This document provides an introduction to hybrid seed production technology for solanaceous vegetable crops such as tomato, brinjal, chilli, and capsicum. It discusses the history and importance of hybrids, describing their benefits over open-pollinated varieties. The key hybrid seed production techniques used for each crop are manual emasculation and pollination or use of genetic male sterility systems. The document also outlines challenges in hybrid seed production and provides practical tips.

1. INTRODUCTION
Hybrid Seed Production Technology
in
Solanaceous Vegetable Crops

2. INTRODUCTION
India is 2nd largest producer of vegetables in the world, next to
China.
India produces 159.52 millions tones of vegetables from an area
of 9.01 million hectares and shares around 14% of vegetable
production in the world (NHB, 2021).
In India, more than 50 indigenous and exotic vegetables are
grown and India ranks first in peas and cauliflower production
and is the second largest producer of onion, brinjal and cabbage.
In India, per capita consumption of vegetables is very low
against WHO standards (180 g/day/capita against 300 g/day/
capita recommended by FAO).
INTRODUCTION

3. INTRODUCTION
Why we go for Hybrids ?
• Increased yield
• Early maturity
• Heat & cold tolerant
• Disease resistant
• Better uniformity
• Better fruit quality
• Better transportability
• Better keeping quality

4. Fresh hybrid seed has to be produced every
year due to segregation in F2.
High cost of hybrid seed.
More input requirements for hybrid
cultivation to exploit their full potential.
Need for more technical skills for hybrid
seed production.
Constraints in Hybrid Seed Production

5. INTRODUCTION
History of Hybrid Vegetable Crops in India
In India, hybrid vigor was reported for the first time in chilli
at IARI, New Delhi in 1933.
In 1971, first hybrid ‘Pusa Meghdoot’ of bottle gourd was
developed at IARI, Regional Research Station, Katrain.
In 1973, F1 hybrids of Summer Squash ‘Pusa Alankar’ and
cucumber ‘Pusa Sanyog’ were developed at IARI.
In 1973, IAHSC released first tomato (Karnataka) and
Capsicum (Bharat) hybrids for commercial cultivation.
Since 1975, intensive research work has been started by both
public and private sectors for exploitation of hybrid vigor in
various vegetable crops.

6. INTRODUCTION
The first generation (F1) developed
from crosses between two purelines,
inbreds, open pollinated varieties or
other populations that are genetically
dissimilar.
Hybrid

7. INTRODUCTION
Types of Hybrid
a) Single cross hybrid (A x B)
b) Three way cross hybrid (A x B) x C
c) Double cross hybrid (Ax B) x (C x D)
d) Top cross hybrid (Inbred x OP Variety)

8. Hybrid Seed Production in
Solanaceous Vegetable Crops

9. Crop of Solanaceae family
• Tomato
• Brinjal
• Chilli
• Capsicum

10. Characteristics of the Solanaceae Crops
 Flower : Small to large & perfect.
 Fruit : Berry type with many seeds and
colorful also.
 Pollination : Self- or insect-pollinated.

11. Reasons for commercial exploitation of
Solanaceous hybrids
 Sufficiently large flowers facilitates easy emasculation &
pollination.
 Availability of pollen in abundance.
 Large number of seeds obtained per pollination/cross.
 Manifestation of heterosis for yield & its components.
 The highly profitable prices obtained from the produce.
 Good response of F1’s to better cultural practices, inputs
& environment.

12. INTRODUCTION
The commonly utilized mechanism for developing
commercial hybrids in vegetable crops
Mechanism Commercially exploited crops
Hand emasculation + MP Tomato, Brinjal
Male sterility + MP Tomato, Chilli, Capsicum
Male sterility + NP Chilli
MP- Manual pollination,
NP- Natural pollination
Kumar and Singh,
(2004). Jouurnal of
New Seeds.

13. Steps for Hybrid Development
 Development of inbred lines
 Testing the combining ability
a) General combining ability
b) Specific combining ability
o Production of F1 hybrid seed
Top cross

14. Hybrid seed
production in Tomato

15. Hybrid seed production techniques in Tomato
1. Emasculation & pollination
2. Use of male sterility

16. 1. Manual Emasculation & Pollination
 Anthesis 7-8 a.m.
 Dehiscence 9-11 a.m.
 Pollen fertility On the day of
anthesis
 Stigma receptivity 16 hr before anthesis to
the day of anthesis
Floral biology of Tomato

17. Hybrid Seed Production Techniques in Tomato
Emasculation can be performed at the start of flowering, about 55-65 DAS.
Selection of bud Split open anther cone
Cutting of petals Removal of anther cone

18. Pollen collection
Pollination

19. Advantages
 Emasculation & pollination are easy to perform.
 More seeds per pollination /cross are produced.
 Price of hybrid seed is economical in relation to
the cost of manual hybrid seed production.
 Seed rate is low due to higher germination and
increased vigor of hybrid seed.

20. Study done at IARI using male sterile & male fertile
lines in Tomato
 Time saved by male sterile line was 63%.
 Average fruit set by using male sterile line was
79.35%.
 Average fruit set using male fertile line was 65.40%.
 Hybrid seed cost by using male sterile line per kg was
Rs. 466/-
 Hybrid seed cost by using male fertile line per kg was
Rs. 3691/- R.N. Tewari, 1997

21. Name of Hybrid Institute/Company
Rupali Indo-American Hybrid Seeds Co.
Amogh Namdhari Seeds Pvt.Ltd.
Bangalore
Pusa Hybrid-1 IARI, New Delhi
Pusa Hybrid-2 IARI, New Delhi
Pusa Hybrid-4, Pusa Hybrid-8, IARI, New Delhi
Arka Shreshta, Arka Rakshak IIHR, Bangalore
ArkaVardan, Arka Samrat IIHR, Bangalore
Arka Vishal, Arka Ananya IIHR, Bangalore
Solan Sindhur, Solan Garima,
Solan Sagun
UHF, Nauni, Solan
Hybrids released in tomato by private & public sectors

22. Hybrid seed
production in Brinjal

23. Floral biology of Brinjal
Anthesis 6 a.m. to 11 a.m.
Dehiscence 4.15 a.m. to 11 a.m.
Pollen fertility On the day of anthesis to 2 day
after anthesis
Stigma receptivity 2-3 hr before anthesis to 2 days
after anthesis
Heterostyly
Long styled with big size ovary
Medium styled with medium size ovary
Pseudo short styled with rudimentary ovary
True short styled with rudimentary ovary

24. Emasculation:
•Flower buds about one to two days before opening should be chosen for
emasculation.
Pollen collection and pollination:
• Pollens can be collected by putting the anthers in vial.
• Pollen grains are taken in petridish and then transferred to stigma of
female flower with help of brush, needle or match stick.
• Before pollination, stigmatic surface should be checked for presence of
foreign pollen.
1. Manual Emasculation & Pollination

25. Selfing and crossing success in UGA-1MS in brinjal
Hazra et al. (2008) at BCKV, Mohanpur, (WB)
Crosses/selfing
scheme
Percentage
success
Seeds/fruit
100 seed
weight (g)
UGA 1-MS x BCB-1 75.0 562.7 0.419
UGA 1-MS x BCB-14 83.3 494.6 0.382
UGA 1-MS x BCB-15 78.6 514.3 0.367
UGA 1-MS x BCB-20 80.0 228.6 0.348
UGA 1-MS x BCB-45 80.0 288.4 0.409
UGA 1-MS x BCB-75 85.7 216.8 0.342
Mean crossing 80.5 384.2 0.378
UGA 1-MS self 76.5 167.8 0.492

26. F1 Hybrids in Brinjal
Public Sector
GAU (Anand) : ABH-1, ABH-2
IARI (New Delhi) : Pusa Hybrid-5, Pusa Hybrid-6,
Pusa Hybrid-9
IIHR (Banglore) : Arka Navneet, Arka Aanand
NDUAT (Faizabad) : NDBH-1, NDBH-6
GBPUA & T : Pant Hybrid 1

27. F1 Hybrids in Brinjal
Private Sector
Ankur : ARBH-201, AHB-2, AHB-4
Indo-American : Suphal
MAHYCO : MHB-1, MHB-2, MHB-10, MHB-
11, MHB-56
Sumex ` : Sumex 9, Sumex 19
Sungrow : Kanhaya, Navkiran
Century : Nisha, Vardaan, Shiva

28. Hybrid seed
production in Chilli

29. Floral biology of Chilli
Anthesis 5 a.m. to 6 a.m.
Dehiscence 8 a.m. to 11 a.m.
Pollen fertility On the day of anthesis
Stigma receptivity On the day anthesis

30. • Hand emasculation and pollination
• Using genetic male sterility system
• Using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility
system
Hybrid seed production techniques in chilli

31. Use of male sterility for hybrid seed production of CH-1
and CH-3 using MS12 male sterile line
 Keep isolation distance of 400 m.
 Planting ratio is 2:1 (female: male).
 Keep 2-3 bee hives per acre to ensure pollination.
 MS-12 line segregates in male fertile and male sterile
plants in 1:1 ratio.
 Remove male fertile plants from seed production plot
before pollen shedding.
Dhall and Cheema, (2010) at PAU, Ludhiana

32. Characteristics of male fertile and male sterile plants in
female parent MS-12
Character Male fertile plants Male sterile plants
Pollen (white powdery
substance)
Present Absent
Anther color Light gray Purple or yellow
Anther size Normal Reduced to less than half
Anther bursting Burst to shed pollen No bursting
Dhall and Cheema, (2010) at PAU, Ludhiana

33. Mean performance of the four hybrids developed using CGMS
lines for different characters along with a check in chilli
Cross/check Days to
50%
flowering
Fresh
fruit
yield/pt
(g)
Dry fruit
yield/pt
(g)
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit
width
(cm)
Plant
height
(cm)
Plant
spread
(cm)
MS1 x
PMR76
30.0 195.0 57.3 7.0 0.8 57.5 37.5
MS2 x
PMR76
32.5 242.0 54.3 9.5 1.0 70.0 42.5
MS3 x
PMR76
36.2 253.5 62.9 9.4 0.9 85.6 68.7
MS4 x
PMR76
38.5 185.5 50.0 8.8 1.0 71.2 43.7
CH1 (check)
36.5 152.0 49.3 6.1 1.1 81.2 45.0
Grand Mean
34.7 205.6 55.7 8.2 1.0 73.1 47.5
CD (P=0.05)
7.9 81.9 12.4 2.5 0.1 9.8 24.9
CD (P=0.01)
13.1 135.5 20.6 4.1 0.2 16.2 41.22
CV% 8.2 14.3 8.0 11.0 5.2 4.8 18.9
Reddy et al. (2002) IIHR, Bangalore

34. F1 Hybrids in Chilli
Public Sector
PAU (Ludhiana) : CH-1, CH-3
IIHR : Arka Suphal, Arka Meghana,
Arka Sweta, Arka Harita
Private Sector
Hung Nong : Delhi Hot, Hot Green, Skyline
Mahyco : Tejaswini
Sandoj : Agni
Seoul : Champion

35. CH-1 CH-3
Suitable for dehydration, oleoresin and paste making

36. Hybrid seed production
in Capsicum

37. Floral biology of Capsicum
Anthesis 5 a.m. to 6 a.m.
Dehiscence 8 a.m. to 11 a.m.
Pollen fertility On the day of anthesis
Stigma receptivity On the day of anthesis

38. Hybrid seed production techniques in Capsicum
 Commercial hybrid seed production
mainly in temperate regions and southern
parts of India through hand emasculation
and pollination.
 It is most reliable method in this crop.
Sharma (1992) thesis UHF, Solan

39.  Pochard (1975) developed the hybrid Lamuyo-
INRA by using male sterile gene ms-509.
 In GMS system removal of male fertile plants
from seed production plot is possible by using
markers, e.g., Green/pigmented hypocotyl.
 Hybrid seed production using CMS system is
also possible.
Use of male sterility

40. • Spraying GA3 @ 1000 mg/l at 10 days interval
from onset of flowering for three times helps in the
induction of MS lines (Natarajan et al., 2002,
TNAU, Coimbatore).
• Fujime (1973) used Dalapon to develop MS line.
Use of gametocides for induction of MS in Capsicum

41. F1 Hybrids in Capsicum
Public Sector
IARI (Katrain) : Kt-1 (Pusa Deepti)
UHF, Nauni : Solan hybrid-1 & 2
Private Sector
Indo-American : Bharath
Nath : Hira
Sandoz : Indira, Lario
Sutton : Early Bounty

42. Problems in hybrid
seed production

43. Pollen collecting bees may tend to work on the
male fertile plants and spend rather little time on
male sterile plants.
Non-availability of suitable molecular markers
are also major problem.
The practical utility of cytoplasmic male sterility
is negligible in the absence of fertility restorer
genes mainly in fruit vegetables like tomato.

44. Chemical hybridizing agent can affect the
ovule fertility.
Several physiological factors (flower age &
stage of flowering) and environmental factors
(high humidity & high CO2 concentration)
also affects the economic hybrid seed
production in vegetables where self
incompatibility mechanism exists.

45. Practical tips for hybrid seed
production in Solanaceous
vegetable crops

46.  Pollination can be improved by use of electrical
vibrator.
 Fermentation method of seed extraction gives better
seed recovery, however acid and alkali extraction can
be employed where temperature is too low.
 Planting ratio of male to female lines in hybrid seed
production plot of brinjal can be increased to 1:10.
 Minimum isolation distance of 225 m in chilli is safe
for hybrid seed production under north Indian
conditions.

47.  Fully ripe fruits should be used for seed extraction in
chilli.
 Pollination with mixed pollen of many plants is
preferable in Capsicum .
 Manual seed extraction is easy and safe in Capsicum.
 Seed production cost can be reduced by using male
sterility system in all these crops.

48. Conclusion
• Hybrid seed production started 1930s but still its
coverage is not satisfactory.
• It should be popularize among rural masses not
only for increasing production but also it helps to
give employment to rural youth and women in
particular.
• Standardization of research on molecular level.
• Utilization of transgenic technology.