Lesson_3_Flame_Over_and_Roll_over(8).pptx

Lesson 3. FLAME OVER/ROLL OVER
Flame over and rollover
-it describes a condition on where flames move
through or cross the unburned gases during a fire
progression.
Flame over is make a distinction to flashover (electric
discharge) by its involvement of only the fire gases and not
the surface of other fuel package within a compartment.
These conditions may possibly occur during the growth stages
as the hot gases layer forms at the ceiling of the
compartment.
The flames may be observe in the layer when the
combustible gases reach ignition and it added to the total
heat generated in the compartment, this conditions is not a
flashover.

Thermal Layering of Gases
-is a tendency of gases to form into layers according to
temperature, the other terms is a tendency are heat
stratification (layer group) and thermal balance.
The hottest gases tend to at the top while the cooler gases
form on the lower layer.

Backdraft
-any action made by the firefighting personnel during
the suppression of fire that will allow the air to with the hot
gasses will possibly result in a explosive ignition.

Causes of Fire
1. Natural Fire
2. Accidental
3. Intentional

Natural Fire
-refers to a natural calamities such as lightning, volcanic
eruption and extreme radiation of the solar heat energy.

Accidental
-since common denominator of the causes of fire is
always an accidental such as unattended appliances,
overloading of electric power connection, and or short circuit.
-unattended gas-lamp or candle and sometimes the
children who are playing with safety matches.

Intentional Fire
-is consciously setting a fire on a certain combustible
materials but bear in mind that if a person intentionally set a
fire of garbage and it propagated to another property and the
intention is only to rid the garbage then he is not liable for
arson.
-but if the person who set on fire to the garbage has an
ill motive to destroy the others property and this motive will
establish by the fire-ground investigator then he is liable for
arson.
-not all setting of fire are criminally liable it will
depends on the motives or intentions of a person.

CLASSES OF FIRE and its Extinguishing agents
Common
Combustibles
•Wood
•Paper
•Rubber
•Plastic
Flammable Liquids
and Gases
•Petrol
•Paint and other solvent-
based chemicals
•Natural Gas , LPG,
Acetylene
Live
Electrical
Equipments
Cooking
Media
•Cooking oils
•Food Grease/Fat
Combustible
Metals
•Magnesium
•Zirconium
•Potassium
•Titanium

CLASSES OF
FIRE Common Combustibles
EXAMPLES
WOOD PAPER RUBBER
PLASTIC
Ext. agent: water
Method: quenching or
cooling

CLASSES OF
FIRE Flammable Liquids and Gases
EXAMPLES
PETRON
PAINT & OTHER
SOLVENT BASED CHEMICALS
Natural Gas, LPG and Acetylene
Ext. agent: Dry powder
Method: blanketing or
smothering

CLASSES OF
FIRE Live Electrical Equipment
EXAMPLE
Ext. agent: de-energized apply
Non-conductive extinguisher/
remove the power and become
other class of fire

CLASSES OF
FIRE Combustible Metals
EXAMPLES
ZIRCONIUM/POTASSIUM/TITANIUM/MAGNESIUM
Ext. agent: use type A,B,C,D fire
extinguisher
Method: smothering/blanketing

CLASSES OF
FIRE Cooking Media
EXAMPLES
COOKING OILS FOOD GREASE FATTY FOODS

Classification of Ventilation in Fire Operation
VENTILATION METHOD
-in fire fighting operation the firefighting personnel
applied the two types of ventilation in order to suppress and
control the propagation of fire.

What is Ventilation?
-Hall and Adams (2001) define ventilation as a
systematic removal and replacement of heated air, smoke
and gases from a structure with cooler air.
-is an opening or a forcibly removal of some part of the
building in order to give a passage area to the firefighting in
order to penetrate the inner part of the structure so that
some property will be rescue but this is only a secondary,
their purpose is to save the life of the occupant who are
possibly trap inside and this type of operation is dangerous
because the life of firefighting personnel may possibly
endanger due to possible back daft.

Advantage of Ventilation:
1. Rescue operation
2. Fire attack and extinguishment
3. Fire spread control
4. Reduction of flashover potential
5. Reduction of backdraft potential

Vertical Ventilation
-generally means opening of the roof or existing roof
openings for the purpose of allowing heated gases and smoke
to escape to the atmosphere.

Horizontal Ventilation
-is the venting of heat, smoke and gases through wall
openings such as windows and doors.
The building or houses structures that lend themselves
to the application of horizontal ventilation which include the
following:
1. Residential type buildings in which the fire has not
involved the attic area.
2. Involve floors of multistoried structures below the top
floor, or the top floor if the attic is uninvolved.
3. Buildings with large unsupported open spaces under the
roof in which the structure has been weakened by the
effects of burning.

Precaution against Upsetting Horizontal
-opening doors and windows between the advancing of
the firefighting personnel and the established ventilation exit
point reduces the intake of fresh air from the opening behind
the firefighting (Hall and Adams,2001)

Force Ventilation
-ventilation has been considered from the standpoint
of the natural flow of air current and the currents are
created by fire.
-furthermore, that force ventilation is accomplished
mechanically with the use of an instrument such as fans or
blower. The applied principle on this practice is to moving out
or reduce the volume of the air or smoke.

Negative Pressure Ventilation
-considered as the oldest practiced in the firefighting
operation.
-this method is usually used the mechanical forced
such using the fans or blower in order to produce artificial
circulation and to pullout the smoke inside the structure or in
the burning building.
-this type of technique is putting a fan in the windows
or doors.

Positive Pressure Ventilation
-another technique of the firefighting personnel on
reducing the heat or smoke inside the burning building by
way of using a big fan or blower, a high pressure is created
inside the fire structure.
-this technique is the firefighting personnel is putting a
big fan or a blower inside the building rather than the
outside.
-is done usually an exterior doorway which is called in
firefighting operation as the point of entry. The fan is placed
several feet outside the doors so that the cone of air from the
fan completely covers the doors opening.

Types of Prevention of Loss Control
1. Overhaul
2. Salvage

Overhaul
-overhaul in the field of firefighting operation is far
different from the word overhaul in an auto mechanic
operation.
-overhaul in firefighting operation, it is simply that
searching a fire scene to detect hidden fires or sparks that
may rekindle and to identify the possible point of origin and
cause of fire by doing this the building or the structures and
its contents and the fire area are placed in as safe and
habitable condition as possible and protected from the
elements.
-the firefighting personnel use the common tools such
as; axes, battery powered saw for opening.

Salvage
-during the fire fighting operation the firefighting
personnel is not only tried to suppress or control the fire but
at the same time they are also tried to salvage the property
of the fire victims.
-the final part of the salvage operation is protecting the
property from possible damage.
Different types of salvage operation:
1. One firefighter spread with a rolled salvage cover
2. One firefighter spread with a folded salvage
3. Two-firefighter spread with a folded salvage

Lesson_3_Flame_Over_and_Roll_over(8).pptx

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