1. FUNCTION : 4. CONTROLLING THE OPERATION OF THE SHIP AND CARE FOR
PERSONS ON BOARD AT THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL.
COMPETENCE : 4.3. PREVENT, CONTROL AND FIGHT FIRES ON BOARD.
SUBJECT : 4.3.1. FIRE PREVENTION.
4.3.2. ORGANIZING FIRE DRILLS.
4.3.3. CHEMISTRY OF FIRE.
4.3.4. FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS.
4.3.5. ACTION TO BE TAKEN IN THE EVENT OF FIRE, INCLUDING FIRE
INVOLVING OIL.
BASE ON : IMO MC BOOK 7.04 Edition 2014 PAGE 196 - 199.
WEEK / HOURS : 1 /12 HOURS.
CLASS / SEMESTER : XII TEKNIKA / GASAL.
PROGRAM LEVEL : SMK PELAYARAN SEMARANG (ATT IV).
REFERENCE : - SCTW CODE SECTION A-VI/3.
- SCTW CODE TABLE A-VI/3.
- IMO MODEL COURSE 2.03.
2. SILABUS / RPS / COURSE OUTLINE
KOMPETENSI
DASAR
INDIKATOR MATERI PEMBELAJARAN
KEGIATAN
PEMBELAJARAN
PENILAIAN
ALOKASI WAKTU
SUMBER
BELAJAR
TM PS PI
4.3.
Prevent,
Control
and Fight
Fires on
Board
Competen
ce in
advanced
firefightin
g.
4.3.1. Fire Prevention.
4.3.2. Organizing Fire
Drills.
4.3.3. Chemistry of Fire.
4.3.4. Firefighting
Systems.
4.3.5. Action to be taken
in the event of fire,
including fires involving
oil.
Demontrastr
ates a
knowledge
and
understandin
g of. Fire
Prevention,
Organizing
Fire Drills,
Chemistry of
Fire,
Firefighting
Systems,
Action to be
taken in the
event of fire,
including
fires
involving oil.
Tes
Tertulis
Tes
Lisan
Tes
Praktik
Assesme
nt CBT
12 2 IMO
Model
Course
2.03.
SCTW
Code
Section A-
VI/3.
SCTW
Code
Table A-
VI/3.
3. Kegiatan Awal Waktu
1. Berdoa bersama dan absensi.
2. Guru mempersiapkan kelas.
3. Guru menyampaikan tujuan pembelajaran.
4. Guru memotivasi Taruna melalui tanya-
jawab.
5 Menit
Kegiatan Inti Waktu
1. Masing-masing Taruna membahas mengenai difinisi Transistor.
2. Pada saat diskusi Taruna-Guru memfasilitasi, jika ada Taruna
yang mengalami kesulitan maka harus diberikan penjelasan.
3. Setelah selesai diskusi perwakilan Taruna menyampaikan hasil
pembahasan sesuai dengan materi penjelasan tentang apa
definisi Transistor.
4. Guru memperkenalkan penjelasan tentang apa itu definisi
Transistor.
5. Guru meminta setiap Taruna untuk menjelaskan tentang apa itu
definisi Transistor.
120 Menit
4. Kegiatan Akhir Waktu
1. Guru bersama Taruna merangkum pembelajaran yang
dilakukan dengan mengacu pada indikator
pembelajaran yang telah ditetapkan.
2. Guru melakukan evaluasi melalui beberapa teknik,
misalnya evaluasi diri Taruna, penilaian teman sejawat,
lembar pengamatan.
3. Guru memberi penguatan dan pengayaan materi.
10 Menit
5. 1. RULES AND REGULATION.
2. THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION.
3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, FIRE HAZARDS AND THE SPREAD OF FIRE.
4. FIRE CLASSES AND EXTINGUISHING AGENTS.
5. RESPONSE TO EMERGENCY STATIONS INVOLVING FIRE.
6. LOCATION OF FIRE-FIGHTING APPLIANCES AND DETECTION SYSTEM.
7. FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT AND IT’S LOCATION ON BOARD.
CD # 0160 FIRE FIGHTING - BASIC
8. ASSESSMENT.
6. RULES AND REGULATION
After having completed this secsion
you will know where to find the rules
and regulations governing safety
equipment onboard.
NEXT
Learning Objectives
7. RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR MARITIME SAFETY
The rules and regulations for
maritime safety are governed by
International Convention for the
Safety of Live at Sea, better
known as SOLAS.
NEXT
8. ADDITIONS TO THE SOLAS REQUIREMENTS
The national maritime authorities and
classification societies may require
additions to the SOLAS requirements.
NEXT
9. THE THREE GOVERNING BODIES
The three Governing Bodies On Maritime Safety Equipment are :
- SOLAS.
- National Maritime Authorities ( The Ship’s Flag State ).
- Classification Societies ( For example DNV, BKI, BV, ABS, ect. )
NEXT
10. THE MUSTER LIST
The crewmembers and other personnel onboard must
familiarise themselve with the Muster list and
Emergency Intructions which are displayed onboard.
- They specify details of the general emergency alarm
signal and also the action to be taken by crew and
passengers when alarm is sounded.
- They specify detail of the fire emergency alarm
signal and also the action to be taken by crew and
passengers when this alarm is sounded.
- They show the duties assigned to the different crew.
BACK
11. THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION
Learning Objectives
This section will familiarize you with :
- The components of the fire triangle.
- How to break the chain-reaction between the
components in the fire triangle
12. OXYGEN
HEAT
In order for there to be a fire, there has to be an unbroken chain reaction between
three components.
One of the components is the combustible material.
What do you think are the two other components that have to be present in order
to start a fire?
WOOD
HALON
CO2
13. TO FIGHT THE FIRE
To fight a fire we have to remove one of the components of the triangle
or break the chain-reaction between them.
Remove the heat
Remove the oxygen
Remove the combustible material
Break the chain reaction
14. Remove the heat
Material Temp. (*C)
Wood 200 - 400
Paper 185 – 350
Coal 250 – 350
Example of ignition points :
Most materials onboard give off gas that can be ignited if
they are heated sufficiently. Some products will give off
flammable vapours at relatively low temperatures such as
paper, wood and other fibrous material. As we will discuss in
more detail later in this lesson, fires in fibrous materials are
called class A fires.
Cooling is the most suitable method for extinguishing a
CLASS A fire.
Class A fires properties include :
- Relatively low flash point.
- Fairly easily cooled below flash point.
- Water spray is the best method of extinguishing.
- The temperature at which a product will give sufficient
vapour that can be ignited and will continue to support
combustion after the application of an outside source of
ignition is known as the IGNITION POINT of the
material.
- The temperature must be reduced to below ignition
point.
- To put out a fire in this way, we have to reduce the
temperature of the burning product to below its ignition
point. This is normally done by using water or foam.
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15. Remove the oxygen
Fire cannot take place if the oxygen content is reduced to 12%.
There is approximately 21% oxygen in the atmosphere and
combustion will begin to diminish for most products when the
oxygen content is reduced to about 14 %.
For most products the fire will die out when the oxygen content
is reduced to 12%.
CO2 and foam reduce the amount of oxygen. Foam also reduces
evaporation of flammable gases.
CO2 and foam extinguishers are usually considered to be the
most effective at reducing the amount of oxygen.
CO2 is often available in central systems, but one should be
aware of the danger of suffocating the fire fighter.
BACK
16. Remove the combustible material
The fire will extinguish when the burning material is
removed or the supply of oxygen is cut off.
In practice onboard, throwing the burning material
overboard or closing valves to stop the supply of
either oil or gas will do this.
BACK
17. Break the chain reaction
Fire is a chemical reaction between fire gases and
oxygen. Some subtances contribute towards
reducting this reaction. These substanse are
called inhibitors and are an important group of
extinguishing agents.
Halon and powder break the chain reaction.
BACK
18. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, FIRE HAZARDS AND THE SPREAD OF FIRE
Learning Objectives
This section will introduce you to :
- The definition of ignition point, flash points and explosive limits.
- Flammable materials.
- Fire hazards.
- Spread of fire.
19. Auto-ignition points
The auto-ignition point of a liquid fuel is the
lowest temperature at which a combination
of the fuel’s vapor and air can spontaneously
ignite without a spark or flame.
Physical
Condition
Material Temp. (*C)
Gas
Acetyline 305
Hydrogen 560
Methane 595
Carbon
Monoxide
605
Liquid
Diesel Oil 220
Petroleum 230
Gasoline 250
Methanol 455
Solid
Material
Wood 200 – 400
Paper 185 – 350
Coal 250 - 350
20. Flash Points
The flash point of a liquid is the temperature at
which its vapor combined with air is capable of
momentarily self-ignition flash when in the presence
of a spark or flame, but does not create a continuous
self sustaining fire.
The fire point of a liquid is the temperature at which
it will continue to burn after ignition for at least 5
seconds.
The table show the flash point for some liquids.
Liquid Flash Point
(*C)
Ether Below - 40
Gasoline Below – 30
Petroleum +35 / +55
White Spirit +40
Diesel Oil Above + 60
Lube Oil Above + 100
21. Explosive Limits
A flammable gas mixture and air cannot be ignited
and burned unless its composition lies within a
range of –in-Air concentration, know as the
“flammable range”.
The lower limit of this range is known as the “LEL”
(Lower Explosive Limit). The “LFL” (Lower
Flammable Limit) is also used. This level means that
the flammable gas concentration has an insufficient
amount of flammable gas to support and propagate
combustion. The mixture is “too lean”.
The upper limit of the range is known as the “UEL”
(Upper Explosive Limit), or also known as “UFL”
(Upper Flammable Limit). This level means that the
flammable gas concentration has an insulficient
amount of air to support and propagate combustion.
The mixture is “too rich”.
Between these two areas, the mixture is flammable
and results in a fire or explosion, if ignited.
Flammable Limits
23. FLAMMABLE MATERIALS AND FIRE HAZARDS
An automatic alarm system is by definition an
arrangement of devices that automatically
detects fires and sounds. The system consists of a
detector, alarm-transmitter, control-centre, and
orientation-panel.
The system checks for smoke, gas, flame or any
other indications that fire is present, or under
development. It will also indicate where the fire
is taking place so that escape, rescues, fire-
fighting measures, and recovery of valuables may
be organized and put into action as fast as
possible.
24. SPREAD OF FIRE
When a fire occurs, heat is transported to
all areas, and sets fire to combustible
material. The heat spreads upwards in
seconds, sideway in minutes and
downwards in hours.
The spread of heat may be devided into 3
processes :
Heat Conduction
Heat Radiation
Heat Flow
25. Heat Conduction
Heat conduction is process in which the
heat is spread from one molecule to
another molecule. The closer the
molecules are, the faster the material
conducts.
Metal = Good Heat Conduction.
Gas = Poor Heat Conduction.
26. Heat Radiation
Heat radiation is a process of emitting heat
waves. This heat can be absorbed by other
objects at a distance. In some cases
combustible material can absorb so much
heat that it ignites.
27. Heat Flow
Heat flow is a process in which warm or heated molecules start moving. The warm
molecules are lighter than cold molecules and will therefore rise. Because of this, it is
important to avoid heat flow through ventilation ducts etc.
28. FIRE CLASSES AND EXTINGUISHING AGENTS.
Learning Objectives
After having completed this section you will be familiar with :
- The extinguishing agent normally used onboard.
- The Internationally used classes.
- The suitability of the various extinguishing agents for the fire classes.
29. FIRE CLASSES
In order to find the most suitable ways to extinguish fires, they have been
classified into five simple categories :
30.
31. Each crewmember onboard has a special duty during emergencies. On the emergency plan you
will find information about your shipboard organization during fire, the special duties for each
crewmember and general fire instruction. The shipboard organization onboard are on most
ships organized as follows :
MASTER
BRIDGE
SQUAD
CHIEF OFFICER CHIEF ENGINEER
SQUAD 1 SQUAD 2 SQUAD 3ENGINE ROOM SQUAD TECHNICAL SQUAD
The shipboard organization vary from ship to ship, so it is important that you become familiar with
the organization onboard your vessel and that you know your duties during emergencies.
Click on different titles in the organization chart and look at an example of the assignment for each
squad.
32. MASTER
The Master is in overall command and keeps in
contact with all aquads.
BACK
33. BRIDGE SQUAD
The Junior Officer and Helmsman on bridge when
the fire alarm sounds. The Junior Officer relieves the
duty officer and operates GMDSS radio as per the
Master’s instruction.
BACK
34. CHIEF OFFICER
The Chief Officer is in charge of the
operation if the fire is on deck or in the
accommodation.
The Chief Officer reports to the Master as
soon as he arrives on the scene.
BACK
35. CHIEF ENGINEER
The Chief Engineer is in charge of the
operation if the fire is in the machinery space.
The Chief Engineer reports to the Master as
soon as the arrives on the scene. He is also in
charge of releasing CO2 or Halon on orders
from the Master.
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36. SQUAD 1
Muster at their Muster Station as instructed.
Collect relevant equipment and put on gear as required
for the particular emergency.
Report to bridge when ready.
When ordered, place necessary equipment close to the
emergency site.
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37. SQUAD 2
Muster at their Muster Station as instructed.
Collect relevant equipment and put on gear as
required for the particular emergency.
Report to bridge when ready.
When ordered, place necessary equipment close to
the emergency site.
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38. ENGINE ROOM SQUAD
Muster in the Engine Control Room, if not accesible,
meet at the Fire Control Station.
Report to bridge when ready.
Start fire pumps or other machinery as requested.
At the sound of the Halon Alarm or CO2, leave the
Engine Room at once and report to the person in
charge.
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39. TECHNICAL SQUAD
Muster at their Muster Station as instructed.
Report to bridge when ready.
If required or ordered :
- Stop requested ventilation and closed fire flaps.
- Isolated electrical equipment.
- Operate fire/emergency technical appliances.
- Start emergency fire pump.
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40. FIRST AID SQUAD
Muster at the ship hospital.
Report to bridge when ready.
As ordered :
- Collect stretcher and first aid kit
and proceed to the place of
incident.
- Transport respiration.
- Search cabins if anybody
missing.
BACK
41.
42. 1. WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEM
2. CO2 SYSTEM
3. FOAM EXTINGUISHERS SYSTEM
4. DRY POWDER SYSTEM
5. HALON 1301 SYSTEM
43. WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEM
A sprinkler system is normaly used to
protect the accomodation area.
It extinguishes or prevents fire by spraying
water from nozzles in the celling.
Depending on the system, the sprinkler
system is activated :
- Manually from the bridge or engine
room.
- Automatically when a nozzle is exposed
to heat.
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44. CO2 SYSTEM
The Master in close lialson with the Chief
Engineer will make the decision to use the
fixed CO2 extinguishing system. Before
releasing the system the following shall be
carried out.
The CO2 alarm must be put into operation.
All ventilation should be closed.
All engine room fans and ventilation must be
stopped and fire flaps close.
ALL CO2 protected areas are evacuated.
The engine room, paint shop and incinerator
room must be completely evacuated and
ensure that all personnel are accounted for.
THE SYSTEM SHALL ONLY BE RELEASED
ON THE MASTERS ORDER.
BACK
45. FOAM EXTINGUISHERS SYSTEM
The foam equipment consists of : one foam storage
tank, one foam monitor, one booster pump for
firewater.
Foam production requires foam concentrate and
water. Concentrate is mixed with water at the
proportionator. Air is drawn in and mixed with the
solution to produce foam at the foam hydrants and
monitors.
At the proportionator, concentrate is mixed with the
water from the fire main at rate of 3%. The resulting
foam solution is fed to the foam monitors and foam
hydrants on deck. Here, air is dawn in and mixed
with the solution to produce foam.
BACK
46. DRY POWDER SYSTEM
Powder systems are used onboard gas-carriers for
protection of the deck area.
The dry powder system extinguishes or prevents a
fire by covering an area with powder which reacts
chemically with the fire.
The powder is released from the storage tank
through powder guns.
The system is activated from designated release
area.
BACK
47. HALON 1301 SYSTEM
Halon are group of chemical compounds
consisting of hydrogen and carbon with linked
halogens like bromine.
Halon 1301 is listed as a CFC-gas. As of January
1st 1994, halon system are not installed on board
new ship.
Halon systems are used to protect the engine
and pump room.
The Halon 1301 system extinguishes fire in the
protected space by releasing halon gas which
reacts chemically with the fire.
It is activated from designated release area.
BACK
48. What shall you do if you detect a fire?
Please read the general fire instructions below.
Active alarm signal on detection of fires, no matter how small
the fire seems to be. Try to extinguish a starting fire with
extinguishers, blankets, etc. If it’s not possible to put out the fire
during in its first few menutes, close all ventilation to prevent air
reaching the place of fire.
Do not open doors or hatches from areas where smoke is not
seen to be coming out, unless wearing fire-protection equipment
and carrying fire-extinguishing equipment.
Keep in mind that a smouldering fire may produce invisible toxic
gas.
On alarm, it is important that everybody muster as quickly as
possible in order to see if anybody is missing.
REPORT IMMEDIATELY IF ANY PERSON IS MISSING.
If the ship is in the port, call the local fire authority immediately.
It is the duty of every member of the ship’s personnel to be
familiar with the location of all equipment, hand-extinguishers,
hoses and emergency exit.
49. Fire-Extinguishing Methods and Techniques
Fire-Extinguishing methods, techniques and attack routes.
There are several methods for extinguishing fires.
The most common medium used is water. The first
course of action should be to use the ship or
platform’s automatic extinguishing systems if
possible. Usually this will consist of a CO2 or
sprinkler system. Some ships still utilize Halon as an
extinguishing medium in their installations.
Extinguishing methods may be devided into the
following categories :
The choice of attack routes can often determine the
possibility of saving lives and extinguishing the fire.
Often the most obvious route is not the best one.
Factors to keep in mind
Direct-extinguishing
Indirect-extinguishing
Offensive-extinguishing
50. DIRECT-EXTINGUISHING
This technique involves spraying water
directly on to the source of the fire. In
this case the local temperature must be
fairly low so that firefighters can get
close to the burn-zone. Water becomes
heated and is transformed into steam,
which in turn leaves more room for
water. Flammable gases will eventually
become non-flammable because of the
steam.
BACK
51. INDIRECT-EXTINGUISHING
Using this technique involves directing
the water towards the source of the fire.
The temperature around the fire is too
high to get close to the burn-zone
without being effected by the heat.
Spraying the water on to the
surrounding areas results in the
following :
- Surfaces are cooled and the fire is
restricted.
- The water turns to the steam cooling
down the fire.
- The steam burns the flammable
gases into non-flammable gases.
BACK
52. OFFENSIVE-EXTINGUISHING
In this case the environment is so hot that personnel
cannot approach the burn-zone without endangering
their lives. Under some conditions there is the danger
of igniting a back draft, which in layman’s terms is an
explosion of super-heated flammable gasses created
by the fire that results in a massive release of pressure,
and the expansion of both heat and fire.
The temperature of these gases can reach the level of
ignition, which is approximately 500 to 600’ Celcius.
In such a situation the superheated gasses must first
be cooled down before the burn-zone may be
approached. A fine mist of water is delivered under
high pressure at short intervals. The water will
immediately be turned into steam, and will result in
the same extinguishing effect as with the other two
methods. A good way to check if the temperature is
getting close to the ignition point is to regularly take a
temperature test. This can be done by firing a short
burst of spray against the celling. If you cannot hear
the water dripping back on to the ground, then you
must cool down the gasses. When you can hear the
water falling back on the ground, then you can move
closer in on the fire.
BACK
53. FACTORS TO KEEP IN MIND
Attack the fire from the same level it is on. Heat
rises and it can be extremely difficult toapproach
a fire from above even thought it is the shortest
route.
Attack the fire from different angles, but never
from the opposite direction.When attacking
from different angles keep in mind that the fire
can be “washed” towards the other teams (large
flames/liquid fires), and that the other teams
may become trapped as a result of your work.
If possible, check for alternative exits/escape
route while you are extinguishing the fire.
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54. RESULT OF FIRE
Fire can lead to :
- Thermal Shock.
- Deformation of ship contructions.
55. CO (Carbon Monoxide) poisoning is
together with the lack of Oxygen, the
biggest threat to human life when a
fire occurs. CO poisoning creates an
inner suffocation, because the CO
takes the place of Oxygen.
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56. If there are fire casualties, make sure
the patients are placed in a stabile
lateral position and are provided with
oxygen and fluid. Immediate care is
crucial for burn victims. Quickly cool
any injuries for at least 30 minutes,
examine the injuries carefully and
make sure the patient does not start to
freeze. Provide warm blankets and
abundant fluid. The patient should
rest and be closely monitored,
including regularly checking their
pulse.
Check the medical box for proper use
of medication and bandages.
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