Thiosulfate 2 Co (NH3)4Cl3 + 2 S2O3
→ 2 Co + S4O6 +8 NH3 +6Cl–
Analysis is performed in triplicate. Weigh out

Investigating The Heat Of Reaction Of A Combustion Reaction
Purpose
Utilize Hess's Law to determine the heat of reaction of a combustion reaction.
Procedures
Part A – Reaction of Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid:
Materials were gathered and the mass of a calorimeter was measured, then HCl was poured into the
calorimeter and the mass was measured again. A 7 cm magnesium ribbon strip was cut into two
parts, approximately 4 cm and 3 cm, respectively. The temperature of the HCl was recorded, then
the 3 cm magnesium strip was added to the solution and the temperature was measured again.
Another trial was conducted with the 4 cm strip after the disposal of the first mixture.
Part B – Reaction of Magnesium Oxide with Hydrochloric Acid:
Materials were gathered and the mass of a calorimeter was measured, then HCl was poured into the
calorimeter and the mass was measured again. The temperature of the hydrochloric acid was
recorded, then .20 grams of magnesium oxide was added to the HCl solution and the temperature
was measured for the highest achieved value. Another trial was conducted after the disposal of
materials.
Data Table
Table 1: Raw Data Reaction A (Mg + HCL) Reaction B (MgO + HCL) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of Calorimeter
(g) (±.01 ⁰C) 3.52 3.53 3.52 3.53
Mass of Calorimeter + HCL (g) (±.01 g) 18.81 18.83 18.92 18.60
Mass of Mg (Reaction A) or MgO (Reaction B)
(g) (±.01 g) .045 .0615 .20 .20
Initial Temperature
(⁰C) (±.1 ⁰C) 23.2 23.4 22.7 23.3
Final Temperature
(⁰C) (±.1 ⁰C) 33.2 36.9 27.7 29.2
Table 2:

Mole Concept Lab Report
Introduction to the Mole Concept
The word "mole" is from the Latin moles, which means mass or pile. Chemists often need to count
atoms to know exactly how many there are in a sample of a given element. In chemistry, mass,
weight and volume are some of the most– commonly used methods to measure the amount of a
substance. However, since atoms are so small, it is difficult to calculate the number of atoms in a
given amount using these measurements. "The mole is the chemist's expression of amount. To him it
means a definite number of individual unit particles of whatever species is being considered. This
number is a standard" (Reinhold 4). A mole is defined as Avogadro's number of atoms, ions and
molecules. Avogadro's number is 6.022X10 23. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ideal gas law is expressed by the equation, PV=nRT. P refers to the pressure while V,n,R and T
represent the volume, number of moles, the gas constant and the temperature, respectively. The ideal
gas law describes the relationships between the properties mentioned above. Although this equation
is widely used, it is limited in the sense that gases only behave "ideally" under very few
circumstances. The moles of a substance are used here in addition to the volume. An example
problem reads, if a gas has a pressure of 6.5 atm, a volume of 8 Liters, and there are 2 moles, what is
the

Determinations Of Sucrose Concentration In Solanum...
Independent variable
Sucrose concentration (M) (±0.01 g) This variable would impact the investigation as the higher the
concentration of sucrose that is used in this experiment, the average percent change in mass in
Solanum tuberosum core will decrease. This will occur due to the fact as the solute concentration
begins to increase in the water, the solution will eventually become hypertonic, thus the percent
change in mass of the Solanum tuberosum core will start to decrease as water molecules move from
a region of low solute concentration inside the core to the higher solute concentration outside of the
core.
The amount of sucrose will be manipulated by concentrating it with water. The required amount of
sucrose for this experiment would be calculated using the formula:
Molarity (M) = moles of solute/ Litres of solution
Mass of solute = (moles of solute) (molar mass of solute)
Dependent variable
Average percent change in mass (%) Since the goal of this experiment is to estimate the osmolarity
of the Solanum tuberosum core, it is appropriate to measure the average percent change in mass, as
when the sucrose concentration is increased, the average percent change in mass will decrease.
Eventually, as the sucrose concentration increases, the Solanum tuberosum core will reach a 0%
change in mass, where the osmolarities will be equal.
The average percent change in mass will be determined by first finding the difference in mass of the
Solanum tuberosum core

Skin Moles Research Paper
Moles are, in essence, clusters of skin pigment cells which should be spread throughout the body.
Instead of locating themselves across the skin itself they group together and form what we see as a
mole. These are often harmless and may never cause you problems in the long run. When they begin
to form too often you may feel there is a reason why they are continuously popping up and you
might want to have a professional see to them just in case they are harmful to your health. There are
a variety of causes that could lead to moles appearing on the body and while some of these can be
prevented at other times the causes are more complex and you may need to look at a range of
probabilities that may be contributing to the problem. At different

Gay-Lussac Lab Report

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