Seed production business details

1. Assignment
On
Title : Seed production as an entrepreneur/Business.
Name of Students : Reg. number
1.) Zala Jaydipsinh D : 04-3311-2017
2.) Hirani kishan :
3.) Pragnesh charel :
4.) Nishgar krishna :
5.) Sidharth desai :
6.) Mukesh chodhary :
Semester
3rd
, IABMI,
AAU, Anand
Degree course : MBA-ABM
Submitted To : Dr. Kalyanrao Patil
Dept. Of Seed Science and Technology,
AAU, Anand

2. Introduction :
‘Seed’ has been defined in many ways. Botanically, seed is defined as "a mature fertile ovule". Seed is
also defined as "an embryo, a living organism, embedded in the supporting or food storage tissue
surrounded by seed coat". Seed is also defined as "any plant part (cuttings, corms, bulbs, rhizomes ete.)
used for growing commercial crops". A seed programme should aim at rapid multiplication of seed of
improved varieties and make available the desired quantities to farmers in the quickest possible time. The
improved seeds of new varieties must be made available well in time, so that planting schedule of farmers
is not disturbed. The seed programme must also ensure the availability of high-quality seeds of improved
varieties at a reasonable price. India has made significant advance in agriculture in last four decades, in
which role of seed sector has been substantial. The expansion of seed industries has occurred in parallel
with growth in agricultural productivity. The Indian seed industry is currently valued at ~ 5,600 crores
(US$ 1,120 million) approximately 250 lakh q of seed in volume. There are about 150-200 organized
seed companies existing in India today. Several companies have recognized research and development
units and have developed a large number of varieties and hybrids in several crops. India's seed industry
has grown in size and level of performance over the past four decades. Both public and private sector are
involved in the production of seed. The present seed replacement rate (SRR) is around 15- 20% for
various crops. This SRR level has to be increased to 25 % (proposed 35%) in self-pollinated crops, 33%
(proposed 50%) in crosspollinated crops and 100% for hybrid crops in order to increase sustainable
agricultural production and productivity for achieving the food and nutritional security. The seed industry
has made impressive strides from a modest beginning in seed production and the quality seed distributed
increased from 1.83 lakh q in 1953-54 to 190 lakh/q in 2008-09. The national seed plan had projected
seed requirement of 2.54 million q for 2009-10 against which production of 2.8 million q has already
been achieved. However, it is evident that there is a mismatch and seeds of new high-yielding varieties
and hybrids are still not sufficient to accelerate area coverage under them. Therefore, seed replacement
has to be linked with new variety replacement too. The projected seed requirement by 2020 AD is
estimated at 320 lakh q by considering the proposed enhancement of seed replacement rates. Making
quality seeds available is the biggest challenge before the seed sector. The seed' of highest quality is
expected to possess the properties like highest physical and genetic purity, free of noxious weeds, high
germination, high vigour to perform well under favourable conditions in the field, free of any pathogens
like fungus, bacteria, virus, nematodes or insects and mites, seeds conforming to cultivar claimed and
possessing appropriate level of moisture content to avoid any decay of the seed. Agriculture has many
enterprises which have commercial applications - sericulture, apiary, livestock, fish culture, vermin
compost, mushroom cultivation, horticulture, and seed production. Seed production is an emerging

3. enterprise which gives high returns per rupee investment. Seed production enterprise involves the major
activities like seed production, seed testing, seed processing, seed storage and seed marketing. Seed
production is distinct from the crop production in terms of cultural operations, utilization, technological
requirements and economics. Seed production involves the scientific production of seed right from
selection of source of seed to harvesting. Although tangible efforts have been made by both public and
private seed organizations in supplying quality seeds, only 25-30% of the total demand is met out. But
remaining 65-70 per cent of seed used by farmers is farm saved seed which is of poor quality. The
Government of India has fixed targets of SRR for different crops to be achieved by the end of II th Five-
year Plan. To provide high-quality seed in adequate quantities to farmers and also to achieve the SRR
targets, there is a need for entrepreneurship in seed sector.
REQUIREMENT FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SEED SECTOR
Planning The foremost requirement for entrepreneurship in seed sector is planning. Planning includes the
demand forecast, selection of crops, varieties/hybrid, climate and location, selection of site for seed
production and seed processing.
Seed demand forecast: The assessment of effective seed requirement is critical to any planned seed
programmes. The underlying principle in making demand forecasts is that July 2011 .. the seed supply
keeps pace with seed demand both in present and future in terms of quantity and quality, price, place and
time.
Seeddemand forecast, the following factors must be considered carefully:
 Total cultivated acreage, seed rate, quality of seed, replacement period and assessment of
total potential seedrequirement of each of the important crops.
 Cultivator's preferences for variety, packaging size and price.
 Current acreage under high yielding varieties and amount of seedsold last year.
Selection of crop: The crop selected for seed production in any area must be based on the seed
demand, availability of labour, price of seed, favourable agro climatic conditions for high quality seed
production and seed marketing ete.
Selection of variety/hybrid : The information regarding promising varieties should be compiled and the
farmer's preference for a particular variety must be noted. The entrepreneur must take a decision on the

4. seed production of either variety or hybrid. The selected variety must be adapted to the area of seed
production. Seed production of hybrids is more profitable and is popular in crops like rice, maize
(composites), vegetables, flowers, sunflower ete. Production technological knowledge The entrepreneur
must possess the technical knowledge in seed production about climate and location of seed production,
isolation distance, planting ratio, field inspection, synchronization of flowering in parental lines, maturity
and harvesting.
Climate and location of seed production : The areas selected for seed production must have favourable
temperature, relative humidity, photoperiod, rainfall, wind velocity that greatly affect the flowering, seed
set, seed development and maturation. Besides climatic factors, availability of skilled labour, irrigation
facility, mode of transport and security should also be considered. Various locations in And hra Pradesh
(Hyderabad, Karimnagar, and Nandyal), Karnataka (Bangalore, Ranibennur, and Dharwad) and
Maharashtra (Jalna and Aurangabad) have been commercially exploited for seed production.
Isolation distance : Isolation distance is required to prevent the crosspollination from other varieties of
same species, mechanical mixtures of seeds of other varieties, disease infested seed to safeguard genetic
purity of seed. The isolation distance is usually low in self-pollinated crops (3, 5 or 10 m) and high in
cross pollinated crops (more than 100 m). It is more in hybrid seed production than in varietals seed
production. In case of breeder, foundation seed production, the isolation distance maintained is higher,
whereas in certified seed production, it is lesser.
Planting ratio : In hybrid seed production the female and male parents are planted in a fixed ratio so as
to achieve the satisfactory pollination and seed set. For instance in rice hybrid seed production the
planting ratio is 2:8, whereas in pearl millet hybrid seed production, it is 2:6.
Field inspection : Field inspections are aimed at identifying and removing the factors which cause
deterioration in genetic purity of seed. The factor includes off-type plants, plants affected by designated
disease, objectionable weeds, pollen shedders, shedding tassel ete. that cause contamination at various
stages of crop growth (Vegetative, flowering, maturity stages). The number of field inspections carried
out in self pollinated crops is two, in cross pollinated crops is three and four in hybrid seed production.
Generally field inspections are carried out by officials of State Seed Certification Agency (SSCA).
Synchronization off lowering in parental lines: Synchronization of flowering in parental lines or
nicking is very essential for high seed set in hybrid seed production. In general, the synchronization is
achieved by the staggered planting, chemical sprays, viz. urea, DAP on late parent, with holding of
irrigations in early parent (Rice hybrid seed production), adapting the jerking and spraying of sugar
solution in delayed parent (Pearl millet hybrid seed production).

5. Maturity and harvesting : The seed crop should be harvested at suitable harvest maturity stage where
the moisture content of seed is low with high dry weight. In hybrid seed production plots, the B-line/R-
line must be harvested first followed by A-line to prevent mechanical admixtures.
Infrastructure : Infrastructure plays a central role in the very success of entrepreneurship. Infrastructure
in seed sector include skilled manpower, seed-processing plant, seed testing, seed-storage facilities, seed
packaging ete.
Manpower : Skilled labour is required to carry out the special operations in seed production (sowing,
pollination, roguing ete.), seed processing, seed testing, seed storage, and seed marketing. Seed
processing: Seed processing involves entire gamut of operations from seed harvesting to seed marketing.
Seed processing helps in improving the seed quality by removing the trash, weed seeds, small and broken
seeds ete. The seed processing involves the operations seed drying, pre cleaning and conditioning,
cleaning, upgrading, seed treatment and bagging. To carryout operations, various equipment are used at
various stages of processing. Any seed entrepreneur must keep in mind that seed processing plant must
possess at least an Air Screen Cleaner machine which is the most basic equipment.
Seed testing : Seed testing is essential to evaluate the planting value of seed. Seed testing is carried out in
the seed-testing laboratories under controlled conditions by the seed analysts. Seed testing involves
testing for physical purity, germination, vigour, viability, moisture content, genuineness of varieties, seed
health ete. It is also very essential for certification process to conform whether any seed lot would meet
the minimum seed certification standards. Seed testing also helps the seed law enforcement agency (seed
inspector) to seize any seed lot in the market which has below the minimum seed certification standards.
Seed packaging: Packaging material plays an important role in prolonging /safeguarding the longevity of
seed. The type of packaging material used depends on type of seed, length of storage, cost of package,
value of seed, storage conditions. Seed of cereals, pulses and oilseeds are packed in jute bags and cloth
bags. Vegetable seeds, flower seeds are packed in paper bag, tin, can ete.
Seed storage : Seed storage is an important component in seed supply chain system. The seed
entrepreneur must possess the knowledge about the climatic conditions of the storage area. Cool and dry
areas are highly favourable and should be selected for storage. Apart from this, he should also know about
demand and supply of seed of that particular species, variety/hybrid, the factors affecting the seed
longevity, storage pests, length of storage period (Short/ Medium), packaging materials, etc to make seed
storage economical.
Marketing : Seed marketing is the most vital component of seed entrepreneurship. The key to success in
marketing is the establishment of effective channel of distribution. Presently in India, the seed is
distributed in the following ways - Farmer to farmer distribution, cooperatives, Department of
Agriculture, Non-government Agencies, Private Agencies and Local Traders. Broadly, there are two ways

6. of seed marketing, one is direct marketing in which the seed is directly marketed through ICAR Institutes,
SAUs, SSC, NSC, SFCI and the other way is marketing through Dealers Network. In dealers' network,
there is a central marketing cell and regional offices in the end use areas. The regional offices are
responsible for seed supply and promotion materials to dealers/ distributions. The retail sale could be
organized by appointing dealers, viz. private dealers, cooperatives, agro sales service centers, ete. The
sales promotion activities (Newspaper, Radio, Melas, Field demonstration, ete.), sound pricing policy,
demand forecasts also form a part in marketing of seeds.
Capital : Capital is the most important factor to be considered by the entrepreneur. Capital is required for
seed production, to establish seed processing plant, seed-testing laboratory, seed-storage structures, hiring
trained manpower and transportation. The amount of capital required depends on the size of business. If
the enterprise involves seed production of high volume and low value crops high investment is required
and for low volume high value crops low investment is required. The Government of India is also
providing financial support to encourage seed entrepreneurship. The flagship programmes like National
Horticulture Mission (NHM), National Food Security Mission (NFSM) have a provision for support to
seed entrepreneurship. NABARD, Ministry of Small Scale Industries and scheduled commercial banks
are coming forward to provide loans at very low interest rates for seed entrepreneurship.
Source of seed and indenting : The seed entrepreneur must have the knowledge about different classes
of seed and their source of production. Breeder Seed is produced by ICAR Institutes and State
Agricultural Universities (SAUs). Foundation Seed is produced by NSC, SFCI, SSC, SAUs and certified
seed is produced by NSC and SSe. The seed entrepreneur can take up the production of either certified or
truthfully labeled seed. The indent for requirement of my class seed is to be forwarded to the Director of
Stite Department in public sector and for private companies, it must be sent to National Seed Association
of India (NSAI) one year in advance. Quality control mechanism During seed production, strict attention
is given to the maintenance of genetic identity and purities of varieties. In general, succeeding generations
of a crop produce seeds of lower standard. Therefore, generation system of seed production has been
developed. A three generation system of seed production is followed in India. It includes breeder seed,
foundation seed and certified seed. In self-pollinated crops, where seed multiplication rate is very low,
four or five generation system is followed and in cross pollinated crops, a three-generation system is
followed.
Seed certification system : In addition to seed generation system, seed certification is also practiced to
control the quality of seed during production and multiplication. The purpose of seed certification is to
maintain and make available to public a high quality seed and propagating materials of notified kind and
varieties so grown and distributed so as to ensure genetic identity and genetic purity. Seed certification
involves the field inspections and seed testing to ensure the seed lot meets the required minimum seed

7. certification standards. Seed certification is the function of State Seed Certification Agencies (SSCA).
There are twenty one State Seed Certification Agencies (SSCA) all over India.
Seed enhancement : Seed enhancement is the novel technique of enhancing the longevity of seed.
Considerable research is going on seed enhancement in many crops particularly maize, soybean, bitter-
gourd, onion, capsicum, rice, sunflower ete. Seed enhancement treatments augment the seed germination,
speed of germination, uniform germination, seedling emergence and also improve the planting value of
seeds. Seed enhancement includes the techniques like seed priming, seed coating and seed pelleting and
seed treatment.
Seed export and import : The export/import of seeds and planting material is governed by EXIM policy
2002-07. Restriction on export of all cultivated varieties seeds have been eliminated from 2002 except in
the breeder/foundation seed of wild varieties, onion, berseem, rubber, saffron and niger. The EXIM
Policy reiterates that all import of seeds and planting material would be regulated under the Plant
Quarantine Order 2003. Hence, it is essential for the entrepreneur to have knowledge in the EXIM
Policies and OECD Seed Certification Scheme which aim to control the quality of seed moving in
international trade.
Training : The production of quality seed depends on the skill of the seed grower. The seed grower
should have a thorough knowledge about production and post-harvest technology of seed. In order to
impart this knowledge to farmers, many institutes organize training programmes at different stage of crop
growth. The first training is given to farmer at the time of sowing of seed crop. During this training seed
production technique, isolation distance, sowing practice and other agronomic practice to be followed for
the given crop is taught to the farmers. The second training should be organized during flowering stage of
seed crop. During this training farmer should be trained to identify the off types, rogue and its removal
from the seed plot and quality seed production and other agronomic practices, plant protection measures
and harvesting methods to be followed by farmers. The third training should be organized after the
harvest or at the time of seed processing to impart the knowledge on seed cleaning, seed grading, seed
treating, storage, seed processing aspects and how to draw the representative seed sample and where to
send for seed testing. Seed training institutes National Seed Research and Training Centre, Varanasi
National Seed Corporation and State Seed Corporation State Seed Certification Agencies State
Agriculture Universities National Agriculture Research Institutes Krishi Vigyan Kendra Non-
governmental Organizations Private Seed Companies
Seed legislation : The basic purpose of seed legislation and its subsequent enforcement is to regulate the
quality of seed sold to farmers. So long as agriculture remains traditional and static, there is little
jurisdiction for regulating seed quality. However with technological advancement and systematic

8. application of science to agriculture (bt technology), it becomes imperative to regulate the quality of
seeds through Seed Bill 2004. But still it has some drawbacks hence it amended in 2009 and 2010.
Seed Bill 2010 : The Seed Bill 2004 with latest amendments was introduced in the Indian Parliament on
23 April 2010. The following is an attempt to bring important issues together. This Bill should take the
opportunity to provide a mechanism for providing compensation to farmers in case of seed failure.
• Compensation should be linked to a Seed Insurance System the premium for which is paid by the seed
trader. Compensation should also be calculated based on a formula that should be specified in the
Legislation itself,
1.) This should be the monetised value of the expected performance as well as coverage of costs of
cultivation incurred and not just the seed cost.
2.) Expected performance should be taken as the promised performance specified on the leafletin the
given conditions.
3.) Cost of cultivation, in case of failure of farmer to maintain all records of input and operational
expenses, should at least be the scale of fmance applied by bankers.
4.) Panchayats should have a role in certifying failures or losses since agricultural officials are not
always available on time to verify the field level situation. Maximum time period for payment of
compensation failing which more punitive clauses would apply should be specified in the
legislation itself. A district-level compensation Committee should be mentioned in the Seed Bill
2010, with declaration of its composition and powers. Seed Inspectors should be linked with this
compensation process.
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act 2001 : There is a provision for an authority
for protection of plant varieties and farmer's rights at national level and also a provision for a registry
The authority shall be an independent and permanent body vested with exclusive authority for
implementation of the act. A farmer who bred or developed a new variety is entitled for registration
and other protection in like manner as a breeder of a variety. A farmer can save, use, sow, exchange,
share or sell his produce including seed of variety protected under PPV&FR Act 2001, in the same
manner as he was entitled before the coming into force of this Act provided the farmer shall not be
entitled to sell branded seed of a variety protected under the PPV&FR Act 200l. Farmers shall not be
liable to pay any fee in any proceeding before the authority or registrar or tribunal or the high court
under this act.
Economics of seed production : The economics of seed production has been calculated on the basis
of estimates at research farm and compared with commercial production which is shown in the Table
1 and found that seed production has been more profitable in open pollinated varieties of cereals.

9. Starting SeedProduction Business –
For people wishing to use their money and time in some useful work, organic seed business gives an
opportunity. First let me tell you clearly what seed farming is. Seed business is a profit obtaining work
through the exchange of seeds for money. Making it clear, seeds are sold in bulk or smaller units for cash.
Opportunity
There are few reasons which strengthens the value of investing in seed business. Those are:-
 Growing trend towards organic food
 People’s interest in having kitchen garden
 Agricultural industries outsourcing for seeds alone in-order to cut down costs incurred in
producing seeds
 Change in lifestyle which has increase the number of online sales
 Less availability of seed selling shops
 Greater awareness towards greenery in the society
 Fast-developing technology enabling easy production
 Firms supporting agriculture, thereby funding for these businesses
Get certificationfrom agricultural department of the country
Since this business deals with the production of seeds which is related to food and health indirectly,
certification is a must. The department of agricultural activities of the country will check for the quality of the
seeds and then certify them. Inspection will be done after production by an inspection officer. If you fail to
meet the quality, your industry might be under trouble. So, make sure you produce healthy pure seeds. The
certification provided has a benefit of increasing the sales because some people check all these and then only
buy.
Seedbusiness as an additional income
Seed business though gives huge profits can be taken as a side business due to its simple business structure.
Seed business can be done both in small scale and large scale. This again depends on the available resources.
Higher-level business will require expensive stages of production, whereas people who do it just to earn small
income will produce the seeds by natural methods by themselves without the use of machines or any other
technical processes.

10. Seedproduction at Small place/Residence
 Seeds can be produced at home by the technique of dryness. Seeds are always advised to be kept
in a dry place to prevent from spoilage. Basically, any seed taken from a fruit or a vegetable
should be allowed to dry before it is ready for selling purpose. Seeds taken from these vegetables
and fruits are dried by placing them on a sheet of newspaper.
 Here, remember not to use plastic stuffs since the material may cause harm to the extracted seeds.
And also, too much dryness will lead to adverse effect in the plant growth. Make sure that the seed
does not reach either the extremes of coldness and heat. By this stage, the process of production
comes to an end. Packing them is not at all a complex process since it is a small- scale business.
Any paper bag with proper closure will be suitable to store these seeds.
Seedproduction partnered with agriculture
Apart from traditional process and modern process of production, you can also adopt production through
agriculture. This is applicable only if the person owns a farm or someway related to farming business.
During the end process of every cycle of farming, the crops harvested are entirely sold. But, this farm can
be utilised for seed production also. Simultaneously, a part of farm can be engaged in seed production.
Processofseedproduction in farms
Soaking the seeds- To start the production, you will need pure seeds in-order to replicate the same. These
seeds are soaked in salt water so as to remove dirt and other impurities in it. This step also weeds out the
undeveloped seeds. Another main important purpose of this step is to remove the seeds which are
damaged by pests. It is very important to remove these seeds since they are capable of making other seeds
inactive due to their spoiled state.
Land preparation- The seeds which are for further production are to be employed in a healthy land.
Thus, the land in which this takes place is made ready through traditional method involving harrowing
and ploughing on a planned time chart.
Seedbed- Now at this stage, the seed bed is prepared for the seeds to grow. This seedbed should be
smooth and fertile to support fast growth. The size of the seed bed should be decided based on the soil
and climate. During the end of this stage the seeds are retrieved from the grown plants from the down-
end.

11. Sun-drying- The extracted seeds are now allowed to dry for a particular period in the sun. This is to
stimulate germination.
Seed-grading- The seeds are then grade according to the quality. Inspection will be done at this stage to
group the seeds properly.
Seed storage- A suitable package method is chosen after applying necessary fertilizers and other
preventive solutions. The final check is viability.
By this, seeds are produced through farms without the use of major technology
Production of seeds at industrial level
 This type of production targets on producing seed using machines and technology. If you wish to
choose this, a clear study on the various production methods will be required. Different varieties of
crops will open the need for specialised machines for production.
 There is no one standard production method which will work for all varieties of crops. But to give you
a rough idea there are few things to be taken as checklists. Most importantly, the viable state of the
seeds. This is very important since the seeds are expected to germinate after they are sold.
 Extreme care and application of anti-pest methods will automatically give a perfect quality seed.
Secondly storage methods should be taken care of. Next is packing it accordingly for various users.
The last step is to despatch it before it loses its capacity to grow. But before all this, check for latest
technical innovations and machines in the agriculture industry to make production more efficient.
 While installing machines in the industry, also make sure that those high-tech machines do not disturb
the quality of the seeds produced. Keeping the seeds safe and clean shouldn’t involve too much of
chemical processes. The more they are natural, the more is the benefit. Thinking of producing tons of
seeds at a time might result in poor quality artificial seeds. Though the seeds are produced in
industries, basic purpose or objective is similar to the seeds produced in the field.

12. What kind of seeds are produced in industries?
To discuss on the kinds produced in industries, you have to know about hybrid concept. 70% of the seeds
produced in industries are of hybrid varieties. They are formed after a series of research done. These
seeds basically arise out of combination of two or more crops with the help of bio-technological methods.
One drawback is, production of hybrid varieties will involve huge costs since research phase will be
expensive.
Packaging part of the produced seeds
 Here comes another important part. There is no use of producing quality seeds if they do not germinate
after they are sold. So, it is very important to choose a right material and a right packaging technique
to retain the growing capacity of the seeds. Spending higher costs here is not at all a problem since this
is the place which decides profits and loss your company.
 If the seeds are poorly packed and they get spoiled even before they reach the customers, it is a huge
loss. Or say, the seeds reached the customers but haven’t germinated due to harmful effects of the
material in which they were packed.
 Your company’s reputation will be negative and automatically the next move of the customers will be
to choose your competitive seller in the industry. Best material to use for packing is paper. Modulate
the paper into any desired way to store your seeds but try not to seal it completely making the seeds
inactive.
Marketing through the cover of the product
The seeds are now into desired covers or packs and ready for business. Selling happens only if the
product is properly communicated to the public. Try to explain the product as much as you can through
the cover itself. Have a very attractive cover with the picture of the crop and few specifications about it.
Give the customer directions to use it before they plant and also the necessary conditions to store them.
For public users, packing is made in single system but for bulk orders from agricultural firms simple
packaging can be employed.
Where to sell?
 Selling seeds to agricultural firms is a direct business. This does not need attractive packing and
directions, since they are well educated as to how to use those seeds. In such cases, as already
mentioned packing can be done by adopting family packaging system having multiple units in one
pack.

13.  Partnership with agricultural sectors and official bodies might ensure regular flow of business due to
supply orders.
 Coming to the public users, the product should be advertised as much as possible.
 Public users are those who have gardening as their hobby and or anybody who buy in smaller units for
personal use.
 Online selling is one best idea to sell seeds. This is because, most of the people try to ease their work
by just ordering things online. This product is something which is not available everywhere and so
people will obviously try to find it online.
 And for these users, varieties are must. They do not grow for any business purpose which stresses on
one single type.
Crops that can be sold for public users
These users here cannot buy seeds which can be sown only in farms. Rice, maize, corn etc, cannot be
grown at home. Thus, small herbs and other feasible crops can be targeted. For example, broccoli,
chillies, cauliflower, coriander, lettuce, spinach are some of the varieties which can be sown in terrace
pots. Make sure that the seeds are packed in required quantities to germinate and also to ensure less
wastage.
Financialside of the business
Investment
The investment that has to be made in this business is undoubtedly your choice. Depending on your
financial status, you can formulate your own plan for investment. Funds can be collected from the
government of respective countries showing proper report of the start-up.
Costs involved in seeds production
Production in farm- The costs involved here are quite less compared to the costs in industries.
Traditional methods lessen the need for more chemicals and machines. Labour costs are also less since
they are carried out mostly in rural areas.

14. Production in industry- Industries require high cost of setup and planned investment. Latest new
technology can minimise number of workers and partially decrease labour costs. Administrative costs are
an extra part here since it is mandatory for any industry to have a proper administrative background.
Pricing
 Pricing has to be decided after considering costs involved in production, packaging, marketing, selling
and despatching. Initially, have a low margin profit to advertise your product for its high quality and
low price. Later, when the market accepts your product try including new varieties thereby indicating
change in price.
 Check for competitive seller’s price before deciding on fixing the value.
 Launch new ideas where two three varieties of seeds are sold together as combos. This might
positively increase the sales.
Tips to increase sales
 Sell unique varieties of seeds that are not available everywhere
 Sell seeds which will actually suit the environment. Do not miscommunicate things just to increase
sales.
 Add free samples to the purchased pack. The quantities can be in a very less quantity also
 By adding few sums of money provide the customers with appropriate soil to sow the seeds.
Alternate method to the usual method of selling seeds
 Today’s world has got the importance more towards natural stuffs than artificial ones. The use of
chemical fertilizers to prevent from spoilage can be avoided by adopting a new technique.
 Produce seed balls to attract more customers.
 Seed balls are formed by placing seeds inside mud and forming them as a ball. These seed balls
are allowed to stay in a cold place for the first three days. Later, the seed balls are allowed to dry
for next three days.
 Now they are ready to be packed and sold.

15. Conclusion
Seed business is thus a very unique start-up which will eliminate the situation of losing value in the
market. 90% of the entrepreneurs who invested in seed business have achieved success and have proved
seed business has really got people’s attention.
References :
B S Tomar, Kalyanrao and K Vinod Kumar, (2011) Seed production : An entrepreneurial venture.
Indian Fanning 61(4): 4-9,