Affirmative Actions

Affirmative Actions
Running Head: AFFERMATIVE ACTION
Affirmative Actions
Affirmative action is an action taken by an organization to select on the basis of race, gender, or
ethnicity by giving due preferences to minorities like women and races being not adequately
represented under the existing employment. To make the presentation of all these compositions
almost equal in proportion to do away the injustice done in the past. The Supreme Company need to
design an affirmative action program in the light of recent Supreme Court judgment passed in favor
of affirmative actions to be adopted by various companies. Affirmative action is not free from
controversies. It is one of the issues in the country, which has raked most controversies ... Show
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Before, going into this we need to look at the past discriminative policies adopted many companies,
responsible for many acts of discrimination against minorities. Menial and low level jobs were
offered to certain ethnic and minority groups. Even, woman was denied certain job categories on the
ground of strength and their capabilities. This discriminatory policy adopted for so many decade has
led to a situation where there cannot be a level playing field without taking certain affirmative
action. Thus short–run violations of the rule are justified to create a more just distribution of
benefits. In order to make an effective policy, the supreme company should be able to predict, as
best it can, how many minorities and women it would select over time, without adopting the policy
of discrimination. These predictions would constitute the institution's affirmative action in terms of
"goals" (Anderson, 2002). It is for the supreme company to think in the public interest by
maintaining such policy. For example let us take a very apt example; A Michigan farmer who grows
sugar beets is relevantly different from his neighbor across the road who grows tomatoes. If the
nation thinks a modest program of redistributing income is legitimate, then it uses a social security
payout formula that gives disproportionate return to low wage–earners over
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay on Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action is any effort taken to expand opportunity for women or racial, ethnic and
national origin minorities by using membership in those groups that have been subject to
discrimination as a consideration. The Fourteenth Amendment states that no person in the United
States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be
denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving
Federal financial assistance. As a result, Affirmative action is not consistent with the Fourteenth
Amendment. In this essay, I will first discuss the violation of Affirmative Action against the
Fourteenth Amendment. Second, how Affirmative Action helps one group of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, a Louisiana statute, passed in 1890, made it legal for railway
companies carrying passengers in the state to "provide equal but separate accommodations for the
white and colored races." Homer Plessy, a man of mixed ancestry, refused to surrender his seat in a
white compartment of a railway car and was subsequently arrested for violation of the statute. What
happened to equal protection? When race is taken into account, equal protection is disclaimed. What
if race is not taken into account then Affirmative Action is the problem.
With the Affirmative Action violating the Fourteenth Amendment, the Medical School of University
of California at Davis believes that the special admissions program does not violate any law. Having
the program was to increase the population of minorities in the Medical School. The reason the
University is doing this is because of strict scrutiny (to examine extremely closely or strictly
whether there is a compelling state interest for treating people differently). In this case, strict
scrutiny has to do with past discrimination and to undo the wrong doing from the past. The special
admissions programs purports to serve the purpose of: (i) reducing the historic deficit of
traditionally disfavored minorities in medical schools and in the medical profession; (ii) countering
the effects

Affirmative Action is Ineffective
Throughout the world America is referred to as the land of opportunity a place where opportunity is
limitless, but is that so called limitless opportunity available and equal for all? For years Affirmative
Action has tried to level the laying field, but its black field workers are still being oppressed. It is
evident that Affirmative action is ineffective with the differences in the number of employed black's
compared to whites and their difficulties to get and keep a job, blacks repetition in society has been
tarnished due to stereotypes, and blacks face hidden discrimination.
Allover America people are loosing their jobs and struggling to fide another. Compared to its white
population blacks have a substantially higher difficulty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blacks are forced to fight to keep whatever job they were lucky to get. Many Companies hire black
workers but do not adequately train them which puts blacks at a further disadvantage. How can you
properly preform for a job if you we not told how to properly do it. Because of this many black lose
their job and are force to fide another again and the cycle continues, when will Affirmative Action
step in and put an end to this tiring cycle of Inequality. Due to Affirmative actions unsuccessfulness
blacks cat get jobs nor can they keep them. Great job Affirmative Action many people cant feed
their families because of you, African American family's could not pay rent and are now being
evicted from their homes, Bravo Affirmative Action you deserve an award for all you've done to
help these people. Affirmative Actions failure is no laughing matter peoples lives are at stake and
Affirmative Action isn't doing much to help. Affirmative Action was introduced to help minorities
but it only causes more pain.
During the Civil Rights Era minorities suffered from discrimination. During the period in 1951,
President Kennedy introduced Affirmative Action in to place to ensure minorities were hired and
treated fairly in the workplace(Stewart,1) It was a much different time than now discrimination and
racism was much more prominent in society back then but rest assured the tag team has never
completely left America it has only abated

Affirmative Action Goals
There are various goals to affirmative action. It can depend on the group that has been oppressed or
discriminated in the past. President Kennedy introduced this to redress the discrimination that
constantly happened due to the civil rights movement. This sought to guarantee the same
opportunities that the minority groups were excluded from. This was a temporary measure; its
purpose was to level the playing field for any American citizen. With affirmative action's there were
bound to be backlashes, one example of the Bakke case in 1978. Just as it was intended to level the
efforts of minority's, it brought controversy to the supreme court due to the manner the affirmative
action was considered. There are many reasons to this being why the ... Show more content on
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There have been many instances that the action has been taken or considered that it isn't fair to that
white worker. The reason being so is that conservatives say that it was or is a free ride on the
American system. Many whites and minorities support affirmative action but at the expense of white
worker will the white people accept? That's where controversy begins.one instance is the case of
Allan Bakke he at the time was much more classified to get in Davis school. The averages were 2.88
GPA and average admissions test scores of 46 in verbal, 24 in math, 35 in science and 33 in general
knowledge. This case itself has bought a mixed result after the supreme court had decided a 5–4
decision. This brought a change in attitude on how to accept admissions from different races or
ethnics. Those goals may back fire to those who its intended to protect. The chances that created in
the education level back fired. In the Bakke case and Wygant vs Jackson Board of Education. The
opportunity give minorities to keep their job even if they had less seniority. They laid off those who
were thought it was necessary to be laid off. This provisions were sought to preserve those minority
teachers and in the process to hire more of the minority teachers while laying off those teachers who
had more seniority when necessary. The verdict of the Supreme court was that the layoff was
unconstitutional due to violating the Equal Protection

Affirmative Action Essay
Affirmative action– a plan to offset past discrimination in employing or educating women, blacks
etc. (Websters New World Dictionary.)
The history of affirmative action has its roots in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and stems from the
United States Supreme case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. In 1965, President
Linden B. Johnson issued Executive Order #11246 at Howard University that required federal
contractors to undertake affirmative action to increase the number of minorities that they employ.
President Johnson wanted to ensure that minorities were recruited to have real opportunities to be
hired and then eventually get a promotion. (Internet www.sru.edu) In 1969, the department of ...
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He created the Office of Federal Contract compliance Program (OFCCP) in 1978 to ensure
compliance with the affirmative action policies. Affirmative action began to go down hill when
Ronald Regan and later George Bush came into office. Affirmative action lost some gains it had
made and was more or less ignored by the Republicans in the White House and Congress. The
Republicans are attempting to scare people into changing their party lines by misusing affirmative
action. They are saying that affirmative action is nothing more than a quota or reverse
discrimination. (Internet www.sru.edu)
Affirmative action was implemented with the idea and hope that America would finally become
truly equal. The tension of the 1960's civil rights movement had made it very clear, that the nations
minority and female population was not receiving equal and social economic opportunity. The
implementation of affirmative action was America's first honest attempt at solving a problem it had
previously chose to ignore. Affirmative action has had its greatest amount of success in city, state,
and government jobs. Since the 1960s the area of law enforcement witnessed the greatest increase in
minority applicants, and in jobs offered to minorities. The influx has been greatest in the area of
government, state and city, because this type of work is easier for affirmative action to watch over
and regulate.

Affirmative Action Analysis
Affirmative Action: Overview A reflection on the society depicts the fact that it is composed of
individuals with varying differences aligned with gender, race, socio–economic status, and
education levels. While it is true that all people should be equal irrespective of these factors, there is
a need to note that there exist a persistent discrimination of various people. Affirmative action has
often been poised as the most comprehensive means through which equality can be attained. While
much has been hypothesized regarding affirmative action, it is of the essence to note that it mainly
connotes to actions and policies that are intended to ensure equality for all people regardless of the
differences they exhibit (Bridges 73). Affirmative action is established with the sole intent of
assuring equal opportunities for all. From this analysis, it can be deduced that the scope of
affirmative action is to assure equality between minority and majority groups. There are various
strategies that are often utilized to enhance the affirmative action. ... Show more content on
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Based on a personal thought, affirmative action would be more beneficial if it based on class and not
race. Class–based affirmative action offers a comprehensive platform that assures an enhancement
in the representation of the minorities. Class–based affirmative action favors individuals from low–
income backgrounds, which ends up favoring the minority groups (Berry & Bonilla–Silva 237). An
analysis of racial minority groups points to the fact that they have lower economic statuses.
Therefore, class–based affirmative action caters for low–income groups who mainly comprise of the
racial minority groups. Overall, class–based affirmative action is recommendable because it caters
for both racial and class–based

Affirmative action is the nation's most ambitious attempt to redress its long history of racial and
sexual discrimination, however in modern times and approximately forty years after the
establishment of this policy, society is plagued with the issues of whether affirmative action is
necessary, whether it is a benefit or detriment to society, and why it incites rather then eases the
nation's internal dilemmas after so many years of having been in effect. In the following paragraphs
the issues surrounding this debate, such as what is the definition of affirmative action, how and why
affirmative action was established to begin with, who is affected by this policy, whether affirmative
action is still necessary in today's society or if such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus it is not enough just to open the gates or opportunity. All our citizens must have the ability to
walk through those gates .... We seek not...just equality as a right and a theory but equality as a fact
and equality as a result."
And so several months later President Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, which stated that
"It is the policy of the Government of the United States to provide equal opportunity in federal
employment for all qualified persons, to prohibit discrimination in employment because of race,
creed, color or national origin, and to promote the full realization of equal employment opportunity
through a positive, continuing program in each department and agency." Two years later the
order was amended to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex. While the aim of President
Johnson's order was similar to that of President Kennedy's, President Johnson's eliminated the
Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, transferred its responsibilities to the Secretary of
Labor, and authorized the Secretary to "adopt such rules and regulations and issue such orders
as he deems necessary and appropriate to achieve the purposes thereof." (QUOTE) Acting on
the basis of this mandate, the Department of Labor in December 1971, during the administration of
President Richard M. Nixon, issued Revised Order No. 4, requiring all contractors to develop
"an acceptable

Essay on Affirmative Action
"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed.
We hold these truths to be self–evident: that all men are created equal." – Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr. (6). Dr. King stated this in his famous "I have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C.
in 1963. Is affirmative action still needed in America? Affirmative action is still needed because
America does not have enough equality and diversity. Almost all of our American history dealt with
inequality between the white men and the black men. As time went on, nothing has changed and is
still seen in today's society. There are two definitions of affirmative action: 1) race–neutral, gender–
neutral assurance against actual discrimination ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many argue that reverse discrimination takes effect. Reverse discrimination is described as
discrimination towards whites. Many of these reverse discrimination cases have been brought to
court, the result is just more confusion. This is because there is a lot of gray in the law concerning
this topic. Sometimes courts allow someone to choose the minority if they are less qualified, while
in other cases they don't allow it. For example in a Supreme Court decision, it was allowed for a
Michigan school district to layoff non–minority teachers in order to hire minority teachers with less
experience (1). However, not many cases such as these occur. The minorities have gone through
such cases everyday for decades. For the whites or majority to say that one or two cases are a
substantial amount and that justice be served, where have they been when the minorities had the
same troubles years ago and still to this day? There is bound to be some setbacks but overall,
affirmative action will lead to a better society where everyone can be treated and looked at fairly.
Affirmative action is still necessary because of lack of equality. White males typically earn
significantly more than women and minorities. According to the National Committee on Pay Equity,
women, overall, make 71 cents as compared to a man's dollar(4). While minority men make more
than non–minority and minority women,

Affirmative Action
Name
Professor Name
Management
11th November 2011
Affirmative Action
Thesis: Affirmative Action has helped many women and minorities in entering the job market.
Although there has been a lot of hue and cry regarding the benefits of the affirmative action and the
suitability of candidates selected thorough affirmative action; research has shown that affirmative
action is beneficial and the candidates of affirmative action perform as well as those who are
selected through the normal process. I. An overview of affirmative action and the different
viewpoints presented by different groups. II. Reasons for affirmative action by corporate III. The
History of Affirmative action and how it was started. IV. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Holzer and Neumark have gone one step forward in their study and have tried to analyze the fate of
women and minority employees who had been hired by firms in order to fulfill their obligations
under the affirmative action order. They found that women and minority employees performed as
well as their white male counterparts if all of them had the same educational qualifications. They
also concluded in their study that firms which had objective methods of analyzing employee's
performance saw more number of women high performers than those who simply depended on the
rating given by superiors. Thus this study proves that if objective HR practices are followed and
personal biases of the reporting managers are removed; women and minority employees perform as
well as male counterparts. Their study also suggests that following affirmative action consistently
makes a firm more impartial and the bias is more or less removed after the initial reluctance. One of
the major points of argument lately has been the glass ceiling which women employees have to face
in Corporate America. People have claimed that there is a barrier which prevents women from
reaching the upper echelons. Unfortunately

Essay Affirmative Action
Affirmative action works. When these policies received government support, vast numbers of
people of color, white women and men have gained access they would not otherwise have had.
These gains have led to very real changes. Affirmative action programs have not eliminated racism,
nor have they always been implemented without problems. However, there would be no struggle to
roll back the gains achieved if affirmative action policies were ineffective. The implementation of
affirmative action was America's first honest attempt at solving a problem, it had previously chosen
to ignore. In a variety of areas, from the quality of health care to the rate of employment, blacks still
remain far behind whites.
Their representation in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Congress also passed a number of civil rights laws barring discrimination against blacks in hotels,
theaters, and other places. However, the South reacted by passing the "Black Codes, " which
severely limited the rights of the newly freed slaves, preventing them in most states from testifying
in courts against whites, limiting their opportunities to find work, and generally assigning them to
the status of second or third class citizen. White vigilante groups like the Klu Klux Klan began to
appear, by murdering and terrorizing blacks who tried to exercise their new rights. "Legal" ways
were also found for circumventing the new laws; these included "grandfather clauses", poll taxes,
white only primary elections, and constant social discrimination against and intimidation of blacks,
who were excluded form education and from any job except the most menial. Affirmative action has
had its greatest amount of success in city, state, and government jobs. Since the 1960s the area of
law enforcement witnessed the greatest increase in minority applicants, and in jobs offered to
minorities. This should be viewed as an extremely positive thing, because prior to affirmative action
these jobs were almost

Affirmative Action
The concept of affirmative action has been persistent in America since the Civil Rights Movement in
the 1960s. Beginning in 1961, with Executive Order 10925, President John F. Kennedy declared that
the U.S government and its contractors would "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are
employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed,
color, or national origin" (US Department of Labor). According to the Cornell University Institute of
Law, affirmative action is defined as a set of procedures designed to eliminate unlawful
discrimination among applicants (Cornell Law School). However, these policies typically impose
"remedies" against discrimination by giving preference to minority groups ... Show more content on
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According to a study conducted by sociologists Daniel Hirschman of Brown University and Ellen
Berry of the University of Toronto, from 1994 to 2014 there was a 25% decrease in race–based
admissions in selective universities, with only 35% publicly stating that they still consider race an
important factor in their admission process (Hirschman and Berrey). This significant decrease can
be explained by a variety of factors such as political reasons, with affirmative action a target of
numerous Supreme Court cases. However, an argument can also be made that affirmative action
policies are no longer necessary in many public institutions, as there has also been an observable
increase in minority enrollment. A Pew Research study found that Hispanic enrollment in colleges
experienced a 240% increase from 1996 to 2012, while African–American enrollment increased by
72 % during the same time period (Anderson). However, there is still a large gap in academic
success; Hispanics and African Americans lag behind with bachelor's degrees and were
underrepresented in the most competitive universities (Anderson). Although there is an overall
decreasing use of race–based admission policies, among the 63 most competitive institution race is
still widely considered; in 2014, 88% still employed affirmative action, which constitutes only a 5%
percent decrease during the

Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action
Marlene S. Smith
MGT/434
October 28, 2013
Thomas
Affirmative Action Affirmative action is an action that was purposefully designed to provide full
and equal opportunities for employment and education for women, minorities, and other individuals
belonging to disadvantaged groups. This paper will assess the rudiments of Affirmative Action as it
applies to public and private sector employers. The paper will also evaluate what employers are
subject to affirmative action plans, what the plans require employers to do, and what happens if
employers do not meet the objectives of the affirmative action plan.
Affirmative action has been around for many years. Fullinwinder (2009), "Affirmative action means
positive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Executive Order 11246 states employers must prepare a written affirmative action plan within
120 days. The plan must contain the following: the employer's current workforce in regard to race
and sex, a detail analysis stating whether minorities or females are under–represented or under–
utilized in the workforce, the rules and regulations for job categories in which minorities or females
are under–represented, an action plan or goals necessary to fix the problem areas, and a detail time
table for when the employer plans to achieve these goals. When developing an affirmative action
plan this can be time consuming and this requires heavy documentation, reviews, and updates. When
implementing an affirmative action plan, the plan must apply to all facilities and employees
(Phillips, 2010).
Courts can require employers to adopt an affirmative action plan as a remedy under Title VII. The
requirements in court ordered affirmative action plans prevent employers from allowing unqualified
individuals from being hired or promoted. A court ordered affirmative action plan must be
temporary only until the employer can achieve the goals set under the plan.
There are strict penalties if the affirmative action plan is not followed. When an employer is under a
court order to obey an affirmative action plan, the employer could be subject to hefty fines. If the
plans are not followed

According to Newman, affirmative action is a "program designed to seek out members of minority
groups for positions from which they had previously been excluded, thereby seeking to overcome
some institutional racism" (Newman, 536). Affirmative action made its debut with a piece of
legislature passed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and continues to this day. However, the
concept of affirmative action is a controversial issue that continues to be hotly debated.
Affirmative action policies are passionately debated by everyone from educators and politicians to
ordinary citizens, all who hold differing opinions on both the necessity and validity of the policies.
There is no doubt affirmative action is an emotional topic and deals with the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the citizens of America affirmative action is a sensitive subject with some seeing it as a
necessity to help those who have been repressed and others seeing it as reverse racism. Many
Americans may also be conflicted about affirmative action, because it is such a complex issue.
People fervently debate affirmative action, because it is a complex issue revolving around one's own
race, experiences, and desires.
It cannot be denied that there are many benefits to affirmative action in that it helps to ensure both
fairness and diversity in organizations, such as schools. In many places across American
discrimination is still alive and well. Because of this, affirmative action is necessary to action ensure
that people of minority groups will not be denied admission to schools or employment based on
their race. After all, there are some organizations who would not be willing to change their policies
unless forced by the government to do so. Also, many minority groups are still underrepresented in
schools and occupations, which is unfortunate because it gives people a skewed view of what the
population of America truly looks like and lets them think of different races as simply the
homogenous others, instead of seeing them as people. Being around people who are different is
"necessary to dispel stereotypes about minorities" and as the Department of Education points out,
"Interacting with students who have different perspectives and life experiences can

Is Affirmative Action Necessary
Schools across America are being prosecuted and praised for their use of Affirmative Action. But
what is Affirmative Action? It is an admissions policy that sets aside a specific amount of spots for
students of different races or ethnic backgrounds. It was first decided to use Affirmative Action by
the Supreme Court nearly 40 years ago. Many colleges across America use Affirmative Action, but
not everybody thinks of it as a positive thing. Affirmative Action is a necessary part of society
because it ensures a diverse student body, it gives opportunities to underprivileged kids, and it
promotes education and work. Every college strives for a diverse group of students to attend their
school and Affirmative Action is one of the only ways to ensure this. When students with different
backgrounds come together, they grow and learn from each other. According to Justice Lewis F.
Powell Jr., ¨A farm boy from Idaho can bring something to Harvard College that a Bostonian cannot
offer. Similarly, a black student can usually bring something that a white person cannot offer." (
Anderson) Students of different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article "Debate Over Affirmative Action in College Admissions Continue", the executive
director of the Princeton review foundation says, " Underrepresented students get these little
advantages, if you will, these very tiny breaks in admissions, and that's what preference means."
(Hu) Students that are apart of underrepresented races and cultures do not get many opportunities,
but Affirmative Action brings these people forward and makes them noticed. Some argue that
Affirmative Action is a way for colleges to only accept students of color even if they didn't have the
grades. Even though their grades may not be extremely good, they are still good and their grades do
not represent the struggles that they went through and the knowledge they have from

The Affirmative Of Affirmative Action Essay
Many affirmative action efforts have been made since the end of the Civil War in order to remedy
the results of hundreds of years of slavery, segregation and denial of opportunity for groups that face
discrimination. Many African Americans such as President Barack Obama, Senator Cory Booker,
the writer Toni Morrison, the literary scholar Henry Louis Gates, media star Oprah Winfrey, and rap
star Jay–Z have achieved positions of power and influence in the wider society (Giddens, Duneier,
Appelbaum, Carr). However, today blacks and other minorities are still more likely to live in
poverty, be killed by the police, attend poor schools, and have unequal economic opportunities. This
object of this paper is to understand why affirmative action is still needed in the United State by
discussing the differences between whites' and racial/ethnic minorities' access to education and
employment.
Racial Inequality in Educational Attainment in America Historically, African–American, Latino and
Native American students were educated in wholly segregated schools whose funding rates were
several times lower than schools made up of all white students. These minority students were also
being excluded from many higher institutions (Darling–Hammond). This happened until legal
segregation came to an end in the 1960s and many efforts were made to equalize school funding.
These efforts have made a substantial difference for student achievement and significantly narrowed
minority and white

Affirmative Action
RESEARCH PAPER
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
INTRODUCTION Affirmative Action is an employment legislation protection system that is
intended to address the systemized discrimination faced by women and minorities. It achieves this
by enforcing diversity through operational intrusions into recruitment, selection, and other personnel
functions and practices in America. Originally, Affirmative Action arose because of President
Lyndon B. Johnson's desire to integrate society on educational, employment, and economic levels,
yet it was John F. Kennedy who issued Executive Order 10925 to create the Commission on Equal
Employment Opportunity, a commission that evolved into our modern Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The various alternative forms of Affirmative Action all have received national attention. Yet, the
country is divided on all of these issues, specifically how university admissions should assess issues
of merit and diversity against national fundamental issues of diversity and fairness. One author
argues that there is a "theory of successful intelligence"[3] that says minorities can achieve no
matter if Affirmative Action policies are in place or not. He says, "Successful intelligence is the
ability to succeed in life, according to one 's own conception of success."[4] This author also makes
the argument that successful intelligence is not about being good at one thing only. It instead views,
everyone as having strengths and weaknesses, no matter how smart or intelligent they are. In the
Affirmative Action case Grutter v. Bolinger, there was a majority opinion 5–4 that continued the use
of Affirmative Action in college admissions. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor stated, "In order to
cultivate a set of leaders with legitimacy in the eyes of the citizenry, it is necessary that the path to
leadership be visibly open to talented and qualified individuals of every race and ethnicity."[5]
However, it is apparent that Affirmative Action is only used to "open the door" as many believe that
AA should not be needed for any

The president of a large firm announces he will be retiring. Word spreads throughout the community
and resumes begin to pour in daily. The board members filter through hundreds of applications
according to qualifications and experience. Fifteen applicants are selected and notified to set up an
interview. One applicant surpasses all the others with his qualifications and impresses the board with
his charm. The man leaves the interview confident that he will be the next president of the firm.
Unfortunately, he never hears from them again. Since he was Hispanic the firm could not hire him
because they already had enough Hispanic people employed. Under the Affirmative Action policy,
or preferential hiring, the firm must hire someone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Racial discrimination has been a major issue in the United States history and many people have
fought to have equal rights. Affirmative Action still draws a line between the races.
Whether the policy is enforced at a school or a workplace, it still generates inequality. The
University of North Carolina has a diverse student body with a majority of its students being
African–American. An African–American student coming out of high school with a 4.0 grade point
average and various extra curricular will not be accepted because of his ethnicity. Instead, a
Hispanic student with a 2.9 grade point average and no extra curricular activities will be accepted
just so the school will meet their quota. Why should a student who did not put forth the effort be
rewarded? Nobody has the choice of ethnicity, but everyone has the choice to succeed. There is no
reason to believe that anyone, in today's society, cannot achieve whatever they wish. Hard work and
diligence pay off, and eventually race and sex will no longer be an issue. The goal is to make race
and sex irrelevant, and preferential hiring only keeps these issues alive. Next, the inequality
affirmative action brings is also seen in the workplace. A new administrative position opened in a
hospital and a black male was hired. Although the man was not qualified for the job, he was chosen
over a white male because the hospital already had too many white males employed. What happens
when someone goes to the

Evolution Of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action which is also known as equal opportunity is the federal government's program to
counteract discrimination. The intent was to foster diversity, and compensate groups that have
historically been discriminated against such as minorities, women, and other underrepresented
groups. Although Affirmative Action was intended to right wrong, it has become one of the most
controversial issues of the twentieth and twenty–first centuries. All three branches of our
Government have been involved in the evolution of Affirmative Action.
First of all, Congress led the way for Affirmative Action by approving the 14th Amendment in 1866.
The 14th Amendment forbade states to deny citizens equal protection under the law. Affirmative
Action laws, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is when Plessy v. Ferguson where the Supreme Court ruled that the 14th Amendment did not
prohibit separate but equal facilities in America. This ruling paved the way for states to establish
segregation policies that were followed for decades. Then in 1954, the Supreme Court overturned
Plessy by way of Brown v. Board of Education. This decision marked the end of Jim Crow and the
beginning of the policies aimed at promoting diversity in schools, the workplace, and other public
facilities. Affirmative Action was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2003 in Grutter v. Bollinger. Then
in Gratz v. Bollinger, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for colleges to enforce
racial or gender quotas. The well–known Bakke case showed flaws in Affirmative Action and
brought about the term "reverse discrimination." Ala Bakke, a white male, was denied admittance to
a medical school when less qualified minority applicants had been accepted. The Supreme Court
ruled against colleges that practiced inflexible quota systems in their Affirmative Action programs.
The Court said the college had discriminated unfairly against a white applicant. As time has gone on
more injustice was uncovered in regard to Affirmative Action. In the Wygant case in 1986 minority
employees were allowed to keep their jobs while white employees with seniority were laid off. On
the other side of the spectrum, however, was the Paradise case in 1987 where the Alabama
Department of Public Safety refused to promote minority employees above entry level positions
even though the court ordered them to. However, the landmark case surrounding Affirmative Action
was heard in 2003 involving the University of Michigan Affirmative Action policies. This decision
upheld Affirmative Action in higher education. The Court declared that rave can be one of =many
factors that colleges use in selecting their students. They said the

Affirmative Action And Its Effects On Affirmative
Throughout America there are many different views on the effects of affirmative action. Many see it
as a negative policy which gives an unnecessary advantage to minorities in America. In a 2009 Pew
Poll, "58% of African Americans agree" and only "22% whites agree" that there should be
"preferential treatment to improve the position of blacks and other minorities" ("Public Backs
Affirmative Action").
Today affirmative action and other racial injustices tend to be in the spotlight quite often, such as in
"Fisher v University of Texas at Austin" case which highlighted that many highly qualified white
prospective students are passed over for less qualified minority students to attempt to make the
university more diverse using the affirmative action initiative ("Voices: Affirmative Action").
Affirmative action or positive discrimination is a policy in which those who have been discriminated
on in the past or who tend to be discriminated on presently are favored, usually in relation to
education or jobs. It was introduced by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 to attempt to reduce the
discrimination still continuing despite the civil rights movements. Later it was further developed and
enforced by President Lyndon B. Johnson. A professor of English at San Jose University, Shelby
Steele, an African American man, spoke of his views of the negative impacts of affirmative action in
his book, "The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in America." In Steele's book he
discredits

Affirmative Action
Affirmative action is a practice that is intended to promote opportunities for the "protected class"
which includes minorities, woman, and people with disabilities or any disadvantaged group for that
matter. With affirmative action in place people of this protected class are given an even playing field
in terms of hiring, promotion, as well as compensation. Historically, affirmative action is only
known to have protected African Americans and woman; however that is not the case. Affirmative
action protects a variety of people and without this statute many people included in this protected
class would be unfairly discriminated against. There are many reasons why affirmative action
should continue to be a part of workplace such as:
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a very legal way in ensuring minorities an even playing field (Campus that Looks like
America). Because of the effectiveness of affirmative action other statues have been put into place
to ensure that other members of this protected class are not getting discriminated against such as the
Rehabilitation Act. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which makes it unlawful for certain employers
to discriminate against a qualified individual exclusively by reason of her or his disability. The
Rehabilitation Act does not specifically address medical inquiries, although it provides that the
judicial standards used to determine whether an employer has unlawfully discriminated shall be the
standards applied under the ADA. This is merely one of many statutes that were created as a part of
affirmative action to promote equal employment. Clearly, with all of the mandates that were
branched off of affirmative action the need for this program in the workplace is vital. Affirmative
action promotes diversity which is known to be a vital part of any company's success. Many
companies even the U.S Government pride their selves on diversity and use various affirmative
action programs to achieve such a company culture. For example the U.S. Census Bureau recently
conducted a case study regarding the issue of diversity. The Census Bureau defines adversity as the
all of the ways in which we differ. Among these dimensions are race, gender, age, disability,
religion, sexual

Affirmative Action Essays
The affirmative action program is important because it gives job opportunities for many people
regardless of their race, color, religion, gender, and national origin. The work force should be well
represented by the different ethnic backgrounds of our society. Some people look at affirmative
action as reverse discrimination, but this program doesn't guarantee employment based on race,
ethnicity, or gender. The affirmative action program gives equal consideration to individuals from a
different race, ethnicity, or gender, but not one of these factors may be the only factor used to
determine an individual's qualifications for any job.
The biggest dispute of the program is the belief that the policy allows less qualified candidates to ...
The truth of the matter is that many people climb the corporate ladder because they are associated
with the right people whom are making executive decisions that make a difference. The government
intends to provide equal opportunity based upon the individual's merit. Affirmative action provides
qualified individuals with a variety of job opportunities; this program could be viewed as another
avenue to excel in a career or towards a higher education.
In many occurrences, minorities have been discriminated because it has been the custom not to hire
them. Many city police and fire departments traditionally did not hire blacks; many craft unions did
not accept black members. Many big companies did not hire blacks for higher positions; instead,
blacks were hired as kitchen assistants and janitors. When these kinds of patterns are evident,
affirmative action and quotas may be valid tools to respond with.
Cannon 3
The use of affirmative action and quotas was demonstrated in 1983 in hearings held by
Representative Don Edwards (D–Cal.) and Patricia Schroeder (D–Colo.). Alabama has seen
dramatic changes in black employment in public agencies over the past decade. Judge Frank
Johnson of Montgomery, Alabama contributed to these changes.
Johnson established a quota on temporary hires. The quota was at 25 percent and the quota was met,
but there was still no

America is the land of opportunity, but to be fully qualified for the status, it needs to be "color–
blind, race–blind, and gender–blind." Affirmative Action began as a way to stop discrimination, but
as new laws have been added to it, it has become reverse discrimination. Everyone has the
opportunity to be a great addition to society. It is an immense injustice for people to say that
someone of a different race or gender is not capable of achieving the same status in life as a white
male. Through this paper, the concepts of affirmative action will be analyzed and discussed.
Affirmative Action began in 1965 when President Johnson signed the Executive Order 11246 in to
law. The Executive Order 11246 "prevents Federal contractors from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The OFCCP investigates into the complaints and lawsuits against companies that have been accused
of discrimination. It requires that annual reports be submitted to the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission. The OFCCP analyzes these reports and then audits about 4,100 firms in connection
with the federal government each year. So, not only can a company get into trouble by people filing
complaints, the OFCCP looks for companies that it thinks are not abiding by its rules, which are not
always written clearly. The general public, because of how the OFCCP has gone about auditing
companies, has come to know some of these goals, as quotas. Goals are the precepts of affirmative
action, but the goals are sometimes enforced to the point of looking like quotas, which are numeric
targets for the racial composition of the work force. An example of how the OFCCP works is in the
case of Aaron Woodson, an African American. He applied for a job at Solectron Corporation, but did
not get the job. He was a qualified applicant, but there may have been a better one. When the reports
were analyzes, the OFCCP decided that the company had "a low percentage of minority workers
compared to other similar companies in the area." At the end of the case,

Affirmative Action Thesis
Topic: The Importance of Affirmative Action in the College Admissions Process
Thesis: In order to resolve underrepresentation of African Americans in higher education,
affirmative action is needed to promote diversity, improve students' critical thinking skills, and
increase race–consciousness by utilizing race as a factor in college admissions.
University of California Regents v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 98 S. Ct. 2733, 57 L. Ed. 2d 750 (1978).
The Reagents of the University of California v. Bakke is a US Supreme Court case from 1978 that
upheld the use of affirmative action and allowed education institutions to use race a factor in their
admissions policy. However, the US Supreme Court decided that the use of racial quotas, such as the
medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
William Bowen and Dr. Derek Bok composed one of the most comprehensive studies of different
affirmative action programs among universities in the United States. One of the most crucial
findings from their study was that the commonly held "mismatch" theory is false. The mismatch
theory arose from critics of affirmative action who feared that letting African American students into
selective universities that had lower test scores would result in a lower performance than the average
student. However, the authors' discovered that black students who attended competitive colleges
performed better than their academically equivalent peers who attended a less rigorous school. This
is critical because if affirmative action was not in place, then the African American students would
most likely attend the less selective schools as their academic equivalent peers and would end up
having a less successful outcome. In addition, the study illustrated that African American students
who benefitted from Affirmative Action programs in college ended up having a greater chance at
post–graduate

Affirmative Action In The 1960s
In June of 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson asked in an emphatic address, why the black
inhabitants had fallen behind the white majority during the two decades since the end of World War
II. He accentuated the need to embrace audacious new policies and originated an extensive new
government policy called affirmative action to aid the disabilities following from two centuries of
brutality and unfairness. The objective of this policy was to defeat the accrued human mutilation
triggered by Jim Crow and 350 years of slavery and also to guarantee further advancement toward
equality. For an example, African Americans being victimized simply because they are black and for
no other reason. This type of bigotry infringes basic norms of fairness. But ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Affirmative action from the 1960s has generated a more diverse society and it focused mainly on
opportunities for middle–class African–Americans pursuing an approach to exceptional jobs and
higher education. "Affirmative action has done more to advance fair treatment across racial lines
than any other recent public policy. If affirmative action did not exist, the United States would be a
vastly more segregated country. Without such efforts, most white Americans would have far less
contact with their fellow black citizens." (171) In other words, without affirmative action, diversity
could no longer survive. Black Americans would be stigmatized and condemned as a subordinate
group even more so. In the 1978 Supreme Court case of the Regents of the University of California
v. Bakke, Justice Lewis Powell offered firm standards for racial modification. He argued that
adjustments to color–blind strategies could be commenced to remedy race–based detriments when
two circumstances are met. There has to be a pure connection to affirmative action's remedies and
past harms based on race. Also, the tie between past actions and present policy must be sturdy and
accurate. Powell also believed if there is a non–racial way to chase a specified goal, that way should
always be the preferred route. Affirmative action is legitimized because the detriment of blacks in
the Roosevelt and Truman years satisfies Powell's "strict–scrutiny" test. "Combining Powell's
principles and Johnson's ambitions . . . push us forward to a framework for public policies that can
respond to the injuries inflicted by officially sanctioned

Affirmative Action Implications
Political Implications
As would be expected, those who support affirmative action are typically women, people of color,
Hispanics and/or Democrats, while those who oppose affirmative action are typically men, whites,
and/or Republican, as demonstrated by the graphs below.
It's clear that those who benefit from affirmative action tend to support it, and those who do not
benefit or feel that it discriminates against them are against it (though this is not always the case).
Supporters of affirmative action claim that it is the best way to increase diversity in schools and
workplaces. Diversity is seen as important because it brings different thoughts, ideas and viewpoints
to the table, and richens the learning experience for all. Another reason ... Show more content on
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In 2005, Richard H. Sander, a law professor at U.C.L.A., published an important article in the
Stanford Law Review regarding the mismatch theory. It focused on how affirmative action affected
law students. Mr. Sander claimed that "a student who gains special admission to a more elite school
on partly nonacademic grounds is likely to struggle more" and contended that "if the struggling
leads to lower grades and less learning, then a variety of bad outcomes may result: higher attrition
rates, lower pass rates on the bar, problems in the job market." A separate study showed that when
the top black students in the country were admitted into the top colleges in the country, they tended
to be in the bottom ten percent of their class. When students were in the bottom ten percent, they
were far more likely to drop out due to demotivation or classes being too fast–paced. Minority
students, the study found, were far less likely to succeed at the best colleges in the country than they
were to succeed at colleges whose students' average test scores matched those of the minority

Essay Affirmative Action
Should a man be hired for his skills or for the color of his skin? Is racial diversity in the business
world more important then the most qualified workers? Affirmative action has become an important
topic in today's society to better diversify the different races in America. Affirmative action is a set
of public policies that were designed for the elimination of discrimination toward race, color, sex,
etc. These policies are under attack today because of the unfairness toward the more qualified
people. Increasing opportunities for a minority that has suffered past discrimination is the cause for
affirmative action, and for the reverse discrimination toward the majority. Many people view
discrimination toward ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Supporters of affirmative action say that the government must make up for the past by aiding groups
that have been discriminated against. They argue that goals for hiring are necessary to integrate
fields traditionally closed and minorities because of discrimination. Does achieving these goals help
the American population?
College admissions are a great example of affirmative action. Colleges across the country must
admit a certain number of minorities every year into their college. To admit minorities though comes
at a cost to the majority. Colleges can only admit a certain number of people in every year as well as
certain number of minorities. To do so they must turn down applicants from entering their school
that may be more qualified or better fit for the education. Even medical schools are forced to follow
the rules set to help minorities. Until recently, medical schools used a numeric point system to rank
candidates in the admission process (Croasdale). However, the government ruled this form of
admission process unconstitutional forcing schools to rethink their admission process (Croasdale).
Some people view the racial preference in college admissions as a positive thing, saying that
diversity is a benefit for all students (Bowen). While others view this is a discredited achievement
toward the minorities as well as discrimination toward other

The Affirmative Action Movement
Affirmative action is necessary to give women and minorities a level playing field.
The affirmative action movement began in 1960 with the intention of promoting opportunities for
minority groups. How is that in the year 2015 we are still having discussions about women and
minorities being discriminated against? While the movement of the 1960's has brought attention to
discrepancy against groups, which has paved the platform for reform and opportunity, there is a
break down in the movement if 55 years later there is still discrepancy thereby suggesting a resign
of the efforts of the movement may be needed. Do I agree with affirmative action? I am a female.
I'm a college graduate with an earned bachelor's degree. I am enrolled in schooling to

Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action Right?
Affirmative action has been around for decades. Some believe it isn't fair but others do. Those who
believe and agree with affirmative action tend to say, "The principle of affirmative action is to
promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged
people" (Bidmead, Andrew pg 3). Others that disagree with it and find it unfair simply see it as
another form of discrimination, giving one group extra advantages based upon nothing but their skin
color (Cline, Austin pg 1). I believe that affirmative action is indeed fair because it gives minorities
a better chance at having a successful career in their near future.
"Affirmative action has been extremely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another kind of employment opportunity seeks the best possible applicant for the job. This category
includes engineering jobs, management and professorships. In order to keep away from the
appearance of racism, consultancy groups may unwillingly employ an analyst who they know will
not produce as many good ideas, hospitals may grudgingly employ a surgeon who they know will
not be as effective in the ER, and universities will admit students who they know will not be as
hard–working. (Daniel Golden, from the Wall Street Journal pg 1)
Because employment opportunities are given to less experienced, there will be less opportunities
awarded to the most qualified. Therefore, applicants who don't belong to a legally protected group
compete for fewer positions and therefore face more exclusive standards for selection. As high
school graduates know, SAT and/or ACT scores and GPA requirements for admission to the most
gung ho universities are apparently higher for students of East Asian or East Indian descent. (Daniel
Golden, from the Wall Street Journal pg 2)
A high school student with a below average academic record is likely to be a below average college
student. As a result, students admitted through alternative recruiting programs often end up in
remedial classes with mediocre academic performance. Affirmative action programs extend

Affirmative action is meant to be an attempt at equality throughout society. It supposedly proposes
that each person receives equal opportunities in the classroom as well as the work force. Not only
would this apply to minorities but to women as well. Every sector in America would be equal and
unprejudiced – or so proponents say. On the other hand, adopting affirmative action would force
many employers to replace hard–working employees with those of less qualification simply due to
their gender or ethnic background. Many people feel that affirmative action would be very beneficial
to our society. They have many thought–inspiring arguments. Some claim that we owe blacks for
what we took from them in the past. We gave them a setback in ... Show more content on
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On the other hand, it could also create tension due to the fact that the minorities may replace those
who have held a particular job for a long period of time. There would be a feeling of loyalty among
those previously employed, and it would only be natural for them to become bitter and resent the
minority worker who took the already filled positions simply due to their race or gender.
Instead of creating a more unified society, as some would suggest, it is more likely that affirmative
action could create more divisions among employees and people in general. Statistics have shown
that affirmative action has found jobs for a large number of minorities and women. In 1995, sixty
percent of the work force was made up of minorities and women. That was an increase from the
1979 estimate of forty percent.
In the same way, women's wages increased 119 percent from 1979 to 1982 (Carlton
22). There still remains the question: how much longer should we attempt to right
3
our wrongs? If minorities make up sixty percent of today's work force, will we keep going until it

Affirmative Action
Affirmative action is a deliberate effort to provide full and equal opportunities in employment,
education, and other areas for women, minorities, and individuals belonging to other traditionally
disadvantaged groups. As an issue of today's society, affirmative action requires corporations,
universities and other organizations to establish programs designed to ensure that all applicants are
treated fairly. It also places a burden of proof on the providers of opportunities; to some degree, the
providers must be able to demonstrate that their granting of opportunities to white males is not
discriminatory.
The policy mentioned above was first brought before the Supreme Court in 1978 in the case of ...
Affirmative action programs may be approved only after close examination by a court and that such
programs can be challenged later by white workers who were not a part of the original agreement.
Moreover, in some instances, minority group members must prove that racial imbalances in hiring
or promotion have no substantial business purpose.
The Supreme Court made a key decision in 1995 in the case of Adarand v. Pena. The court sharply
abridged their affirmative–action authority. The case came about when Adarand Constructors filed
suit over a federal contract that was awarded to a Hispanic–owned company even though Adarand
had submitted a lower bid. In a 5 to 4 ruling the Court said that the government had to prove that a
preference program for minorities was a response to specific past acts of discrimination, not just
discrimination in a historic sense. This decision basically reversed earlier precedents that allowed
the federal government to give a preference to minority applicants. The Court said that Washington
cannot set aside contracts for minority applicants unless, through costly and definitive studies. It can
demonstrate past discrimination particular to a situation, and even then it must devise a program
Anarrowly tailored to the situation. (Adarand v. Pena, 94–310 (1995)).
The Supreme Court's

Affirmative Action Definition
Affirmative action was first created in 1961 and was signed by President John F. Kennedy, with
intent to improve the lives of those who tend to suffer from discrimination. Court rulings have
upheld affirmative action policies, we have seen examples of this in court but also in employment
opportunities and school admission processes.
Affirmative action policies have continued to be supported in court rulings. The final rulings of
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) are significant as they allowed race to be
one of the several factors allowed in college admission policies. Allan Bakke, a thirty–five year old
white man, applied twice to the University of California Medical School in Davis. Although his
qualifications exceeded

Is Affirmative Action Fair
Jerrica Martin
PHI 103: Informal Logic
Is Affirmative Action Fair?
Brian Addis
August 23, 2010
Is Affirmative Action Fair?
Affirmative action was created to increase the number of people from certain social groups in
employment, education, business, government, and other areas (LaNoue, G., 2010). This policy is
geared toward women, and minorities such as African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic
Americans, American Indians, and disabled people. Generally speaking, Affirmative Action was put
into place to benefit groups that are thought to have suffered from discrimination. Some believe that
affirmative action is just a means for minorities to get ahead, but the benefit is for minorities to first
of all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the rationale behind most affirmative action is sound. It does make sense to attempt to
normalize for differences in the college entry level because of the quality of preparation at the
elementary and secondary levels because children have no say in where they attend school.
Typically, they are forced to attend a school nearest to their home and they normally do not have any
control over the quality of education they receive. I made no mention here of race, but the quality of
the education; the unfortunate truth here is that these two are highly correlated in our country. I
derive that those who may benefit from affirmative action policies have the ability to succeed but
the preparation is lacking. No matter what the case may be, they do deserve a chance. Some would
argue that once you reach post–college employment opportunities that there is no need for
affirmative action since presumably the educational differences you find in secondary schools and
colleges would have balanced out by the end of your college career. So often we still see employers
choosing to hire someone that is under qualified as opposed to someone who is over qualified. Have
you ever heard the statement, "We decided to go with someone with a little less experience"?
Oftentimes, potential employers will tell candidates for positions this because it is sounds

Affirmative Action Plan
To understand the reasoning or drive behind an organization implementing a voluntary affirmative
action plan it is important to understand what such a plan might entail. An affirmative action plan is
different than the basic Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) laws and guidelines. EEO laws are
designed to ensure that employers do not use race, gender, or religion when viewing a person's job
qualifications or performance (Bernardin & Russell, 2013). Affirmative action plans work a step
further to establish practices and procedures that aim to recruit and promote diversity and inclusion
of individuals traditionally under represented or historically viewed as disadvantaged groups
(Affirmative Action and Diversity: Partners and Protagonists, 2007).

Affirmative Action
Analyzing Affirmative Action in America doesn't just mean looking at how to make equality, it also
means understanding how inequality has been made. Race and gender are not inherently
disadvantageous; one cannot get "more or less race" or "more or less gender." How do we define
this inequality of race and gender? These socially constructed equalities are linked very strongly to
real, tangible inequalities such as education, jobs, income, class, and social mobility. Another
concern, therefore, is what inequalities are acceptable? These material inequalities of income,
education, housing, etc. are necessary to a multi–class capitalist society, but the unacceptable
cultural inequalities of race, gender, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, most legislation promoting equality and Affirmative Action comes after the Civil Rights
movement. The first instance the term was used in any form was the Kennedy Executive Order
10925, which prohibited the use of discrimination against people based on their race, creed, color, or
national origin by government contractors (Holzer 485). This Executive Order created the
Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, which was designed to make sure that the order was
being followed by federal contractors (Bishop 230). Kennedy's Executive Order was modified and
reinforced by Johnson Executive Order 11246 and 11375, the latter of which eliminated gender
discrimination by federal contractors (Hudson 270).
Perhaps the two most important pieces of legislation passed dealing with equality were the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, specifically Title VII (clinton2.nara.gov), and Title IX, passed in 1972. Title VII
prohibited discrimination by race, creed, color, or national origin by all federally funded programs
but also large private corporations (clinton2.nara.gov), while Title IX made gender discrimination
illegal. President Nixon and then Labor Secretary George Shultz drafted the "Philadelphia Plan,"
which set timetables for the implementation of Affirmative Action (clinton2.nara.gov). These laws
were subsequently challenged in the Supreme Court.
The first major case dealing with affirmative action came with Regents of the

Essay On Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action was implemented as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 authorized under
President Lyndon B. Johnson's executive order 11246, and the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The quota based system was enacted to close the gap between
white male privilege and all ethnic minority groups to include women, homosexuals, the disabled as
well as the elderly in attempt to rid professional institutions like businesses and universities of
prejudice discrimination. In its 50 year history, much debate remains on whether the success of the
program has actually aided in breaking down barriers or simply created a reverse discrimination
paradox that disparages white males. As a result of this controversial ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, obligating defense contractors "not to discriminate against
any worker because of race, creed, color, or national origin" but the term Affirmative action was not
used until the Kennedy administration in the year 1961, only a few short years before the
implementation of Johnson's EO 11246. Along the way Affirmative Action was the center of much
national attention as it was often seen as harboring and fueling white resentment from ethnic
minorities causing reverse discrimination. In the year 1978, the resentment of whites caught wave in
a Supreme Court case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. The case stated that
Affirmative Action created a reverse discrimination thus disparaging white youth from the same
level of opportunity in the college application process. As a result, the Supreme Court upheld
affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy. Although
according to Parrillo, since a more conservative court has taken less of a leading role in legislating
away discrimination, Affirmative Action has endured a multitude of lawsuits to

Affirmative Action Plan.
Affirmative Action Plan
Affirmative action is a plan to promote the efforts of employers, schools and other organizations to
recruit and hire groups that have previously been discriminated against. It is important to note that
affirmative action programs do not require employers to hire unqualified people for a job. Equal
employment opportunity is used to describe policies that prohibit discrimination of any kind.
Affirmative action is a program that analyses the make up of the current workforce, establishes
guidelines to insure an employer is not underutilizing certain groups and identifies and removes
barriers for employment. Equal employment is the legislation that provides the oversight and
investigates any allegations of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to tie the affirmative action objectives to an individual 's performance and part of the
review process. This will ensure adherence.
6. The communication plan is another crucial part of the program and involves many steps.
Employers should get the word out that they are an equal opportunity employer. Communicating
this message is great publicity. Unless it is communicated effectively no one will know.
Communications must be used to promote implementation internally. Posters can be put up
throughout the facility or special edition newsletters to create enthusiasm for the program. The next
level of communication is to go out into the communities by placing advertisements in local papers,
talks with the local officials to gain support. Perhaps by establishing an arrangement to get applicant
referrals through various state agencies, college placement offices and labor organizations
perspective employees can be canvassed.
Develop the appropriate communication strategies to target the right candidates for openings. If
women are being sought after, then perhaps placing advertisements in a journal or periodical that
has a higher female readership.
Provide written notification of company affirmative action policy to subcontractors, vendors and
suppliers and make sure that the company is partnering with the right mix. Today it is very
important to align with other organizations that are minority owned.
7.

Affirmative Action
Blacks and other minority groups have been wrongfully persecuted and punished and have suffered
the indignities of discrimination. As Martin Luther King stated so eloquently in his "I Have a
Dream" speech, blacks should be judged "…not by the color of their skin, but by the content
of their character." Our American culture with its political, legal, and social considerations, is
struggling with the idea of white redemption while offering minorities a more fair and proportionate
representation in the working community. The result of this challenge is the policy of affirmative
action and the many controversies it brings with it. The proponents of affirmative action argue that
because of past ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It fails to address the real problem.
Minorities have been denied equal educational opportunities, and a realistic policy needs to go to the
root of the problem. In this case, it has been inferior education. As Steele states, "Racial
representation is not the same as racial development…Representation can be manufactured,
development is always hard–earned." I completely agree with Martin
Luther King. People should be judged by the "content of their character" and opportunities should
be given to those who earn them. Unless it's life threatening, handouts and special unearned status is
not good for the person who receives it or for society as a whole. Affirmative is itself a
discriminating policy, and the issue is whether the discrimination is justified. In my opinion, reverse
discrimination is not an acceptable result. Is it fair to a highly qualified white applicant to law school
is denied admission because a lesser qualified minority student was admitted under a quota system?
Again I think of Dr. King and the simple truth of judging based on content and not color. Instead of
placing minorities in positions where they may be unqualified, a more logical solution is to develop
them through better education.
There is another aspect of affirmative action that relates to power because the policy encouraged
minorities to exploit their past victimization. This is wrong, and can
instead

Affirmative Action Reality
The Reality of Affirmative Action Have you ever thought how our educational system works? Many
people believe that race has nothing to do with the way people view them and don't think that this
affects them in any aspect. Others believe that race is just something people overlook but in reality
that's what we have to discuss and figure out today. Under our constitution every person who is
legally able to be here has the right to be treated equal as everyone else. Why is that the way
someone looks or where their from affects the way people judge them. A system called Affirmative
Actions has been used to promote access in opportunities dealing with education, employment,
housing, and government contracts. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now this example has been proven and researched so it is based of off facts. This leads us to believe
that this impacts in a negative way. The affirmative action is a type of discrimination in a way
because not all people benefit from it, so a lot of people are being excluded. Just because someone is
not necessarily caucasian it doesn't mean that they are not equal to them. Minorities are the most
targeted in these cases and no one does anything to help them because they believe that if they do
they can get affected by what might happen. So people have allowed that things like affirmative
action to occur without really knowing what it actually does and how this affects

Disadvantages Of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in College Applications: Financial and Racial Disadvantages Affirmative action
is the improving of educational and job opportunities for members of groups that had not been
treated fairly in the past. Affirmative Action came to be following the Civil Rights Movement to
treat years of discrimination and to promote equality, though as John Fobanjong denotes in his
article Affirmative Action, some policy makers sought only to improve diversity statistics, not to
level the playing field. This nationwide program makes race a qualifying factor in college and job
applications: it's in place to encourage diversity because according to Issues & Controversies'
Affirmative Action: Are Affirmative Action Programs Necessary, minorities represent less than their
percent of the population in academic careers. Even though the "1964 Civil Rights Act, a landmark
law that banned discrimination based on race, sex, religion, or national origin in schools," was put
into place, Affirmative Action, a program that uses race in college admissions, still continues
(Affirmative Action: Are Affirmative). Regardless of surrounding law, Affirmative Action is
fundamentally flawed because there is no cause–effect relationship between skin color and income,
an underlying assumption of the program. Affirmative Action blankets all minorities, whether lower,
middle, or higher class, labeling entire races "disadvantaged". Furthermore, as covered in John
Johnson and Robert Green's book titled

Affirmative Actions

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