Absolutism Vs Constitutionalism

Absolutism Vs Constitutionalism
1. Baroque The term baroque is used to describe an artistic style characteristic of the seventeenth century which was expressed through painting,
sculptures and architecture. This movement departed from the previous artistic style the Renaissance with its idealism and emphasis on harmonious
design, and it accentuates this departure with exaggerated lighting and curves within the art piece. The term baroque was not used as a label by the
people of the time, it was a term coined by 18th–century art critics to mean shocking, confused and bizarre. Baroque art reflects intense emotions and a
particular sort of Dionysian chaos; a release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism, meant to evoke drama, tension, exuberance, and
grandeur.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An absolute monarch could make law, dispense justice, create and direct the bureaucracy, declare war and levy taxations without the approval of any
other governing body. However, this political theory was highly theoretical, as it only existed as a system in opposition to constitutionalism, where the
ruler had to share power with parliaments made up of elected representatives. Because of the theory's nature then, it is best defined in relation to a ruler
who embodied the system. King Louis XIV (1638–1715) personified an absolutist ruler, a person, who in theory, shared power with no one. A ruler
who made all important decisions for the state, rather than having any diplomatic, advisory or parliamentary discussion. In the words of Louis XIV
"L'Г©tat, c'est moi"; state authority rested in them personally. Louis XIV, as an absolute ruler, truly regarded himself as God's representative on
earth, and he believed that an absolute monarch would create order and stability in France. He was able to achieve this level of power by
manipulating the affectations and ambitions of his courtiers, he would constantly remind his lesser of his greatness with spectacular demonstrations of
his power. However, to imply that Louis XIV reign had no restraints is wrong, as he depended on the constraints of many others; his bureaucracy who
enforced his decrees, the peasants and artisans who joined his armies and paid taxes, and nobles who joined court festivals organised to glorify the
king. All this rested upon a fragile contract that needed to be constantly enforced, or the whole system would fall through
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Why Is Martin Luther Important
Martin luther became a significant figure in western history. He was the one who started the protestant reformation. Martin was born on November 10 ,
1483 in Germany. He grew up in a peasant family. His father wanted him to become something of himself and become a lawyer. He went to University
of Erfurt and studied philosophy, geometry astronomy,and arithmetic.
One day in July 1505 Martin had a life threatening experience when he got caught in a thunderstorm and almost got struck by lightning.But before he
got struck he cried of to saint anne saying : "I will become a monk!". So when he didn't get struck by the lightning he kept his promise and went to
Augustinian monastery at Erfurt to become a monk.
After he became a monk he didn't quit on his studies, he got his doctorate and became a professor of biblical studies. During this time when he was
studying the bible it lead him to think for himself and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This made a lot of christians question their beliefs in the church and made Pope Leo X mad. They called a meeting a told martin to recant the 95
theses. He told the if they could find scripture to prove him wrong then he would deny what he wrote. But if not he would not recant . this led up to him
getting excommunication. They had sent him a letter telling him he was excommunication. He publicly burned the letter. Martin was being threatened
to be arrested for protesting. Later he got married to Katharina von Bora and had 6 children.Became a dean in wittenberg.
Martin luther is still known today. He has a huge impact in christianity history. He has all has an impact in protesting. He never gave up on what he
believed,he didn't like how the you had to go the pope to speak to God he thought we could have a relationship with God. Martin belivved You are
not only responsible for what you say, but also for what you do not say.So he made a difference and did something about

Cause And Effects Of The Flopped Crusades
The Flopped Crusade The Crusaders were created by Pope Innocent III in 1889. The Crusaders fought against Christian blood, just to have more
money. The Crusaders were not even in it for religious purposes. The Crusaders failed to support enough troops, and made a decision to either stick
with the Christians, their own religion, or to ditch their religion and all of its beliefs. In the end, Alexius III, the person who was going to give the
Crusaders the money, did not have any and the Crusaders ended up not getting any money, but sacking Constantinople. Thefourth Crusade was one of
the most unsuccessful events in history. The Crusaders made lots of wrong choices. According to catholic.com, "They did not have the money to
pay the Venetians" and "Dandolo's offer proved problematic, as Zara was controlled by King Emeric of Hungary, who had previously taken the
Cross; therefore, his lands were protected by the Church, and attacking a Crusader's land resulted in excommunication" (Weidenkopf). The Crusaders
chose to be excommunicated over being Christian with a debt they had to pay off and were acting like peasants. They would take any deal they saw
and thought that the dealers would not scam or rip them off. They were little pawns for the dealer to mess with. They were not even given the money
in the end. The Crusaders were just manipulated the Crusaders to do the dirty work for Dandolo. Another wrong choice they made was disobeying the
letters from the pope. According to

Tupac Amaru Rebellion
Latin America was divided politically, economically, and socially throughout history, but the Catholic Church is one of the only factors that all regions
of the country had in common. The Catholic Church was one of the most powerful institutions and influential elements in Latin America throughout the
18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. From rebellions to politics, the Church played an important role in multiple areas of historical significance. The
importance of Catholicism during 18th century Latin America was clear during the Tupac Amaru Rebellion, which took place from 1780 to 1783.
During this time, Catholicism was the dominant religion of Latin America. Amaru began his rebellion with his wife, Micaela Bastidas, in response to
the Bourbon Reforms. Catholicism was one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, Amaru strived to achieve independence for indigenous Peruvians, and his Catholicism not only helped him persevere, but it also helped
him explain the motivations for his actions. One of the major setbacks that Amaru faced during his rebellion was his excommunication from the
Church. Since his religion was such a fundamental aspect of his life, one might think that his excommunication would cause him to lose motivation and
prevent him from successfully completing his rebellion. However, Amaru's wife revealed during an interrogation session that her husband believed his
excommunication was just one of many steps of God's plan for both Amaru and his wife. Instead of losing all motivation during his rebellion, Amaru
was fearless about his removal from the Church because he believed that he and his wife were "immune to excommunication" (Stavig 126). Not only
did Amaru use Catholicism to justify his

Martin Luther Misuse Of Power
Throughout history there have been countless documented cases of people with no power being dominated by those with power. Like wolves preying
on a helpless pack of wolves, it inevitably occurs throughout history. This theme shows up Martin Luther's works and he clearly expresses his outrage
with the church's, especially the Pope, misuse of power and influence. Luther is a highly admired theologian and a very important figure in history and
his issue with the church and their misuse of power is not the only case of it showing up throughout history and there are many to take a look at.
The Catholic church used fear and threats to leverage power over people in earlier periods of history. The church had lots of power and could threaten
excommunication if something happened that they did not like. Consequently, an eternity in purgatory was threatened to all who did not buy
indulgences. Simon Newman, a respected writer and historian summed up the church's power in his works. He wrote, "Religion in the Middle Ages
was dominated by Christianity. It is the era in which the great cathedrals of Europe were built and the Catholic Church started its universities in Paris,
Tubingen, Cambridge and Oxford. During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the only church in Europe. The laws of the land and leading
roles in the government were all in the hands of the leading church leaders like bishops and archbishops.
It was an era when the vested powers in the hands of the Pope were so

The Impact Of The Reformation And The Roman Catholic Church
The Reformation was a period of time when the Roman Catholic Church was abusing their power. This time frame was 1517– 1648 (The sixteenth
century). The Reformation was basically a splitting of the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church was divided in tow three
separate categories otherwise know a Protestant Church. Different ideas were formed and are still used as religions in today's modern era. The
Reformation has an impact on our daily lives since it was created. It's a lasting event that has formed and impacted western society as a whole. In
days day in age divorce is a common thing even though it's a hard situation to go through it's allowed. Before the Reformation divorced was not
allowed. If you and your significant other did not love each other anymore or did not get along there was nothing you could do. It was a sin to get
divorced and you would be shunned if you were to leave your partner. That's not the case at all in today's world. Yes, not everyone approves of
divorce and you should make sure you love that parlor before you get married, but if your marriage is honestly just not working out you will not be
shunned and looked down upon if divorce comes to play. Without Martin Luther, none of the changes in society would be possible today. During the
presentation Dr. Taylor's plenary put on about the Reformation I was able to learn how none of the changes that have hoped developed the modern
world today were made by Martin Luther. Martin Luther was a

The Film Spotlight And How This Film Does The Freedom Of...
As stated in the Constitution of United States of America of 1789; Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting
the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the
Government for a redress of grievances. Focusing on the freedom of speech , or of the press it's important to note that the media holds powerful entities
whether that be individuals, government, businesses, or the Catholic Church accountable for their illegal or dishonest behavior. To analyze this
statement, I will be focusing on the film Spotlight and how this film reiterates the idea of holding and exposing wrongdoings through use of the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paul/ Minneapolis, MN.
Throughout the movie there are a couple of themes that arise that I believe need to be addressed before focusing on how the media holds
institutions accountable. The first theme I'd like to focus on is the crisis of Faith. The character Mike, had an interesting and powerful character
arc. Once Mike sees the files that declare the church was guilty of abuse, he loses his religious "Faith". This loss of "Faith" is especially difficult
for a man raised Catholic in one of the most Catholic of cities. The net result is that Mike doubles down on his secular "faith" in the journalistic
investigative process on which he has embarked. His drive to get to the truth kicks his "faith in the investigation process" into an even higher gear.
Further, it's not just an individual's turn, it's an entire generations' turn as well to face the crises of "Faith". The priests' abuse was horrific. This is and
should be a story about the victims' permanent scars. The film also shows how the church's cover–up has furthered the very erosion of the institution
they were trying to protect. Mike in that sense stands in for many who lost their Faith in the wake of the abuse scandal, Faith in the Catholic church,
Faith and trust in the Priests who lead and represent the church, even "Faith in God".
Complicity and infallibility in regards to the contrast between the two major institutions, church and press existed

Everyman Essay
The play Everyman is a perfect representation of public literature from the Renaissance period. The anonymous author reveals through the morality
play that 'everyman' should be prepared for judgment at any time because, "Suddenly, [Death] come[s]." (Scene 1, Line 81) This, as with all allegorical
works of that period, was constructed under the direction of the Roman Catholic Church to strike fear in to the hearts of men and, in doing so, have
power over them. The church succeeded by censoring all works and designing them to fit their purpose.
The structure of literary works of the Renaissance period was designed for easy comprehension for the masses. The average person of the Renaissance
did not know how to read and had not had any ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In effect, this solidifies the church's hold over the audience. The listeners are now willing and eager to part with their 'Worldly Goods', their money
and their time, for the sake of avoiding "hell for time without end." (Scene 2, Line 4) The audience has no way to counter this attack, because even if
they have no money, God had "offered [them] great riches of mercy." (Scene 1, Line 34)
If people did want to challenge the church, whether it be in science or in moral dilemma, they were automatically threatened with heresy and
excommunication. The church's complete control, as a result of no separation between church and state, forced every other person to also
excommunicate the 'heretic' or fear being excommunicated as well. This, of course, was not an appealing path to tread. However, even Everyman
tries to deny the 'injustice': "Who are you to ask me for this accounting?" (Scene 2, Line 38) The response is powerful and final: "I am Death, and I
fear no one." (Scene 2, Line 39) There was no liberty in the Renaissance period for questioning the church, contradictory to even God's command in the
Bible: "Test everything. Hold on to the good." (1 Thessalonians 5:21) Galileo, Martin Luther, and Chaucer were all men that challenged

St Thomas Aquinas Unbelievers Essay
Both in the times of St. Thomas Aquinas and in our times, there are many other religions. To avoid an everlasting war many chose to tolerate those of
the different religions. The Catholic Church teaches that it is the true Church and that salvation cannot be found outside of the Catholic Church
(Catechism). When St. Thomas Aquinas speaks of unbelievers he speaks of those who are not Catholic. Unbelievers are very different from heretics.
While the Church tends to treat unbelievers the same as they have for many years, it no longer treats heretics in the way they once did. In this paper I
will discuss and analyze the thinking of St. Thomas Aquinas about unbelievers and heretics and I will reflect upon and compare how those views fit into
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Belief must be of one's own will and through the conversion process converts find and struggle with their will, they then accept their will, and they
have the word of Christ within them once they are able to receive the sacraments.
Aquinas explains how we must have unbelievers in our world for religion to work and continue to grow. Catholics are all called to evangelize, and this
helps others get to know God and his wonderous deeds. God in a sense asks us to evangelize by allowing certain evils:
But God, although all–powerful and supremely good, nonetheless allows some evils to take place in the universe, evils that he could prevent, lest
greater goods be lost if evils were removed, or lest rightly tolerate certain evils let certain goods be prevented, or even worse evils incurred (Aquinas
193).
Evangelization is a useful tool in compelling others towards Christ. When we evangelize through working we express how much our beliefs rely on
both prayer and work. James 2:14 says, "What does it profit, my brethren, if a man says he has faith but has not works"? This passage from the Bible
shows us again that we are meant to go out and live our faith and evangelize through our deeds. God allows different evils so that he can allow for
these different goods, some of these goods can be achieved through evangelization. Moments of working through our deeds

How Does Pope Gregory Say Henry IV Against Disobedience
Pope Gregory warns Henry IV against disobedience of papal mandates and asserts the church's authority to run itself without the interference of kings.
He reminds Henry of the ills the church has suffered when lay people have appointed church leaders in the past.
"Since we know that investitures have been made by laymen in many places, contrary to the decrees of the holy fathers, and that very many
disturbances injurious to the Christian religion have thereby arisen in the Church, we therefore decree: that no clergyman shall receive investiture of a
bishopric, monastery, or church from the hand of the emperor, or the king, or any lay person, man or woman. "
Gregory could have offered an olive branch by agreeing to accept those clergy who had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Henry then pours salt into the wound by asserting that because of the confusion the Holy Father has caused he is not worthy of the tittle of Pope.
"This is the greeting which you deserve, for you have never held any office in the church without making it a source of confusion and a curse to
Christian men instead of an honor and a blessing. To mention only the most obvious cases out of the many, you have not only dared to touch the
Lord's anointed, the archbishops, bishops, and priests; but you have scorned them and abused them, as f they were ignorant servants not fit to know
what their master was doing. This you have done to gain favor with the vulgar crowd."
Henry states that Gregory causes this confusion and uncertainty to curry favor with the vulgar masses for the sake of Pope Gregory's overweening
pride. The king then employs the words of someone the Pope must have admired greatly to score double points in his next attack. Henry throws down
a quote from Saint Gregory to chastise the Pope for his

Similarities Between Innocent III And King John Of England
The Climax of Papal Authority – Innocent III vs. King John of England
The Pope Innocent III (Pope from 1198 – 1216) was born to a noble Italian family and was given a name Lotario (Lothario). The wealthy Conti family
left history with a legacy of nine Popes and Lotario dei Conti di (of) Segni is one of them. His father was count Trasmundo of Segni and his mother
was from a Roman patrician family Scotti. Innocent became Pope at a tender age of 37 (tender for a gerontocracy).
The main conflict between the Pope and the King, derived from the everlasting problem of lay investiture. It lay at the heart of medieval world.
Innocent saw this problem as a problem between the Sun and the Moon. The Sun being the Pope and the Moon, the King. One rules by day, the other
by night. However, in order to shine and rule by night, the Moon requires the Sun, for without it its glow is non–existent. In other words, the Pope saw
papacy standing above earthly kings, legitimizing their rule by crowning them. Without it, the kings could not demand obedience from their vassals
and subjects. Therefore, the Pope had a powerful weapon in his arsenal, the excommunication and an interdict, stripping disobedient kings of their
legitimacy and thus sanctioning rebellions against them. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The King had objective grievances with Stephen since, although he was an Englishman, prior to his appointment, he lived in France. Videlicet, on
enemy territory. Thus, the King refused to sanction the appointment even when faced with an interdict. Therefore, the Pope placed England under
interdict in 1208 and the King found himself

The Importance Of The Magna Carta
The Magna Carta also opened up a door to the idea that those in power could punish those who didn't follow the Charter or the Church. On 13 May
1253, the Archbishop of Canterbury and thirteen of his suffragan bishops pronounced a sentence of excommunication in the great hall at Westminster,
against anyone who violated ecclesiastical liberties or the liberties contained in Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest. They then proceeded to
'excommunicate, anathematize, and sequester from the threshold of the holy mother Church' all those who deprived churches of their rights, or who
violated, infringed, or diminished the free customs and liberties of the realm, especially those contained in the Charters. Anyone who disturbed the
peace of the kingdom was also excommunicated. In a paper titled Canon Law and Pastoral Care: Excommunication and the Church's Publication of the
Charter by Felicity G. Hill, she states that, "he pronounced a solemn sentence of excommunication against those who infringed Magna Carta and the
Charter of the Forest. This occasion began both a tradition in which the charters were confirmed and reissued in return for the granting of taxes to the
king, and a tradition of ecclesiastical support for the charters demonstrated through sentences of excommunication against those violating their terms."
(pg 1). Not only were ideas of limited government spread, and more rights for men but also the ideas that this would be enforced harshly. The Barons
also wrote in

Martin Luther's 95 Theses Document Analysis
Martin Luther was a monk in the early 1500s, some of his most historical impacts consisted of the writing of his 95 theses, his excommunication from
the Catholic Church, and when he founded the Lutheran Church. What most people do not know is that Martin's father wanted him to become a
lawyer and took Martin's joining into the church as an act of rebellion (Biography.com).
Martin Luther was only 34 when he made his first big contribution to history, which was writing his 95 Theses. The reason Luther wrote this document
in 1517 was because he did not agree with the Catholic Church selling indulgences. Indulgences are a payment people would make to the Church
instead of serving their penance, and their sins would be forgiven. The 95 Theses was a list of things that Luther thought the church was doing wrong.
This document had two main ideas, and they also happen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was his excommunication from the Catholic Church. Martin was excommunicated on January third 1521, by Pope Leo X. The reason Luther
was excommunicated was because he had written the 95 Theses and when he was told to take back what he said he had refused to do so
(History.com Staff. "Martin Luther Excommunicated."). Being excommunicated meant that no Christians could help Martin. People could not talk,
rent, feed, or do anything for him. Even family could not have any contact with him. The Church believes that if a person is excommunicated, they
will not go to heaven because the person's soul is not pure (Karen). Martin's bad luck did not end with his excommunication. Three months after he
was called to defend his beliefs before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Martin still would not take back what he said, so he was pronounced a
heretic and was not allowed to be helped by anyone under Charles rule. Martin was taken in by a prince and protected, feed, clothe and shelter
(History.com Staff. "Martin Luther

Martin Luther Turning Point In History
Throughout written history, vast changes in social, political, and economic establishments have been sparked by extraordinary people or conditions.
Often, these changes mark a turning point in the progress of civilization as new ideas are formed, new governments raised, or new discoveries put to
use in the interest of progress. Whether these pivotal moments in history may be due to a single nonconforming person or a vast,radical multitude, each
turning point has certain specific influences and outcomes whichshaped the world for innumerable years.On of history's most major changes occurred
in the 1500s, through the work of aman named Martin Luther. A devout German monk, Martin Luther evey sparked
hshaped the world for innumerable years.On of history's most major changes occurred in the 1500s, through the work of aman named Martin Luther. A
devout German monk, Martin Luther eventually sparkedone of the most major religious reformations in history. However, while Martin Luther'sactions
were the flame to the proverbial powder–keg, there were numerous influencesleading up to his actions. Since long before Luther's time, many Catholic
popes hadgrown increasingly concerned with financial and or political issues, as opposed tospiritual ones. Understandable, this undermined the faith of
many in the Catholic church'sleadership. In addition to the declining religious conduct of the various popes, clergy of lower rank began to abuse their
privileges, or outright ignore many of the church'steachings and requirements. Nationalism, too, was on the rise throughout Europe; as people became
more and more concerned with the affairs of their countries rather thanthose of the church. The Popes began to lose their sway on Europe's people.
Lastly, theinvention of Gutenberg's printing press allowed the spread of revolutionary andnonconformist ideals which would previously have been
quashed by the Catholic church.
One of the most widely protested acts of the Catholic church was the sale of indulgences.This practice allowed sinners to repent by simply paying their
way out of their wrongdoing, rather than performing a pious act. Many people viewed this as greedy,dishonest, and even blasphemous, and among
these people was the

Government And Law In Reformation Theology . The Protestant
Government and Law in Reformation Theology The Protestant Reformation's initiation through Martin Luther's criticism of the Catholic Church with
his Ninety–Five Theses brought about a united front of Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, and Martin Luther and their attempts to reform the Catholic
Church, all of whom eventually split from the Church and started their own religious movements. As the Reformation movement flourished under each
leader, their theological differences eventually split the movements apart drastically, their differences eventually turning into a massive feud between
Zwingli and Luther, each declaring the other as a heretic [1]. Of their many differences, their opinions on the relationship between religion and the state
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Calvin had a very similar viewpoint to Zwingli's beliefs on the authority of the church and state, with some slight differences regarding the level of
importance placed upon the church. In agreement with Zwingli, Calvin affirmed that "if it be his pleasure to appoint kings over kingdoms, and
senators or other magistrates over free cities, it is our duty to be obedient to any governors whom God has established over the places in which we
reside" [3]. While Zwingli placed more of a balance upon the relationship between the state and church, Calvin asserted that the state only held authority
as a direct result of the church, the authority directly approved of by God. In his view, any influential entities within the state only held their influence
under God. Calvin first pushed for his theology to be implemented after writing Institutes of the Christian Religion, attempting to reform the religious
life within Geneva, Switzerland for two years until he and a contemporary, William Farel refused to adopt religious practices enforced in other parts of
Switzerland. Calvin escaped the city under persecution, only to return in 1541 once the council of Geneva had finally agreed to implement his previous
reforms under the diminishing influence of the church there. His Ecclesiastical Ordinances were implemented in the city except for the most
significant aspect, the Consistory. The Consistory was

Causes Of The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation is when Lutheranism and other Protestant religions split from catholicism. This happened by Martin Luther posting 95
themes all over churches to bring attention to how wrong the catholic church has turned. Some examples of Protestant religions are Lutheranism,
Anglican(church of England), and Calvinism. The underlying causes for the Reformation is: the people of power in the catholic church wanted a lot
of money from the people, the pope had too much power, and the catholic church did not like how the Protestant churches were being run. Luther
wanted to separate from the church because the church leaders got to greedy for money. The priests and leaders of the catholic church started to make
up things such as selling indulgences which was basically pay the church to be forgiven for your sins and your families sins. Document 4 says,
"They[pastors] fatten on the sins of the people," this shows that pastors only cared for the 'fleece' or money of the people rather than actually caring for
them. Another example that shows that the catholic church cares for nothing but money is the fact that they got upset when people spent money on
things that did not necessarily matter. Document 8 is proof that people were spending lots money on non holy things, the texts says, "So much money
is going into the coffer of the vendor that new coins must be minted on the spot,". Document 6 shows that priests were getting upset on how people
were spending their money. The text says "Where is our gratefulness toward God...For so many enslave all their senses to delights...". This made
Luther want to create Lutheranism because he felt that religion should not be about how much money one has but rather their soul. The pope has too
much power is another cause for the Protestant Reformation. Document 2 is a play that has 2 people that talk about how the pope has too much power.
The characters, Peter and Julius, mention that the pope "is not to be punished for his bad deeds" and that, "he can cancel any canon[law] he does not
like," lastly they mention that the pope can "cheat Christ with his laws,".These quotes show that the pope has so much power that he can do whatever
he wants. Document 7 is another example

Constantine's Influence On Roman Theatre
The Roman citizens experienced a mental shift through their leaders creating a new type of theatrical arts. Romans created religious festivals and other
forms of theatrical entertainment (Ludi such as chariot races and fights between men or gladiators. Constantine professed Christianity in the Roman
Empire creating Rome to become a Christian empire. Through this adaptation we see theatre change through the influence of society through
Christianity. Although Constantine did not create this mental shift himself, he legalized the Christian religion and made it the dominant in theRoman
Empire. His influence spread throughout Rome and impacted the following emperors who began to ban theatrical entertainment because of the lack of
morality it held. Roman theatre had no originality; anything Roman theatres presented was plagiarized Greek comedy and tragedy "no one wrote for
the stage except to make money" (Beare 235). There was very little original drama developed within the roman theatre. Many slaves and foreigners were
illiterate had no interest in literary drama and theatrical entertainment had became so static roman citizens became bored. There for "something cruder
developed" (Chambers 3). Religious festivals, chariot races, and gladiator fights became the new entertainment for roman citizens. Gladiatorial
presentations were different from theatrical entertainment and chariot races. The purposes of gladiator presentations were to exemplify the military
ethic as well as to

Spotlight And The Watergate Scandal
Brief Summary: The movie Spotlight was released in 2015, and won many awards including Academy Award for Best Picture. The movie is ste in
Boston in 2001, and the city is a large focus of the movie. It is about the Boston Globe, a Boston newspaper, but more specifically the Spotlight team
who specialize in investigative journalism to expose the wrongdoings in the community. The 4 main people on the team are Walter, Michael, Sacha,
and Matt. When a new editor–in–chief, Ben, comes to town, he orders Spotlight to follow up on an article written by another colleague. The article is
about a child sexual abuse scandal within the Catholic Church, which makes the team very apprehensive because of how important the church is to
Boston. The team gets ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scandal surrounding President Richard Nixon, and a break in at the Democratic National Headquarters. The story began of May of 1972, when a
group of people on Nixon's reelection committee broke into the headquarters and installed wire–tapes, microphones, and stole copies of secret
documents. However, the microphones and wiretaps did not work, so on June 17, a group of five men broke into the headquarters to install new
ones. The men were caught and arrested, but the mystery was why they did this. Eventually, it was clear that Nixon was closely related to these
burglars, and the judge of their trial, along with others, decided to do some more investigation. It was revealed that Nixon had secret tapes of every
conversation in the oval office, and although he tried to resist, he was eventually ordered by the Supreme Court to give them up. Richard Nixon
resigned on August 5, 1974, after he was impeached by the House of Representatives on July 27, 1974. The reason this relates to Spotlight, is
because most of the investigative work was done by two journalists from the Washington Post, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. Without them and
their brilliant investigative work, the connections between the robbers and the White House would not have been made. They even won a Pulitzer
Prize for their story on Watergate, because of its massive impact. Their effort and method of investigating has become a model for all other
investigative journalists to follow in order to show the world the truth. The Spotlight team's work was very similar to that of Woodward and
Bernstein's, and won a Pulitzer Prize for their work as well, which is why Watergate relates to this

Themes Of The Dark Ages
The Dark Ages–Themes 5 and 4
Perhaps one of the biggest juxtapositions of the dark ages is it's incredible and near constant change in society as a whole, and next no no change in to
the life of the individual. Oceans would rise, empires would fall, and a peasant's routine would remain the same, as would their non existent and
unchanging opinion on politics and religion. A World Lit only by Fire by William Manchester gives a clear picture the peasantries uninformed view of
the toiling church with the section "The folk were baptized, shriven, attended mass–and received the last rights never dreaming that they should be
informed about great event" (Pg. 22). Compare this to the modern age, were any man can look on a website or pick up a newspaper and read dozens
of varying opinions on subjects by people just like themselves, and can formulate their own educated opinion as a result.
However, when the dark ages are looked at from an overarching and governmental level, the injustice and bleakness can only be seen further. Europe's
government primarily consisted of hereditary monarchs, touted by William's novel as "Largely a medieval innovation" (Pg. 14), and the new
aristocracy that would serve in the emperor's name and would also eventually gain power through hereditary privilege. However, the power of the
imperial governments of Europe could only exist with the presence of the Christian church, whose religion had become nearly completely intertwined
with everyday life. "A

How Did Christianity Change Over Time
Throughout time, Christianity has changed constantly. In order to survive, Christianity has had to evolve and split. It has split into many
denominations, some of which have become extinct over the centuries. The religion has changed and divided due to influential people and events in
time.
For example, the Great Schism is the first major division within Christianity. The Great Schism, otherwise known as the East–West Schism, is when the
early Christian Church split into the Western RomanCatholic Church (led by Pope Leo IX) and Eastern Orthodox Church (led by the patriarch of
Constantinople, Michael Cerularius). This occurred in 1054 but previously there had been a lot of tension between the two sides. The Great Schism
occurred because of

Esther Dyson: The Protestant Reformation
rotestant Reformation As Esther Dyson said, "Change means that what was before wasn't perfect. People want things to be better." The Protestant
Reformation was a revolution caused by Martin Luther. Martin Luther was a monk of the Catholic Church. Like Esther Dyson said that things are
changed because it was not perfect and at that time the Catholic Church was not perfect. Martin brought up many great ideas to perfect the church, but
they did not listen. The Protestant Reformation was caused by the dishonesty of the Catholic Church and they should have listened to Martin Luther.
Martin Luther was a forty year old monk of the Catholic Church. Martin became a monk because he started to have dark thoughts and thought he
deserved damnation, "And suffering from the chronic conviction that he was damned," (Palmer, Colton, Kramer p. 79). When he was a monk he did
everything he was told, but still had these dark thoughts. He did not see how all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the ideas is that that there is no authority and the people should be able to interpret things on their own,"He held that individuals might read the
Bible and freely make their own interpretations according to their own conscience," ( Palmer, Colton, Kramer p. 81). This idea was so revolutionary to
the people because they were used to the authorities, the church, enforce the rules and interpret the Bible for them. This got many people on Luther's
side and they started to help him try to reform the church. Another idea Luther brought was Lutheranism. Luther broke off the Catholic Church when
he kept asking them to make a change and they still did not do it. Many people broke off the Catholic Church and joined Lutheranism. The general
population loved Luther's ideas and they wanted to follow him. One more idea that Luther influenced was Calvinism because if Luther was not brave
enough to speak up about what he felt was right; Calvin would not have done the

The Beliefs Of King Martin Luther And The Protestant...
During the Renaissance age, excommunication within the Catholic church was very common; many rulers of state and religious rulers started to test
the beliefs of Catholicism and eventually cause themselves to be excommunicated (Provost 2920–2921).The Catholic church began to lose its power in
the Renaissance as art and science grew; people had new ideas and understandings of the world and the church began to influence the people less.
Humanism helped many people start to believe on their own and have their own opinions. This powered the philosophy of Secularism, which stated
that religion and politics should be separate; this idea obviously opposed the Catholic church, and as a result, the Protestant Reformation began in the
early 1500's by and man named Martin Luther. Martin Luther, born Catholic to Hans and Margarethe Luther tested the Catholic faith and was
excommunicated because of his views of the church. During the Same time period, King Henry VIII was eager to make an heir but was unable to with
the spouse he had chosen; his inability to achieve a divorce, the creation of the Church of England, and the disrespect toward the Catholic church gained
him a spot on the "excommunicated" list. Amongst King Henry VIII many offspring, Queen Elizabeth I continued her father's church and was tested
for coping the beliefs of the Catholics but calling it a different name later resulted in her excommunication. All of these leaders influenced the
community and caused many civilians

The Persecution Of King Henry IV
We stand here in 1077 with the raging war between the Pope and the king, which started in 962. But clearly we haven't had enough. On January 19th,
the Pope excommunicated King Henry IV for challenging the authority of Pope Gregory VII. The excommunication wasn't a shock for many of us.
The authority of the Pope has been challenged many times before. But as we have seen, the divine Christ must truly have the back of our holy Pope.
Never have we seen him lose. By this time, we clearly knew how mighty our dear Pope is. But we seem to have discovered a new trait of him– not just
a mighty man but a complete saint at heart.
On November 23rd, the locals of Canossa watched King Henry IV approach the Palace of the Pope. But it was different than

General Pinochet Analysis
The church and the regime of general Pinochet were rivals throughout the regime of the general. There were enemies for many reasons. The regime
used torture and disappearance. The church used love and peace for unity. The author William Cavanaugh argues that the church in Chile only
gradually became the church Christ wanted and needed to be. "Excommunication is the formal offering of reconciliation in the hope that even the most
hardened offender will be saved" (Cavanaugh, 260). According to Cavanaugh the church becomes to re–envision its mission in Chile when several
bishops considered excommunicating general Pinochet. The reason why several bishops wanted to excommunicate general Pinochet was because
people started to realize that the general did prosecuted people against him and tortured them. The church in Chile comes to re–envision its mission in
Chile because as a result of the General Pinochet, General Contreras, and public leaders as the ones in DINA some... Show more content on
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These reasons did not provide any safety to anyone. In contrast, it made some bishops have different opinions. Some of the opinions were that the
bishops were against the excommunication principle, there was not enough proof of what the general was doing, excommunicating the general might
bring more torture, and finally there not any unanimity among the bishops (Cavanaugh, 258). Excommunicating the general was something very
important for the society of Chile, but at the end he was not excommunicated. "Cardinal Silva was unwilling to excommunicate General Pinochet
because of a fundamental conviction that to so would be divisive instead of unifying" (Cavanaugh, 261). Cardinal Silva believed that the, "Church and
state must stand together to ensure the unity of rich and poor in one organic entity called Chile" (Cavanaugh,

Martin Luther 's The Doctrine Of Justification
Known and sometimes refers to as the father of reformation, Martin Luther was one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity. Born
in Germany in 1483, his father's dream for him was to become a lawyer. But, that dream fades away in 1505 when Luther undergo a life changing
experience with thunderstorm and vowed to become a monk instead. Luther wanted to become a monk because he fears the idea of hell and God's
wrath to the extent where it made sense for him that life in the monastery would help him find salvation. Finding salvation then became his goal. A goal
he was pursuing with all efforts from submitting to some of the church's practices to criticizing some. One of the practices of the church that Luther
took issue with and criticized was the church's understanding of the doctrine of justification. This paper will focus on Luther's understanding of the
holy scriptures. The doctrine of justification was misinterpreted and misunderstood by the Catholics from the early centuries to 1517 when Martin
Luther redefined and explained the term using scripture references and as the result changed Christianity.
The word justification is mentioned in several passages in the Bible; both in the Old and the New Testament. For example, Titus 3:7, Galatians 3.24,
Romans 5:1, and in Isaiah 42:21, just to name a few. The Bible has been very clear on the topic of justification, especially the statement that
justification is by faith alone. For example, in Galatians

Church Of Corinth: Chapter Summary
The first epistle to the Church of Corinth responds to major theological and moral issues among and confronted the Corinthians. In chapter five, Paul
informs them that it was reported to him that there is immorality among them that were dealt with. He instructs them to remove the person who
committed immoral sexual behavior from their midst (5:1–2). There are many mysterious words and phrases that Paul uses in this chapter, most
importantly, I Cor. 5: 5 "deliver this man to Satan for the destruction of the flesh, so that his spirit may be saved on the day of the Lord". Many
questions arise in regard to the meaning of this text, some of them are: What it means to deliver a man to Satan? And what Paul meant by the
destruction of the flesh? The complexity of this verse made its interpretation controversial. Some scholars argue that it is an announcement of judgment
that results in death, while others believe that Paul commands the church of Corinth to excommunicate that person... Show more content on
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Bruce suggests that the phrase "to deliver him to Satan" means an expulsion of the offender who committed sexual sin from the community that
confesses the lordship of Jesus Christ to the realm that was dominated by the Satan, the god of this world. Bruce states that Paul's language implies a
severe sentence than excommunication. He also explains that there are other instances in the Bible where people were delivered to Satan. For example,
Job was delivered to Satan, not by a way of punishment, but to vindicate him before God. However, Bruce demonstrates that the context of Corinthians
is different. He proceeds to say that the destruction of the flesh means suffering bodily death in order to secure eternal salvation to the offender. Bruce
refers to 1 Cor. 11:30 to support his argument that sickness and death are consequences of ecclesiastical misconduct. Furthermore, Bruce doubts that the
offender is the same person that Paul asked the Corinthians to restore to the church in 2 Cor.

Similarities And Differences Between The Rape Runner And...
Both novels are excellent books to read for different reasons. Out of the two novels, The Kite Runner had the better ending. The Kite Runner contained
a stronger resolution and through character growth. The four elements more thoroughly and precisely than A Complicated Kindness did.
Resolution is much easier to see in The Kite Runner then in A Complicated Kindness. In A Complicated Kindness, Nomi's resolution is to accept her
families' separation and come to terms with endings. Consequently through her excommunication. However, these resolutions are not as easily seen as
they are in The Kite Runner. In The Kite Runner, the resolution is through Amir finally finding the courage to stand up for something. At the end of the
novel, Amir is given a chance to redeem himself by standing up for Sohrab; even though it endangers his life. Sohrab is segregated because he is a
Hazara and he is raped by the same man Hassan is raped by. Hassan's rape situation is the start of Hassan's conflict, and Sohrabs rape situation is
Hassan's resolution. Even though both novels had a resolution, the kite runner had the better resolution because the plot focused more intensely on the
conflict throughout the book. This emphasis is achieved by having the story constantly come back to Amir's biggest conflict which is lacking the
courage to stand up for something. In A Complicated Kindness, the story plot jumps all over the place and doesn't focus on one conflict, which can
make the story confusing.

What Is East-West Schism?
Schism of 1054, also called East–West Schism, event that precipitated the final separation between the Eastern Christian churches (led by the patriarch
of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius) and the Western Church (led by Pope Leo IX). The mutual excommunications by the Pope and the Patriarch
that year became a watershed in church history. The excommunications were not lifted until 1965, whenPope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras,
following their historic meeting in Jerusalem in 1964, presided over simultaneous ceremonies that revoked the excommunication decrees.
The relation of the Byzantine Church to the Roman may be described as one of growing estrangement from the 5th to the 11th century. In the early
church three bishops stood forth prominently,

The Rise Of The Middle Ages
During the High Middle Ages, there was no strong, central government that was politically organized enough to meet common needs of the people in
Europe. After the fall of Charlemagne's empire, invasions and anarchy became the societal norm. If they wanted to survive, they had to meet particular
needs. The people of the High Middle Ages met their needs of political organization, economic provision, and social aspects through Feudalism,
Manorialism, and through the Church.
Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs that flourished from the 9th to 15th centuries that provided political organization.
Feudalism was created as a solution due to the fall of Empires around the area of Europe. Broadly defined, Feudalism was a way of structuring
society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for services and labors. In a feudal society, everyone was set in place in
a class system. The classes consisted of nobles, church officials, peasants, and serfs. These classes brought organization and order to the people in
order to maintain a stable government through the feudal system. The class system brought defense, and property of land. Through a mutual
relationship between a lord (a man from whom a landholding or a manor was held) and a vassal, (a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of
homage and allegiance) defense and internal order was brought. When a vassal made an arrangement with a lord, the vassal pledged immediate loyalty
to the

The German National Soccer Team Essay
Upon first thought, traditions can provide a sense of comfort and can therefore be hard to break. They are something individuals can fall back on in
times of distress and often offer a sense of community. When individuals go against these traditions, however, there are frequently consequences due to
cultural norms. For a fictional character like Victor Frankenstein, his oppositions come from his own conscience and originates after attempting to play
god by creating a murderous monster, something society would deem inexcusable. On the contrary, Luther the Reformer went against numerous
traditions of the catholic church, the biggest organized religious group of his time. He was excommunicated from the church who opposed his beliefs,
but as a result, he formed a new religion with millions of followers today. Erik Erikson, and similarly, the German national soccer team, were highly
criticized by their respected communities after embracing a new path. Throughout all these examples, each case has produced opposition due to cultural
norms. Although the consequences of breaking tradition can be either good or bad, one thing is for certain, the act of breaking tradition is always
going to be met with opposition, whether it be internal or societal.
Through the act of breaking tradition, the fictional character Frankenstein faced rather extreme consequences from his actions. Victor Frankenstein was
driven by his desire to go above and beyond the limits of the scientific discovery of

Plain Truth: Assessing Katie Fitch
Assessing Katie Fitch
Melissa Figley
SOW–5308
From the movie Plain Truth, comes a character that much of popular American culture may not understand. The movie's protagonist is a teenage
woman, Katie Fitch, who is accused of killing her baby shortly after birth, and Ellie Harrison, a lawyer from New York, is brought in as Fitch's defense
attorney. Among several variables in the case, there are some concerns that Fitch has, though she doesn't necessarily communicate them all verbally.
These problems involve difficulty in persuading others of her virginity and innocence in the case, a memory barrier impeding her reliability as a victim
and witness, and communication hurdles in her relationships with family members and friends. As my client, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The objectives that will bring us closer to accomplishing this goal follow. One, Fitch, Sinclair, and I open discourse between them as a couple, in
order to get them comfortable with communicating about simple topics. Two, we approach more sensitive subjects, especially unplanned pregnancy,
safe sex, continuing the relationship when Fitch's Amish family arranged her marriage with her boyfriend, and future implications of the
relationship. Three, we will find and apply tools and techniques to use in the future to maintain communication established in therapy. Also, to aid
Fitch in bringing her brother back home, Katie, her family, and I will complete similar therapeutic interventions on a family basis instead of on a
couple's basis. To elaborate, Fitch, Sinclair, and I will have couple's therapy sessions, and Katie, her family, and I will have family therapy sessions
for twelve weeks. In couple's therapy, we will also create a plan to facilitate future communication by having Fitch and Sinclair write to each other at
least once a week. Addressing family issues, I would have Fitch's father practice active listening during therapy and at home, so Katie and her mother
can feel more comfortable speaking with him. Again, we will know we have completed our goals when Fitch and Sinclair are able to communicate
more effectively, and when family matters at home are

King John's Struggle For Power In The Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, there were many new kings, emperors, and leaders. Three different groups were competing for power: monarchs, nobles, and the
Church. There were many difficulties between them including taxes, power, lay investiture, and excommunication. One difficulty between monarchs
and nobles was taxing for nobles. An example of this is King John and his nobles. According to the textbook, John suffered a setback when he lost a
war and had to give up land. John angered his own nobles with oppressive taxes. In 1215, a rebellious group cornered John and forced him to sign the
Magna Carta. This was a difficulty because a monarch had a problem with his own nobles concerning taxes and ultimately had to sign a contract, which
made him follow monarch... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gregory excommunicated Henry and Henry was forced to present himself as a sinner and the excommunication was repealed. Lay investiture was a
difficulty between church and state because it caused a controversy ending in excommunication. Even after, Henry lead an army to attack the pope for
revenge. Finally, after 50 years of disagreement, a treaty was signed and both sides were in agreement. Another example of a difficulty between
monarchs and the Church was King John being excommunicated by Pope Innocent III. In the textbook, it states that this happened after King John and
the pope argued over who would be the next archbishop of Canterbury. They disagreed and the king was excommunicated while also puttingEngland
under interdict. This was a difficulty because yet another king was excommunicated, which did not help the relationship between the Church and
monarchs. This also forced the king to pay a fee and put his country into debt and raise taxes. In conclusion, there were many disputes between the
church, monarchs, and nobles in the Middle Ages. Some included taxes, power, lay investiture, and

How Did The Catholic Church Influence Medieval Europe
The Catholic Church influenced life in Medieval Europe to such an extent that they were the centre of most people's daily lives. Nearly all of Europe
was Roman Catholic which meant that they held a very large influence over people's behaviours and superstitions. This ensured that they held a unique
and powerful position with regard to controlling the way in which Europe was managed. The Church through the Pope ruled over all other powers in
Europe. All royalty and monarchs were told what they could or could not do by the church. If they did anything that the Pope felt was against the
Catholic Church, he had the power to excommunicate that person from the church. This could be any person from a labourer all the way through to
Lords and Kings.
Excommunication was a very powerful tool for the church to get what they wanted from all the nations in Europe. To be excommunicated meant that
you were no longer able to enter heaven or be buried on catholic consecrated land. An example of where excommunication was used to hold power is
the numerous times it was done to ensure obedience ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Catholic Church created a large number of laws to ensure that the weak and helpless were looked after. A very extensive jurisdiction was
exercised by the catholic religious courts also called the ecclesiastical courts, which was intended to exempt the clergy from the countries normal
laws and enable the church to govern over laymen. Widows, orphans and helpless people were in general protected by the Church however the
church also dealt with such offenses as falsification of coins, weights and measures as well as forgeries of documents, libel and scandal. They also
held jurisdiction over perjury, including false witness and a failure to perform an oath or vow and taking any interest for the use of money (usury). In
many of these cases the Church worked with the local or national laws of the

Italian Renaissance Religion
In 1774 Scottish historian Lord Kames identified that, "The Christian religion [...] is eminent for a spirit of meekness, toleration, and brotherly love;
and yet persecution never raged so furiously in any other religion". This frames the question of why the Church persecuted heretics for centuries. The
later middle ages are considered to be the years of the 14th and 15th centuries and in the context of investigating heresy refers to Catholic Europe.
Johan Huizinga considered it a time of crisis and failure, however focused his research on Northern Europe. Historians focusing research on Italy have
considered the period one of development and growth. Both of these views are too sweeping and inaccurate to be taken seriously, the later Middle...
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Wider societal religiousness was expressed in many ways but one of the lasting legacies of religiosity is art, nearly all the art of the period was
religious in nature and the most prominent characters in early renaissance artworks were Jesus, the Madonna and Francis of Assisi. Even in the early
Italian renaissance, a time of supposed secular and rational awakening the artwork of Botticelli and Michelangelo depicted scenes from religion and was
largely sponsored by the Church, this points to a general artistic and wider fascination with religion. The prominence of religious woodcuts in late
15th century peasant homes shows that religiosity was common among other levels of society, not just rich patrons. Whilst art is capable of having a
value other than the religious, the expense and prevalence of religious art shows a widespread reverence and belief in Christianity. This reverence and
belief gives the claim of religious motivated persecution significant credibility. The way the Church wielded religious power points to it being
highly likely that heretics were persecuted because religious orthodoxy was deeply respected. The religious power is made most clear by the use of
excommunication. In 1363 the Lord of Milan was excommunicated for capturing castles against the Church's wishes, he gave back the territories
and the excommunication was lifted. The ability of a threat using no physical force to make powerful lords and kings cease their militaristic and
political activities indicates the level of power of religious threat. Peasant and gentry fears over the power of excommunication were due to a fear of
death without entry to heaven, this same fear was exploited over the issue of persecution, a person would be incredibly likely to persecute heresy if

St. Thomas Aquinas Influence On Religion
Both in the times of St. Thomas Aquinas and in our times, there are many other religions. To avoid an everlasting war many chose to accept those of
the different religions. The Catholic Church teaches that it is the true Church and that salvation cannot be found outside of the Catholic Church
(Catechism of the Catholic Church, 816). When St. Thomas Aquinas speaks of unbelievers he speaks of those who are not Catholic. Even though
Aquinas is addressing Catholics, his views can be used today to address other denominations of Christianity that did not exist in his time. Unbelievers
are very different from heretics. While the Church tends to treat unbelievers the same as they have for many years, it no longer treats heretics in the
way they once ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sharing of many of these opposing views allows for questions to arise of who could possibly be excommunicated. In the twenty–first century most,
excommunications have occurred due to an individual's stance on the topics of abortion, homosexual marriage, or for the ordination of female priest.
Four prominent figures in today's time have used social media to convey their opinions and their opinions have had many people calling for their
excommunications. Nancy Pelosi, Joe Biden, and Tim Kaine are all public speakers who have exclaimed views different from Church teachings while
claiming to be Catholic. These views can include abortion, contraception, homosexual marriage, the ordination of women priest, of many other issues.
Fr. James Martin is also known for his views that oppose the Catholic Church. Fr. James Martin has often spoken out and interpreted the Bible in ways
many would call heretical or he has referred to the Holy Spirit with feminine pronouns. Fr. Martin has also promoted transgenderism in children and the
lack of chastity in same–sex relationships (The Vortex). These four Catholics have used social media as an outlet to oppose the Catholic Church and
through undermining them, they have been viewed as heretics by many. Their use of social media has made it even more dangerous to the souls of
others because their heresy is quickly spread and

Persuasive Speech About Martin Luther
Hello, Good Morning the jury, the judge, and the audience. I am Abiel Ghebre and I will be representing the innocence of Martin Luther. Today, We are
gathered here to fight against the Catholic Church to see if my client is guilty causing a rebellion against the church. He questioned the Church's
leadership and it's theology. But proving his claims with factual evidence, it outraged the Catholic Church. Before we continue with my case, let
everybody be reminded the Catholic Church is extremely manipulative and super controlling. They have so much power, controlling over Kings,
Queens, Monarchs, and millions of people. Making 99 percent of everybody's opinion already toward their side, that is unfair, we must have an
unfavorable decision on who wins. Just because of their power, nobody should be pushed to agree with their side. Thank You and I'm going to start
proving Martin Luther's innocence.
Just because of the Catholic Church's position of power and respect, any bit of challenging their power will upset them, make them see that as an act
of treason. First of all let me have everybody be reminded that the Catholic Church has committed many acts of wrongful doing against Christians and
Humanity, and Martin Luther is a christian. Is it a coincidence? I think not. Martin Luther is German Monk, formerly Catholic Priest also a professor
of theology and seminal figure. Therefore leaving him to see the wrong beliefs of the Catholic Church before anybody else. Now just because

The Summoner's Physical Traits Of Chaucer
The Summoner is another member of the church and is responsible for summoning people in trial for sins such as adultery. He is not described as
showing traits of a higher class, therefore his social status is one of a lower one. The Summoner's physical traits are remarkably awful and Chaucer
uses vivid descriptions to depict his appearance. Chaucer first highlights his fire–like red face that is caused by his carbuncles and pimples that no
ointment or medicine can cure. He has scaly, black, and bushy eyebrows along with a thin beard and narrow eyes. He often eats garlic, onions, and
leeks, which gives him horrendous breath, only adding to the disgusting picture that Chaucer paints of the Summoner. Not only are his physical
attributes described

Opcracy In The Friar's Tale
Karl Marx famously called religion the opiate of the masses (par. 4). There is no denying that many people derive comfort, purpose, and meaning from
religion. However, it is equally true that throughout history, religion has been used frequently as a tool to oppress the poor and uneducated. In
fourteenth–century England, where abuses of clerical power were rampant, members of the clergy preyed upon the fears of the masses in order to fill
their own coffers. In The Friar's Tale, Geoffrey Chaucer criticizes the clergy by revealing how they used the repressive ideology of religion to oppress
and exploit the working class in a highly class–conscious society. Medieval English society was highly classist. The population was divided into three
socioeconomic classes, or estates: those who governed/fought, those who prayed, and those who worked. These classes were fairly fixed. For... Show
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In a pre–scientific era, people turned to religion for the answers to all questions that were beyond their understanding. However, the working class,
because of their poverty and lack of education, were likely more heavily influenced by religion and the authority of clergymen than those at higher
levels of society. Therefore, such people would make easy prey for those who would take advantage of them. The Summoner is not calling upon rich
people to demand fines from them. Rather, he preys upon the poor, the uneducated, and the elderly, such as Mabely, "an old rebekke/That hadde
almost as lief to lese hire nekke/As for to yeve a peny of hir good./I wole han twelf pens, though that she be wood" (1573–1576). Similarly, the
Archdeacon has the power to punish his parishioners for a wide variety of sins, and to make them pay fines. Chaucer describes him as merciless in his
work, writing, "For small tithes and small ofrynge/He made the peple pitously to synge"

Absolutism Vs Constitutionalism

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