General Fire Safety By Impact Fire and Safety Appliances Pvt. Ltd.

2.  Faulty or misused electrical equipments
 Build up of rubbish or waste material (Poor
Housekeeping)
 Smoking
 Cooking
 Heating appliances placed near
Combustible/Flammable materials
 Unsafe Storage and use of
Combustible/Flammable materials
 Unsafe storage and use of hazardous materials
 Hot process
 Arson

3. 1. In order to ignite and burn, a fire required 3 elements
 Fuel
 Heat (a source of ignition)
 Oxygen
2. Each element should be present in correct proportion
3. A fire can be prevented or extinguished by reducing
anyone of these elements below the critical level, i.e.
 Shutting of gas supply (Starvation)
 Cooling for fire with water
 Smothering flames with fire blankets (Suffocation)

4.  Anything that burns is a potential fuel for a fire
 Duration of the fire will depend on the amount
of fuel available

5.  Must be sufficient to raise the fuel to its
ignition temperature
 After fire begins to burn, the source of ignition
can be removed as combustion process releases
heat energy to sustain the fire
 Amount of heat required depends on the
following:-
 Combustion point of fuel
 Type of fuel
 Amount of oxygen available

6.  To sustain a fire, atmosphere only needs to
have 16% oxygen (The air we breathe is around
21%)
 Intensity of a fire depends on the concentration
of oxygen available
 Some chemicals releases oxygen when they
gets heated thus adding to the natural supply

7.  Combustibles
 Paper and Cardboard
 Plastics and Rubber
 Textiles and Soft furnishings
 Wooden Items
 Waste products
 Flammables
 Flammable liquid based products
 Flammable liquids and solvents
 Flammable chemicals
 Flammable gases

8.  Cigarettes, Matches and Lighters
 Naked Flames
 Faulty or misused electrical equipments
 Fixed or Portable Heaters (Electric, Gas, Oil-
filled)
 Hot Processes
 Cooking Equipments
 Lighting Equipments
 Obstructions of Equipments Ventilation
 Arson

9.  Main sources is in the air around us
 In an enclosed building, oxygen is provided by
natural airflow through doors/windows or
mechanical air – conditioning/ air – handling
systems
 Further additional sources can be found in :-
 Oxidizing Chemicals
 Oxygen supplies from cylinders storage and piped
systems

10.  Hazards – Anything that has the potential to
cause them
 Risks – The chance of that harm occurring and
severity

11.  Flames and Heat
 Smoke and other products of combustion
 Reduced oxygen
 Structural damage to a building
 Collapse of a building
 Exposed Electrical Cables

12.  Intense heat can cause serious injuries/death
 High temperatures can melt clothing into skin,
causing severe and deep burns
 Breathing in superheated air causes rapid and
severe lung damage followed by
unconsciousness
 Exposure to excessive heat can cause
physiological effects such as heat stress

13.  Incomplete combustion produces a variety of by-
products, many of which are toxic and/or
corrosive
 Smoke is the most cause of death in case of fire
 Injuries/death due to inhalation
 Irritation of the eyes can reduce visibility
 Digestive problems and poisoning if swallowed
 Respiratory and circulatory systems affected, if inhaled
 Poisoning if absorbed by the skin
 Many gasses produced by the fire are highly toxic,
e.g. carbon monoxide

14.  Oxygen deficiency can occur in 2 ways
 Fires consume large quantities of available oxygen
 Fires produces large quantities of other gasses that
displaces oxygen
 Low oxygen levels can result in disorientation
and irrational thinking, which makes escaping
more difficult
 At worse, unconsciousness and death can occur
when the brain gets starved of oxygen

15.  Heat can have a serious impact on the structure
of the building
 Burning
 Spilling
 Melting
 Expansion
 If a building collapses, the people inside may
be crushed or injured
 Partial collapse may obstruct escape routes

16.  Fire can cause damage to electrical cables,
leading to short circuits or exposing live
electrical conductors
 Exposed wires can cause electrocution through
direct contact or contact with water

17.  Convection
 Conduction
 Radiation
 Direct Flame Contact

18.  Main mode of heat transfer in a developing fire
 Heat transferred by the movement of warmed
particles in a liquid or a gas
 As particles are heated, they becomes lighter and less
dense than air and this rises in atmosphere
 Heated molecules eventually cools becomes denser
and sinks
 Repeated process results in convection currents

19.  Heat transferred through matter from particle
to particles
 Particles in heated substance gain kinetic energy and
move faster
 These particles than interacts with others particles
nearby, transferring heat to them
 The process continues as thermal energy is
transferred from hotter parts to cooler parts

20.  Uses electromagnetic waves to transfer heat
 Heat Transfer by radiation can occur over
massive distances – Radiation is how we
receive heat from sun
 Heat radiation can pass through transparent
barriers such as glass
 For significant level of heat to be radiated, the
temperature of the heat source

21.  Combustible or flammable materials can come
into direct contact with flames, and the fire
may travel along, up or through he material

22.  Preventative
 Passive
 Active
 Managerial

23.  Should always be considered first
 Better to reduce the risk of fire starting than to
deal with the consequences

24.  Adopt safe working practices when undertaking
hot work
 Provide safe ways of discarding cigarettes
 Allow smoking only in designated area and
prohibit it in all areas of fire risk
 Limit the use of open flames
 Use suitable electrical equipments and test it
regularly
 Ensure that all electrical equipments are well
ventilated
 Control Arson

25.  Reduces the amount of flammable material in the
workplace to the minimum required for the operation
of the business
 Where possible replace flammable material with less
flammable alternatives
 Follow safe working practices when working with
flammable substances
 Ensure Safe storage, transportation and handling of
flammable materials
 Ensures that waste products are stored in an
appropriate place until cleared
 Ensure that paint, wall coverings, textiles and
furnishings are fire resistant.

26.  Keep windows and doors closed (Balanced
against employee comfort)
 Use compartmentation and self-closing fire
doors
 Close off ventilation systems when not in use
 Prevent or strictly control oxygen rich
atmosphere.

27.  Building features that prevent the spread of
smoke and heat, e.g.
 Permanent escape routes
 Refuges with communication system
 Fire –resistance features, fittings and décor

28.  Systems/Devices that provide early warning
of fire, control smoke movement or suppress or
extinguish a fire in its early stages
 Require some sort of operational
(Manual/Automatic, Electrical/Mechanical) to
perform function. Examples
 Automatic Fire Detection System
 Manual Call Points And Alarm System
 Portable Fire Extinguishers and Fire Blankets
 Sprinkler Systems

29.  Sub-dividing a building into separate fire
compartments in order to:
 Provide a safe refuge to people within the building,
where it is not practicable to evacuate everyone at
once
 Assist fire- fighting operations
 Minimize property damage

30.  Support and active and passive measures, e.g.
 Develop Fire Safety procedure
 Undertake training and fire drills
 Develop maintenance systems for safety
equipments/fittings
 Undertake regular fire safety inspections
 Require vigilance by those responsible for fire safety
 Use Signage to identify escape routes and high risk
areas

31.  Building features and Fittings that enables people
to move from a place of potential damage to place
of ultimate or relative safety in an event of fire.
 Should take in to consideration
 Time takes to move people
 Time it takes for a fire to endanger the escape route
 The distance people have to travel to a place of safety
 Features might include
 Structural protection from a fire spread or collapse
 Fire Resistant paints and textiles
 Fire doors and self closing devices
 Signage and emergency lightings
 Ventilation Control System

32.  Self closing device or door release mechanism that
operates if the fire alarm gets activated
 Solid rebate or intumescent strips and cold smoke
seals to prevent flames and smokes passing
through the gaps
 Viewing panels should be fire –resistant glass
 Constructed from or coated with fire – resistant
material
 Clearly identifiable with appropriate safety
signage
 Easy to open
 Well lit
 Properly maintained

33.  Travel Distance – How far people have to
travel to reach an exit, usually measured to a
storey exit or another fire compartment or
protected area
 Exit Capacity – How many people can pass
through the exit in a given time.

34.  Used when main power supply is failed
 Should operate automatically and be sufficiently bright to
allow people to evacuate the premises quickly an safely
 Degree of illumination depends on nature of premises and
its occupants
 Exit Doors and escape routes
 Intersections of corridors
 Emergency Exit Signage
 Stairways
 Changes in Direction/Floor level
 Windowless rooms
 Fire Fighting equipments
 Fire Alarm Call Points
 Equipments to be shut down in an emergency
 Lifts

35.  Separated from the other parts of the building
 Constructed from the fire resistant material
 “Sterile Places”

36.  Safe Condition Signs
 Green Rectangle with white symbols/text
 Show Directions to areas of safety and medical assistance
 E.g. Emergency exit signage
 Fire Equipments Signs
 Red Rectangle with white symbols/text
 E.g. At manual call points or next to fire extinguishers
 Mandatory Signs
 Blue Circle with white symbols/text
 Action must be taken
 E.g. Sign instructing that fire door is kept shut

37.  Hazard Signs
 Yellow Triangle with black outline and symbols/text
 Warn of Danger
 E.g. Flammable Substance sign
 Prohibit signs
 Circle with red outline and red line from top left to
bottom right
 Behavior likely to result in danger is forbidden
 E.g. No Smoking Sign

38.  Important to detect the fire as soon as possible
after it starts and to warn other people in order
to prompt their evacuation
 In small premises, fire may be detected by
building occupants
 In some premises, fires may be detected
automatically by devices that reacts to the
presence of, for example, smoke, heat or carbon
monoxide gas.

39.  Shouting “Fire”
 Breaking Glass at Manual Call point
 PA System
 Whistles
 Bells
 Rotary Gongs
 Klaxons

40.  Class A – Organic Solids, Such As Paper And
Wood
 Class B – Flammable Liquids And Liquefied
Solids
 Class C – Flammable Gasses
 Class D – Metals
 Class F – Cooking Fat And Oil

41.  Fires are extinguished by reducing one or more
of the element of the fire triangle below the
critical point:
 Reducing the heat (Cooling)
 Reducing the fuel (Starving)
 Reducing the oxygen (Suffocating)

42.  Red with identifying labels to indicate type
 Location and number determined by the risk
assessment
 Work by breaking the fire triangle
 Use a number of different agents
 Water Cools
 Foam Cools And Provide Barrier To Oxygen
Reacting With Fuel
 Dry Powder And Carbon Dioxide Suffocate

43.  Red label
 For Fires involving carbon based solid material
(Class A)
 Remove heat from the fire triangle (Cooling)
 Water conducts electricity, so should not be
used where there is a risk of electric shock

44.  Cream label
 For Fires involving flammable liquid or
liquefied solids (Class A, B and F)
 Form a layer over the burning surface,
separating the fuel from flames (Starving)
 Nozzle sprays foam evenly, quickly coating fire
 Can use near but directly on directly on live
electrical equipments (beware water run-offs)

45.  Black Label
 For fires involving electrical equipments
(negate chances of electric shock)
 Can be used on fires involving liquids such as
paints and oils (with caution)
 Remove Oxygen from the fire (Suffocation)
 Should not be used in a space restricted
enclosed areas
 Ice can form on extinguisher nozzle
 Noisy when discharge

46.  Blue Label
 For all common types of fires including
electrical (Class A, B and F)
 Remove Oxygen from the fire – interrupting
the chain of combustion and preventing
reignition
 Extinguish quickly
 Not suitable for use in enclosed space
 Cause excessive damage to electrical
equipments
 Best used for outside fuel fire

47.  Yellow Label
 For use on deep–fat cooking fire (Class F)
 Create fine mist that cools flames and prevents
splashing, then create thick that smothers fat
and prevent reignition (Starving)
 Only works with animal fats and vegetable oils

48.  Is the extinguisher ready to be picked up?
 Is the pressure gauge reading is in green zone?
 Weight – has extinguisher been discharged?
 Are there signs of corrosion/leak/rust?
 Test engineer’s label – Has the extinguisher
been serviced in last 12 months?
 Are the safety pins in place and tamper seal
intact?
 Are notices of the type/suitability of the
extinguisher displayed next to it.

49.  Sheets of Fire retardant material placed over a
fire to suffocate
 Extinguish small fires before they spread
 Light duty – Kitchens
 Heavy Duty – industrial settings (Molten
materials)
 Should be in the vicinity of fire hazards but in
a position where they can be safely and easily
accessed in an emergency
 Must be checked regularly

50.  Pull the blankets out its case
 Check if the fire is smaller than blanket
 Hold up blanket in front of you by the top
corners and keep your hands tucked behind it
 Place the blanket over the fire and smother it
 Do not remove the blanket for half an hour (to
allow the material to cool down)

51.  Hose Reel
 Dry and wet riser
 Sprinkler systems
 Gaseous Systems
 Foam Systems

52.  Help to ensure that:
 Owners and occupiers of building are continuing to
meet their responsibility under the fire safety
regulations
 Buildings are fitted with correct fire safety
installations
 Those installations are maintained in an operational
conditions

53.  Competent person who implement the fire
safety measures and give effect to appropriate
procedures to be followed in the event of
serious and imminent danger to relevant
persons
 Can be called fire marshals or fire stewards
 Need excellent organizational skills, a level of
confidence and calm head
 Should have received training

54.  Monitor general fire safety
 Report unsafe practices/conditions
 Reports faults, incidents and near misses
 Discuss evacuations arrangements with staff
and offer guidance on procedures
 Remain familiar with escapes routes
 Take a lead role during fire drills
 Feedbacks on fire drills

55.  Wear high visibility clothing
 Instruct people to leave via the nearest route
 Help and Ensure all people leaves the premises
 Shut down dangerous equipments
 Help any person waiting for assistance
 Report to central assembly point
 Communicate with other wardens
 Liaise with fire and rescue services on arrival, if
required

56.  If not safe to move in area, evacuate to central
points
 Report whether or not they have checked their
area, so that someone can be allocated to it and
can be reported to the fire and rescue service